mannitol

enUK

mannitol

[man´ĭ-tol] a sugar alcohol widely distributed in plants and fungi; it is an diuretic" >osmotic diuretic administered to prevent and treat acute renal failure, to reduce cerebral edema or elevated intraocular or cerebrospinal fluid pressure, and to reduce renal damage due to toxic substances; also used as an irrigating solution to prevent hemolysis during transurethral resection of the prostate and similar transurethral procedures.

mannitol

Osmitrol, Polyfusor (UK), Resectisol

Pharmacologic class: Osmotic diuretic

Therapeutic class: Diuretic

Pregnancy risk category C

Action

Increases osmotic pressure of plasma in glomerular filtrate, inhibiting tubular reabsorption of water and electrolytes (including sodium and potassium). These actions enhance water flow from various tissues and ultimately decrease intracranial and intraocular pressures; serum sodium level rises while potassium and blood urea levels fall. Also protects kidneys by preventing toxins from forming and blocking tubules.

Availability

Injection: 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%

Solution: 5 g/100 ml

Indications and dosages

➣ Test dose for marked oliguria or suspected inadequate renal function

Adults: 0.2 g/kg I.V. infusion (approximately 50 ml of 25% solution, 75 ml of 20% solution, or 100 ml of 15% solution) over 3 to 5 minutes. If urine flow doesn't increase, second dose may be given; if response is inadequate after second dose, reevaluate patient.

➣ To prevent oliguria during cardiovascular and other surgeries

Adults: 50 to 100 g I.V. infusion as 5% to 15% solution

➣ Acute oliguria

Adults: Up to 100 g I.V. infusion as 15% to 25% solution

Children: 0.25 to 2 g/kg I.V. or 60 mg/m² as 15% to 20% solution over 2 to 6 hours

➣ To reduce intracranial pressure and brain mass

Adults: 0.5 to 2 g/kg I.V. infusion as 15% to 25% solution given over 30 to 60 minutes

Children: 1 to 2 g/kg I.V. or 30 to 60 g/m² over 30 to 60 minutes. Small or debilitated patients may require smaller dose of 500 mg/kg.

➣ To reduce intraocular pressure

Adults: 0.5 to 2 g/kg I.V. infusion as 15% to 25% solution given over 30 to 60 minutes. For preoperative use, give 60 to 90 minutes before surgery.

Children: 1 to 2 g/kg I.V. or 30 to 60 g/m² over 30 to 60 minutes. Small or debilitated patients may require smaller dose of 500 mg/kg.

➣ To promote diuresis in drug toxicity

Adults: 5% to 25% solution by I.V. infusion given continuously to maintain high urine output

Children: 2 g/kg I.V. of 5% to 10% solution given continuously to maintain high urine output

➣ Irrigation during transurethral resection of prostate

Adults: 2.5% to 5% solution instilled into bladder via indwelling urethral catheter, as needed

Contraindications

• Active intracranial bleeding (except during craniotomy)

• Anuria secondary to severe renal disease

• Progressive heart failure, pulmonary congestion, renal damage, or renal dysfunction after mannitol therapy begins

• Severe pulmonary congestion or pulmonary edema

• Severe dehydration

Precautions

Use cautiously in:

• severe renal disease, heart failure, mild to moderate dehydration

• pregnant or breastfeeding patients.

Administration

See Withhold drug until adequate renal function and urinary output are established.

• When administering for drug toxicity, give fluids and electrolytes to match fluid loss.

• Be aware that at low temperatures, solution may crystallize (especially concentrations above 15%). If crystals form, warm bottle in hot-water bath or dry-heat oven or autoclave, then cool to body temperature or lower before giving.

• Don't give electrolyte-free mannitol solutions with blood; when giving blood with mannitol, add 20 mEq or more of sodium chloride solution to each liter of mannitol solution to avoid pseudoagglutination.

• Know that drug may be given as continuous or intermittent I.V. infusion. Infuse at prescribed rate using infusion device and in-line filter. Give single I.V. dose over 30 to 90 minutes in adults.

See Avoid extravasation, because it may cause local edema and tissue necrosis.

Adverse reactions

CNS: dizziness, headache, seizures

CV: chest pain, hypotension, hypertension, tachycardia, thrombophlebitis, heart failure, vascular overload

EENT: blurred vision, rhinitis

GI: nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, dry mouth

GU: polyuria, urinary retention, osmotic nephrosis

Metabolic: dehydration, water intoxication, hypernatremia, hyponatremia, hypovolemia, hypokalemia, hyperkalemia, metabolic acidosis

Respiratory: pulmonary congestion

Skin: rash, urticaria

Other: chills, fever, thirst, edema, extravasation with edema and tissue necrosis

Interactions

Drug-drug. Digoxin: increased risk of digoxin toxicity

Diuretics: increased therapeutic effects of mannitol

Lithium: increased urinary excretion of lithium

Drug-diagnostic tests. Electrolytes: increased or decreased levels

Patient monitoring

See Monitor I.V. site carefully to avoid extravasation and tissue necrosis.

• In comatose patient, insert indwelling urinary catheter as ordered to monitor urine output.

• Monitor renal function tests, urinary output, fluid balance, central venous pressure, and electrolyte levels (especially sodium and potassium).

See Watch for excessive fluid loss and signs and symptoms of hypovolemia and dehydration.

See Assess for evidence of circulatory overload, including pulmonary edema, water intoxication, and heart failure.

Patient teaching

• Teach patient about importance of monitoring exact urinary output.

See Advise patient to report pain at infusion site as well as adverse reactions, such as increased shortness of breath or pain in back, legs, or chest.

• Tell patient drug may cause thirst or dry mouth. Emphasize that fluid restrictions are necessary, but that frequent mouth care should ease these symptoms.

• As appropriate, review all other significant and life-threatening adverse reactions and interactions, especially those related to the drugs and tests mentioned above.

mannitol

(măn′ĭ-tôl′, -tōl′, -tŏl′)n. A white, crystalline, water-soluble, slightly sweet alcohol, C₆H₈(OH)₆, found in plants, algae, and fungi. It is used in medicine, especially for its diuretic properties, and in foods as a sweetener and texturizer.

mannitol

A hexahydric sugar alcohol, which is used clinically as an osmotic diuretic to reduce brain swelling and intracranial pressure and to manage oliguric renal failure. It is also used to prime heart-lung pumps, to increase hydration of the upper airways in patients with cystic fibrosis and bronchiectasis, for acute glaucoma in veterinary medicine, and as a laxative.

mannitol

A sugar sometimes given by injection as a concentrated solution to draw water from the brain in cases of ENCEPHALITIS or head injury. The drug is on the WHO official list.

hyperosmotic agent

A drug that makes blood plasma hypertonic thus drawing fluid out of the eye and leading to a reduction in intraocular pressure. It is used in solution in the treatment of angle-closure glaucoma and sometimes before surgery to decrease the intraocular pressure. Common agents include glycerin (glycerol), isosorbide, mannitol and urea. See hypertonic solution.

mannitol

man·ni·tol

mannitol

mannite

man•ni•tol

mannitol

mannitol

mannitol

mannitol

mannitol

Action

Availability

Indications and dosages

Contraindications

Precautions

Administration

Adverse reactions

Interactions

Patient monitoring

Patient teaching

mannitol

mannitol

mannitol

hyperosmotic agent

mannitol

Synonyms for mannitol

noun a diuretic (trade name Osmitrol) used to promote the excretion of urine

Synonyms

Related Words