| 单词 | momentum | ||||||||||
| 释义 | momentummo·men·tumM0378900 (mō-mĕn′təm)momentum(məʊˈmɛntəm)mo•men•tum(moʊˈmɛn təm)n., pl. -ta (-tə), -tums. mo·men·tum(mō-mĕn′təm)momentum
momentummomentum(məˈmentəm) nounmomentummomentum(mōmĕn`təm), in mechanics, the quantity of motion of a body, specifically the product of the mass of the body and its velocityvelocity,change in displacement with respect to time. Displacement is the vector counterpart of distance, having both magnitude and direction. Velocity is therefore also a vector quantity. The magnitude of velocity is known as the speed of a body. ..... Click the link for more information. . Momentum is a vector quantity; i.e., it has both a magnitude and a direction, the direction being the same as that of the velocity vector. When an external force acts upon a body or a system of bodies in motion, it causes a change in the momentum of the body. The impulse of a force acting on a body is the product of the force and the duration of time in which it acts and is equal to the change in momentum of the body. When no external force acts upon a body in motion or a system of bodies there is no change in the total momentum even though, as in the case of a system of bodies, there may be an internal disturbance of the system resulting in changes in the momenta of individual bodies. This conclusion is commonly known as the principle of the conservation of momentum (see conservation lawsconservation laws, in physics, basic laws that together determine which processes can or cannot occur in nature; each law maintains that the total value of the quantity governed by that law, e.g., mass or energy, remains unchanged during physical processes. ..... Click the link for more information. , in physics). The momentum of a body should not be confused with its kinetic energyenergy, in physics, the ability or capacity to do work or to produce change. Forms of energy include heat, light, sound, electricity, and chemical energy. Energy and work are measured in the same units—foot-pounds, joules, ergs, or some other, depending on the system of ..... Click the link for more information. . The distinction between them can be seen in the action of a pile driver. The distance to which the pile is driven depends upon its kinetic energy; the length of time required for the action to cease, upon its momentum. In addition to the momentum a body has because of its linear motion, the body may also have angular momentum because of rotation. The angular momentum of a particle rotating about a point is equal to the product of the mass of the particle, its angular velocity, and the square of its distance from the axis of rotation. More simply, the angular momentum is the product of the instantaneous linear momentum and the distance. Angular momentum is a vector quantity directed perpendicular to the plane of motion. MomentumLinear momentum is the product of the mass and the linear velocity of a body. It is defined by Eq. (1), According to the general statement of Newton's second law, for a force F , a momentum P , and a time t, Eq. (2) holds. When a group of bodies is subject only to forces that members of the group exert on one another, the total momentum of the group remains constant. See Angular momentum, Conservation of momentum, Impulse (mechanics) momentumMomentuma measure of mechanical motion that for a mass point is equal to the product of the mass m of the point and its velocity v. Momentum, mv, is a vector quantity, with the same direction as the velocity of the point. Upon the action of a force, the momentum of the point changes, usually both numerically and in direction. This change is determined by the second (basic) law of dynamics. The momentum Q of a mechanical system is equal to the geometric sum of the momentums of all its points or the product of the mass M of the entire system and the velocity vc of its center of mass: Q = Σ mkvk = Mvc. A change in the momentum of the system takes place only through the action of external forces—that is, forces acting on the system from bodies that are not part of the system. According to the theory of the change of momentum, Q1 – Q0 = ΣSke, where Q0 and Q1 are the momentums of the system at the beginning and end of a certain time interval and Ske are the momentums of external forces Fke over the time interval (this theorem is expressed in differential form by the equation dQ/dt = ΣFke). This theorem is used for the solution of many problems in dynamics, particularly in impact theory. For a closed system (that is, for a system that does not experience external forces), or in the case in which the geometric sum of the external forces acting on the system equals zero, the law of conservation of momentum is valid. In such cases the momentums of the individual parts of the system (for example, during the action of internal forces) may change, but in such a way that the quantity Q = Σ mkvk remains constant. This law explains such phenomena as jet propulsion, the recoil upon firing a gun, and the operation of a screw propeller or oars. For example, if a gun and bullet are regarded as a single system, then the pressure of the powder gases upon firing will be an internal force for the system and cannot change the momentum of the system, which was equal to zero before the firing. Therefore, in imparting the momentum m1v1 to the bullet in the direction toward the muzzle, the powder gases simultaneously impart to the gun a momentum m2v2, which is numerically equal but opposite in direction, resulting in the recoil. If the velocity v1 of the bullet upon its exit from the barrel is known, the maximum recoil velocity v2 may be found from the equation m1v1 = m2v2 (Where v1 and v2 are scalar quantities of velocity). At velocities close to the speed of light c, the momentum of a free particle is given by the formula Momentum exists for physical fields (electromagnetic, gravitational, and so on). The momentum of a field is characterized by momentum density (the relationship of the momentum of a unit volume to the entire volume) and is expressed as field intensity or field potential. S. M. TARG momentum[mō′ment·əm]momentummomentummomentummomentum[mo-men´tum]mo·men·tum(mō-men'tŭm)mo·men·tum(mō-men'tŭm)MomentumMomentumMomentummomentumMOMENTUM
See US Marine Corps momentum
Synonyms for momentum
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momentum - an impelling force or strength; "the car's momentum carried it off the road"
momentum - the product of a body's mass and its velocity; "the momentum of the particles was deduced from meteoritic velocities"
, where β = v/c. When ν << c, this formula becomes the ordinary formula p = mv.