Noriega, Manuel Antonio

(mänwĕl` äntō`nyō nôryā`gə), 1934–2017, Panamanian general. Commander of the Panamanian Defense Forces from 1983, when he promoted himself to full general, Noriega consolidated the strong-armed rule inherited from Gen. Omar Torrijos HerreraTorrijos Herrera, Omar
, 1929–81, military leader, dictator of Panama (1968–78). As a lieutenant colonel, he led, together with Col. Boris Martínez, the coup (1968) that ousted President Arnulfo Arias.
..... Click the link for more information. , and became the de facto leader of Panama. A one-time operative (1955–86) for the U.S. Central Intelligence Agency and the U.S. Army, he was implicated in drug trafficking, the sale of U.S. secrets to Cuba and the USSR, and other illegal activities. U.S. officials urged him to step down (Jan., 1988), but he refused. A U.S. indictment on drug charges and subsequent economic sanctions proved ineffective. Following the murder of a U.S. marine in Panama City, President George H. W. BushBush, George Herbert Walker,
1924–2018, 41st President of the United States (1989–93), b. Milton, Mass., B.A., Yale Univ., 1948. Career in Business and Government
..... Click the link for more information. ordered troops to Panama (Dec., 1989), and Noriega was captured and brought to the United States for trial. He was convicted (1992) on charges of racketeering, money laundering, and drug trafficking, and served 17 years in prison. France moved to extradite Noriega after his sentence ended, but he remained in U.S. custody until 2010, unsuccessfully fighting extradition. Convicted in France of money laundering, he was extradited in 2011 to Panama, where he had been convicted in absentia of corruption, embezzlement, and murder, to serve his sentences there.

Bibliography

See his America's Prisoner: The Memoirs of Manuel Noriega (1997, with P. Eisner); R. M. Koster and G. S. Borbón, In the Time of Tyrants (1990).

单词	noriega, manuel antonio
释义	Noriega, Manuel Antonio Noriega, Manuel Antonio (mänwĕl` äntō`nyō nôryā`gə), 1934–2017, Panamanian general. Commander of the Panamanian Defense Forces from 1983, when he promoted himself to full general, Noriega consolidated the strong-armed rule inherited from Gen. Omar Torrijos HerreraTorrijos Herrera, Omar , 1929–81, military leader, dictator of Panama (1968–78). As a lieutenant colonel, he led, together with Col. Boris Martínez, the coup (1968) that ousted President Arnulfo Arias. ..... Click the link for more information. , and became the de facto leader of Panama. A one-time operative (1955–86) for the U.S. Central Intelligence Agency and the U.S. Army, he was implicated in drug trafficking, the sale of U.S. secrets to Cuba and the USSR, and other illegal activities. U.S. officials urged him to step down (Jan., 1988), but he refused. A U.S. indictment on drug charges and subsequent economic sanctions proved ineffective. Following the murder of a U.S. marine in Panama City, President George H. W. BushBush, George Herbert Walker, 1924–2018, 41st President of the United States (1989–93), b. Milton, Mass., B.A., Yale Univ., 1948. Career in Business and Government ..... Click the link for more information. ordered troops to Panama (Dec., 1989), and Noriega was captured and brought to the United States for trial. He was convicted (1992) on charges of racketeering, money laundering, and drug trafficking, and served 17 years in prison. France moved to extradite Noriega after his sentence ended, but he remained in U.S. custody until 2010, unsuccessfully fighting extradition. Convicted in France of money laundering, he was extradited in 2011 to Panama, where he had been convicted in absentia of corruption, embezzlement, and murder, to serve his sentences there. Bibliography See his America's Prisoner: The Memoirs of Manuel Noriega (1997, with P. Eisner); R. M. Koster and G. S. Borbón, In the Time of Tyrants (1990).
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