normal science and revolutionary science

the important distinction, drawn by KUHN (1962), between periods of stability of concepts and assumptions in science, and periods of upheaval and rapid change. Contrary to the view that all science is characterized by bold attempts to falsify theories (see FALSIFICATIONISM), Kuhn sees normal science as usually involved in ‘puzzle-solving’which accepts and works entirely within the assumptions of a particular SCIENTIFIC PARADIGM. Only when an established paradigm fails to generate new puzzles or is beset by major ‘anomalies’ do exceptional scientists turn to revolutionary science in which new paradigms are created. Examples of such revolutionary shifts cited by Kuhn are the Copernican and Newtonian revolutions, Dalton's new system in chemistry, and the work of Einstein. In periods of normal science, scientific work is characterized by psychological and social conformity and group solidarity. Scientific revolutions ‘are like political revolutions’, and must struggle to overcome such conformity and when these occur ‘there is no standard higher than the standard of the relevant community’ (Kuhn, 1977).

单词	normal science and revolutionary science
释义	normal science and revolutionary science normal science and revolutionary science the important distinction, drawn by KUHN (1962), between periods of stability of concepts and assumptions in science, and periods of upheaval and rapid change. Contrary to the view that all science is characterized by bold attempts to falsify theories (see FALSIFICATIONISM), Kuhn sees normal science as usually involved in ‘puzzle-solving’which accepts and works entirely within the assumptions of a particular SCIENTIFIC PARADIGM. Only when an established paradigm fails to generate new puzzles or is beset by major ‘anomalies’ do exceptional scientists turn to revolutionary science in which new paradigms are created. Examples of such revolutionary shifts cited by Kuhn are the Copernican and Newtonian revolutions, Dalton's new system in chemistry, and the work of Einstein. In periods of normal science, scientific work is characterized by psychological and social conformity and group solidarity. Scientific revolutions ‘are like political revolutions’, and must struggle to overcome such conformity and when these occur ‘there is no standard higher than the standard of the relevant community’ (Kuhn, 1977).
随便看	health care record number health care reengineering health care reform healthcare reform health care reform act health care reform panel health care reform task force health care reform tracking project health care reimbursement account health care reit health care reit (real estate investement trust), inc. healthcare research and development institute health care research and innovations congress healthcare resolution services, inc. healthcare resource group health care resource management society healthcare resource utilization health care responsibility act healthcare retention and recruitment office health care risk management health care risk report healthcare risk resources international health care risk waste health care risk waste management healthcares