level

lev·el

L0137400 (lĕv′əl)n.1. a. Relative position or rank on a scale: the local level of government; studying at the graduate level.b. A relative degree, as of achievement, intensity, or concentration: an unsafe level of toxicity; a high level of frustration.2. A natural or proper position, place, or stage: I finally found my own level in the business world.3. Position along a vertical axis; height or depth: a platform at knee level.4. a. A horizontal line or plane at right angles to the plumb.b. The position or height of such a line or plane.5. A flat, horizontal surface.6. A land area of uniform elevation.7. a. An instrument for ascertaining whether a surface is horizontal, vertical, or at a 45° angle, consisting essentially of an encased, liquid-filled tube containing an air bubble that moves to a center window when the instrument is set on an even plane. Also called spirit level.b. Such a device combined with a telescope and used in surveying.c. A computation of the difference in elevation between two points by using such a device.adj.1. Having a flat, smooth surface: a level countertop.2. Being on a horizontal plane: a level field.3. a. Being at the same height or position as another; even.b. Being at the same degree of rank, standing, or advantage as another; equal.c. Being or relating to a specified rank or standing. Often used in combination: a lower-level administrator.4. Exhibiting no abrupt variations; steady: spoke in a level tone.5. Rational and balanced; sensible: came to a level appraisal of the situation; keeps a level head in an emergency.6. Filled evenly to the top: a level tablespoon of the medicine.v. lev·eled, lev·el·ing, lev·els or lev·elled or lev·el·ling v.tr.1. a. To make horizontal, flat, or even: leveled the driveway with a roller; leveled off the hedges with the clippers.b. To place on the same rank; equalize.2. a. To tear down (a building, for example); raze.b. To knock down, as with a blow; lay low: leveled the opponent with an uppercut.3. a. To aim along a horizontal plane: leveled the gun at the target.b. To direct emphatically or forcefully toward someone: leveled charges of dishonesty. See Synonyms at aim.4. To measure the different elevations of (a tract of land) with a level.v.intr.1. To bring persons or things to an equal level; equalize.2. To aim a weapon horizontally.3. Informal To be frank and open: advised the suspect to level with the authorities.adv. Along a flat or even line or plane.Phrasal Verb: level off1. To move toward stability or consistency: Prices leveled off.2. To maneuver an aircraft into a flight attitude that is parallel to the surface of the earth after gaining or losing altitude.Idioms: (one's) level best The best one can do in an earnest attempt: I did my level best in math class. on the level Informal Without deception; honest.

[Middle English, an instrument to check that a surface is horizontal, from Old French livel, from Vulgar Latin *lībellum, from Latin lībella, diminutive of lībra, balance.]

lev′el·ly adv.lev′el·ness n.Synonyms: level, flat¹, even¹, plane¹, smooth, flush¹
These adjectives describe surfaces without elevations or depressions. Level implies being parallel with the line of the horizon: acres of level farmland. Flat applies to surfaces without curves, protuberances, or indentations: "There were no woods behind the yard, just an expanse of flat cleared land and then a hill that sloped down into the former quarry" (Frederick Reiken).
Even refers to flat surfaces in which no part is higher or lower than another: the even surface of the mirror. Plane is a mathematical term referring to a surface containing all the straight lines connecting any two points on it: a plane figure. Smooth describes a surface on which the absence of irregularities can be established by sight or touch: smooth marble. Flush applies to a surface that is on an exact level with an adjoining one: The door is flush with the wall. See Also Synonyms at aim.

level

(ˈlɛvəl) adj1. on a horizontal plane2. having a surface of completely equal height3. being of the same height as something else4. (Cookery) (of quantities to be measured, as in recipes) even with the top of the cup, spoon, etc5. equal to or even with (something or someone else)6. not having or showing inconsistency or irregularities7. Also: level-headed even-tempered; steadyvb, -els, -elling or -elled, -els, -eling or -eled8. (sometimes foll by: off) to make (a surface) horizontal, level, or even9. to make (two or more people or things) equal, as in position or status10. (tr) to raze to the ground11. (tr) to knock (a person) down by or as if by a blow12. (tr) to direct (a gaze, criticism, etc) emphatically at someone13. informal (often foll by: with) to be straightforward and frank14. (Aeronautics) (intr; foll by off or out) to manoeuvre an aircraft into a horizontal flight path after a dive, climb, or glide15. (Firearms, Gunnery, Ordnance & Artillery) (often foll by at) to aim (a weapon) horizontally16. (Surveying) surveying to determine the elevation of a section of (land), sighting through a levelling instrument to a staff at successive pairs or pointsn17. (Surveying) a horizontal datum line or plane18. (Tools) a device, such as a spirit level, for determining whether a surface is horizontal19. (Surveying) a surveying instrument consisting basically of a telescope with a spirit level attached, used for measuring relative heights of land. See Abney level, dumpy level20. (Surveying) a reading of the difference in elevation of two points taken with such an instrument21. position or status in a scale of values22. amount or degree of progress; stage23. a specified vertical position; altitude24. a horizontal line or plane with respect to which measurement of elevation is based: sea level. 25. a flat even surface or area of land26. (Mining & Quarrying) a horizontal passage or drift in a mine27. (Geological Science) any of the successive layers of material that have been deposited with the passage of time to build up and raise the height of the land surface28. (General Physics) physics the ratio of the magnitude of a physical quantity to an arbitrary magnitude: sound-pressure level. 29. do one's level best to make every possible effort; try one's utmost30. find one's level to find one's most suitable place socially, professionally, etc31. on a level on the same horizontal plane as another32. on the level informal sincere, honest, or genuine[C14: from Old French livel, from Vulgar Latin lībellum (unattested), from Latin lībella, diminutive of lībra scales] ˈlevelly adv ˈlevelness n

lev•el

(ˈlɛv əl)

adj., n., v. -eled, -el•ing (esp. Brit.) -elled, -el•ling. adj. 1. having no part higher than another; having a flat or even surface. 2. being in a plane parallel to the plane of the horizon; horizontal. 3. equal, as in height, condition, status, or advancement. 4. even, equable, or uniform: to speak in a level voice. 5. filled to a height even with the rim of a container: a level teaspoon of salt. 6. mentally well-balanced; sensible; rational: to keep a level head in a crisis. 7. of or pertaining to a particular rank or involving members of such a rank (usu. used in combination): high-level discussions. n. 8. the horizontal line or plane in which anything is situated, with regard to its elevation: a shelf built at eye level. 9. a position with respect to a given or specified height: The water rose to a level of 30 feet. 10. a position or plane in a graded scale of values: an average level of skill. 11. rank or status, as in a hierarchy: the top levels of government. 12. stratum or sphere: levels of meaning; elections on a local level. 13. an extent, measure, or degree of intensity, concentration, quantity, etc.: low levels of radiation; to increase levels of production. 14. a horizontal surface, as a floor in a building or other structure: the upper level of the bridge. 15. a device, as a spirit level, used for determining or adjusting something to a horizontal surface. 16. a. a surveying instrument consisting of a spirit level mounted on a frame with a telescopic sight, used for establishing a horizontal. b. an observation made with this instrument. 17. an imaginary line or surface everywhere at right angles to the plumb line. 18. a horizontal position or condition. 19. a level or flat surface, as an extent of land approximately horizontal and unbroken by irregularities. 20. the interconnected horizontal mine workings at a particular elevation or depth: the 1500-foot level. v.t. 21. to make (a surface) level, even, or flat; make horizontal. 22. to raise or lower to a particular level or position. 23. to bring (something) to the level of the ground: to level trees. 24. Informal. to knock down (a person). 25. to make equal, as in status or condition. 26. to make even or uniform, as coloring. 27. to aim or point (a weapon, criticism, etc.) at a mark or objective. 28. to find the relative elevation of different points in (land), as with a surveyor's level. v.i. 29. to bring things or persons to a common level. 30. to aim a weapon, criticism, etc., at a mark or objective. 31. to speak truthfully and openly (often fol. by with). 32. a. to take a level in surveying. b. to use a leveling instrument. 33. level off, a. (of an aircraft) to maintain a constant altitude after a climb or descent. b. to become stable; reach a constant or limit. c. to make even or smooth. Idioms: 1. find one's (own) level, to attain a position or status that matches one's ability. 2. one's level best, one's very best; one's utmost. 3. on the level, honest; sincere; reliable. [1300–50; Middle English, variant of livel < Middle French < Vulgar Latin *lībellum, for Latin lībella plummet line, level, diminutive of lībra balance, scales (see castle)] lev′el•ly, adv. lev′el•ness, n.

level

- Based on Latin libella, a diminutive of libra, "balance; scales."See also related terms for scales.

level

A level is a point on a scale, for example a scale of amount or importance.

The noise levels were too high.We now have a high level of unemployment.These decisions are made well below the level of top management.

You say that something is at a particular level.

Mammals maintain their body temperature at a constant level.Corruption is rampant at all levels of government.

level

Past participle: levelled
Gerund: levelling

Imperative
level
level

Present
I level
you level
he/she/it levels
we level
you level
they level

Preterite
I levelled
you levelled
he/she/it levelled
we levelled
you levelled
they levelled

Present Continuous
I am levelling
you are levelling
he/she/it is levelling
we are levelling
you are levelling
they are levelling

Present Perfect
I have levelled
you have levelled
he/she/it has levelled
we have levelled
you have levelled
they have levelled

Past Continuous
I was levelling
you were levelling
he/she/it was levelling
we were levelling
you were levelling
they were levelling

Past Perfect
I had levelled
you had levelled
he/she/it had levelled
we had levelled
you had levelled
they had levelled

Future
I will level
you will level
he/she/it will level
we will level
you will level
they will level

Future Perfect
I will have levelled
you will have levelled
he/she/it will have levelled
we will have levelled
you will have levelled
they will have levelled

Future Continuous
I will be levelling
you will be levelling
he/she/it will be levelling
we will be levelling
you will be levelling
they will be levelling

Present Perfect Continuous
I have been levelling
you have been levelling
he/she/it has been levelling
we have been levelling
you have been levelling
they have been levelling

Future Perfect Continuous
I will have been levelling
you will have been levelling
he/she/it will have been levelling
we will have been levelling
you will have been levelling
they will have been levelling

Past Perfect Continuous
I had been levelling
you had been levelling
he/she/it had been levelling
we had been levelling
you had been levelling
they had been levelling

Conditional
I would level
you would level
he/she/it would level
we would level
you would level
they would level

Past Conditional
I would have levelled
you would have levelled
he/she/it would have levelled
we would have levelled
you would have levelled
they would have levelled

Thesaurus

Noun	1.	level - a position on a scale of intensity or amount or quality; "a moderate grade of intelligence"; "a high level of care is required"; "it is all a matter of degree"degree, gradecaliber, calibre, quality - a degree or grade of excellence or worth; "the quality of students has risen"; "an executive of low caliber"property - a basic or essential attribute shared by all members of a class; "a study of the physical properties of atomic particles"intensiveness, intensity - high level or degree; the property of being intensegrind - the grade of particle fineness to which a substance is ground; "a coarse grind of coffee"depth - degree of psychological or intellectual profundityhighness - a high degree (of amount or force etc.); "responsible for the highness of the rates"high - a lofty level or position or degree; "summer temperatures reached an all-time high"low - a low level or position or degree; "the stock market fell to a new low"lowness - a low or small degree of any quality (amount or force or temperature etc.); "he took advantage of the lowness of interest rates"extreme - the furthest or highest degree of something; "he carried it to extremes"amplitude level - the level on a scale of amplitudemoderation, moderateness - quality of being moderate and avoiding extremesimmoderateness, immoderation - the quality of being excessive and lacking in moderationSPF, sun protection factor - the degree to which a sunscreen protects the skin from the direct rays of the sun
	2.	level - a relative position or degree of value in a graded group; "lumber of the highest grade"tier, gradebiosafety level - the level of safety from exposure to infectious agents; depends on work practices and safety equipment and facilitiesrank - relative status; "his salary was determined by his rank and seniority"A level - the advanced level of a subject taken in school (usually two years after O level)GCSE, General Certificate of Secondary Education, O level - the basic level of a subject taken in schoolcollege level - the level of education that college students are assumed to have attained
	3.	level - a specific identifiable position in a continuum or series or especially in a process; "a remarkable degree of frankness"; "at what stage are the social sciences?"degree, stage, pointstate - the way something is with respect to its main attributes; "the current state of knowledge"; "his state of health"; "in a weak financial state"ladder - ascending stages by which somebody or something can progress; "he climbed the career ladder"acme, meridian, summit, tiptop, superlative, elevation, height, pinnacle, peak, top - the highest level or degree attainable; the highest stage of development; "his landscapes were deemed the acme of beauty"; "the artist's gifts are at their acme"; "at the height of her career"; "the peak of perfection"; "summer was at its peak"; "...catapulted Einstein to the pinnacle of fame"; "the summit of his ambition"; "so many highest superlatives achieved by man"; "at the top of his profession"extent - the point or degree to which something extends; "the extent of the damage"; "the full extent of the law"; "to a certain extent she was right"resultant, end point - the final point in a processstandard of life, standard of living - a level of material comfort in terms of goods and services available to someone or some group; "they enjoyed the highest standard of living in the country"; "the lower the standard of living the easier it is to introduce an autocratic production system"plane - a level of existence or development; "he lived on a worldly plane"state of the art - the highest degree of development of an art or technique at a particular time; "the state of the art in space travel"ultimacy, ultimateness - the state or degree of being ultimate; the final or most extreme in degree or size or time or distance, "the ultimacy of these social values"quickening - the stage of pregnancy at which the mother first feels the movements of the fetusclimax - the most severe stage of a disease
	4.	level - height above ground; "the water reached ankle level"; "the pictures were at the same level"altitude, height - elevation especially above sea level or above the earth's surface; "the altitude gave her a headache"
	5.	level - indicator that establishes the horizontal when a bubble is centered in a tube of liquidspirit levelcarpenter's level - a straight bar of light metal with a spirit level in itindicator - a device for showing the operating condition of some systemmason's level - a level longer than a carpenter's levelsurveyor's level - surveying instrument consisting basically of a small telescope with an attached spirit level rotating around a vertical axis; for measuring relative heights of land
	6.	level - a flat surface at right angles to a plumb line; "park the car on the level"horizontal surfacefloor, flooring - the inside lower horizontal surface (as of a room, hallway, tent, or other structure); "they needed rugs to cover the bare floors"; "we spread our sleeping bags on the dry floor of the tent"paved surface - a level horizontal surface covered with paving materialplatform - a raised horizontal surface; "the speaker mounted the platform"surface - the outer boundary of an artifact or a material layer constituting or resembling such a boundary; "there is a special cleaner for these surfaces"; "the cloth had a pattern of red dots on a white surface"
	7.	level - an abstract place usually conceived as having depth; "a good actor communicates on several levels"; "a simile has at least two layers of meaning"; "the mind functions on many strata simultaneously"layer, stratumplace - an abstract mental location; "he has a special place in my thoughts"; "a place in my heart"; "a political system with no place for the less prominent groups"
	8.	level - a structure consisting of a room or set of rooms at a single position along a vertical scale; "what level is the office on?"storey, floor, storybasement, cellar - the lowermost portion of a structure partly or wholly below ground level; often used for storagebuilding, edifice - a structure that has a roof and walls and stands more or less permanently in one place; "there was a three-story building on the corner"; "it was an imposing edifice"first floor, ground floor, ground level - the floor of a building that is at or nearest to the level of the ground around the buildingattic, garret, loft - floor consisting of open space at the top of a house just below roof; often used for storageloft - floor consisting of a large unpartitioned space over a factory or warehouse or other commercial spaceentresol, mezzanine floor, mezzanine - intermediate floor just above the ground floorstructure, construction - a thing constructed; a complex entity constructed of many parts; "the structure consisted of a series of arches"; "she wore her hair in an amazing construction of whirls and ribbons"
Verb	1.	level - aim at; "level criticism or charges at somebody"aim, take aim, train, direct, take - point or cause to go (blows, weapons, or objects such as photographic equipment) towards; "Please don't aim at your little brother!"; "He trained his gun on the burglar"; "Don't train your camera on the women"; "Take a swipe at one's opponent"
	2.	level - tear down so as to make flat with the ground; "The building was levelled"dismantle, pull down, rase, raze, tear down, take downbulldoze - flatten with or as if with a bulldozerdestroy, destruct - do away with, cause the destruction or undoing of; "The fire destroyed the house"erect, put up, set up, rear, raise - construct, build, or erect; "Raise a barn"
	3.	level - make level or straight; "level the ground"even, even out, flushchange surface - undergo or cause to undergo a change in the surfacegrade - level to the right gradientstrickle, strike - smooth with a strickle; "strickle the grain in the measure"strickle - level off with a strickle in a measuring container; "strickle sand"
	4.	level - direct into a position for use; "point a gun"; "He charged his weapon at me"point, chargeaim, take aim, train, direct, take - point or cause to go (blows, weapons, or objects such as photographic equipment) towards; "Please don't aim at your little brother!"; "He trained his gun on the burglar"; "Don't train your camera on the women"; "Take a swipe at one's opponent"point - be positionable in a specified manner; "The gun points with ease"
	5.	level - talk frankly with; lay it on the line; "I have to level with you"talk, speak - exchange thoughts; talk with; "We often talk business"; "Actions talk louder than words"
	6.	level - become level or even; "The ground levelled off"level offchange surface - undergo or cause to undergo a change in the surface
Adj.	1.	level - having a surface without slope, tilt in which no part is higher or lower than another; "a flat desk"; "acres of level farmland"; "a plane surface"; "skirts sewn with fine flat seams"flat, planeeven - being level or straight or regular and without variation as e.g. in shape or texture; or being in the same plane or at the same height as something else (i.e. even with); "an even application of varnish"; "an even floor"; "the road was not very even"; "the picture is even with the window"
	2.	level - not showing abrupt variations; "spoke in a level voice"; "she gave him a level look"- Louis Auchinclossunwaveringsteady - not subject to change or variation especially in behavior; "a steady beat"; "a steady job"; "a steady breeze"; "a steady increase"; "a good steady ballplayer"
	3.	level - being on a precise horizontal plane; "a billiard table must be level"horizontal - parallel to or in the plane of the horizon or a base line; "a horizontal surface"
	4.	level - oriented at right angles to the plumb; "the picture is level"even - being level or straight or regular and without variation as e.g. in shape or texture; or being in the same plane or at the same height as something else (i.e. even with); "an even application of varnish"; "an even floor"; "the road was not very even"; "the picture is even with the window"
	5.	level - of the score in a contest; "the score is tied"tied, evenequal - having the same quantity, value, or measure as another; "on equal terms"; "all men are equal before the law"

level

noun1. position, standard, degree, grade, standing, stage, rank, status in order according to their level of difficulty2. height, altitude, elevation, vertical position The water came up to her chin and the bubbles were at eye level.3. flat surface, plane, horizontal The horse showed good form on the level.adjective1. equal, in line, aligned, balanced, on a line, at the same height She knelt down so that their eyes were level.2. horizontal, even, flat, plane, smooth, uniform, as flat as a pancake a plateau of level ground
horizontal uneven, tilted, vertical, slanted3. calm, even, regular, stable, steady, unchanging, equable, even-tempered, unvarying He forced his voice to remain level.4. even, tied, equal, drawn, neck and neck, all square, level pegging The teams were level at the end of extra time.verb1. equalize, balance, even up He got two goals to level the score.2. destroy, devastate, wreck, demolish, flatten, knock down, pull down, tear down, bulldoze, raze, lay waste to Further tremors could level yet more buildings.
destroy build, raise, erect3. direct, point, turn, train, aim, focus, beam The soldiers level guns at each other along the border.4. flatten, plane, smooth, make flat, even off or out He'd been levelling off the ground before putting up the shed.level with someone (Informal) be honest, be open, be frank, come clean (informal), be straightforward, be up front (slang), be above board, keep nothing back Levelling with you, I was in two minds before this happened.on the level (Informal) honest, genuine, sincere, open, straight, fair, square, straightforward, up front (slang), dinkum (Austral & N.Z. informal), above board There were moments where you wondered if anyone was on the level.

level

nounOne of the units in a course, as on an ascending or descending scale:degree, grade, peg, point, rung, stage, step.Informal: notch.adjective1. Having no irregularities, roughness, or indentations:even, flat, flush, planar, plane, smooth, straight.2. On the same plane or line:even, flush.verb1. To make even, smooth, or level:even, flat, flatten, plane, smooth, straighten.2. To pull down or break up so that reconstruction is impossible:demolish, destroy, dismantle, dynamite, knock down, pull down, pulverize, raze, tear down, wreck.Aerospace: destruct.3. To cause to fall, as from a shot or blow:bring down, cut down, down, drop, fell, flatten, floor, ground, knock down, prostrate, strike down, throw.Slang: deck.Idiom: lay low.4. To make equal:equalize, equate, even, square.5. To move (a weapon or blow, for example) in the direction of someone or something:aim, cast, direct, head, point, set, train, turn, zero in.Military: lay.

Translations

使平等同水平的地位夷平对准

level

(ˈlevl) noun1. height, position, strength, rank etc. The level of the river rose; a high level of intelligence. 水位，地位，强度，等级 2. a horizontal division or floor. the third level of the multi-storey car park.层3. a kind of instrument for showing whether a surface is level. a spirit level.水准仪4. a flat, smooth surface or piece of land. It was difficult running uphill but he could run fast on the level.平地 adjective1. flat, even, smooth or horizontal. a level surface; a level spoonful (= an amount which just fills the spoon to the top of the sides).平的2. of the same height, standard etc. The top of the kitchen sink is level with the window-sill; The scores of the two teams are level. 等高的，同水平的 3. steady, even and not rising or falling much. a calm, level voice.平稳的 verb – past tense, past participle ˈlevelled , (American) ˈleveled – 1. to make flat, smooth or horizontal. He levelled the soil.把...弄平2. to make equal. His goal levelled the scores of the two teams. 使平等，拉平 3. (usually with at) to aim (a gun etc). He levelled his pistol at the target. 对准，瞄准 4. to pull down. The bulldozer levelled the block of flats.夷平ˈlevelness noun水平度level crossing a place where a road crosses a railway without a bridge. 平交路口level-ˈheaded adjective calm and sensible. 头脑冷静的do one's level best to do one's very best. 全力以赴level off to make or become flat, even, steady etc. After rising for so long, prices have now levelled off. 把...弄平，使平稳，使平整 level out to make or become level. The road levels out as it comes down to the plain.整平on a level with level with. His eyes were on a level with the shop counter. 和…相等，和...同一水准 on the level fair; honest. 诚实的，公平的

level

→ 平坦的zhCN, 水平zhCN

Level

level:

see spirit levelspirit level,
tool for determining whether a surface is horizontal. It consists essentially of a slightly bent transparent tube that is held in a frame. The tube contains some alcohol, ether, or similar fluid but is not entirely filled, so that it also contains a small bubble.
..... Click the link for more information. .

Level

(gorizont, horizon), in mining, the totality of mining developments located at one level and designed for carrying on mining work. By their purpose in the mine the following levels are distinguished: the hauling level (for transporting loads and moving people), the airway level (for ventilating the mine), the discharge level (for discharging broken-up ore), the cutting level (for opening up a rock mass from below in order to cave it in or break it up), and the scraper level (for scraper delivery of broken-up minerals to the loading point). For open-pit extraction of minerals the primary mining equipment for working one bench is installed on a level (the so-called work level of the quarry).

Level

a geodetic instrument used for measurement of the elevation of points on the earth’s surface (leveling) and for establishing horizontality during erection and installation operations. The most common levels are opticomechanical levels, which have a sighting tube that is used for readings from a rod. Before taking the reading, the sight line of the sighting tube is set on the horizontal by means of the spirit level; in levels with self-leveling sight lines, this is done automatically.

Leveling instruments with spirit levels are mainly required to provide a near-parallel relative position of the sight line and the axis of the spirit level that must remain sufficiently stable over time and upon changes in temperature. Such a relationship is achieved through adjustment of the instrument, which must be done frequently. Many types of leveling instruments have been built, primarily to simplify adjustment; they differ in the type of interconnection of their three basic parts (the sighting tube, the spirit level, and the stand). For example, the spirit level may be mounted on the tube, which is laid across the stand, or it may be mounted on the stand. However, dumpy levels, in which both the spirit level and the tube are rigidly connected to the stand, have proved most stable and become most common. Dumpy levels are often made with lifting screws, or elevation screws, to

Figure 1. Diagram of a dumpy level with an elevation screw: (1) sighting tube, (2) lens, (3) crosshairs, (4) eyepiece, (5) sight line, (6) level axis, (7) spirit level, (8) horizontal axis, (9) elevation screw, (10) balance spring of elevation screw, (11) vertical axis, (12) carrier with lifting screws

make it easier to set the spirit-level bubble at the zero point and to increase the precision of the instrument (see Figure 1). In this type of arrangement, all the parts that connect the sighting tube to the horizontal axis form the stand. A distinction is made among high-precision, precision, and engineering levels, which produce errors not greater than 0.5–1.0 mm, 5–8 mm, and 15 mm, respectively, per kilometer of level line.

Hydrostatic levels, based on the principle of communicating vessels, are sometimes used. There have been many attempts to make automatic levels, which determine elevation by integrating the angles of dip along a route traveled across the terrain by bicycle, motor vehicle, or other vehicle; however, as of 1974 the results have not been acceptable.

REFERENCES

GOST 10528–69, Niveliry.
Gusev, N. A. Marksheidersko-geodezicheskie instrumenty ipribory, 2nd ed. Moscow, 1968.
Deimlikh, F. Geodezicheskoe instrumentovedenie. Moscow, 1970.

G. G. GORDON

Level

in linguistics, any one of the basic planes of a language system—phonemes, morphemes, words (lexemes), and phrases (tagmemes)—considered as objects of linguistic analysis and constituting the province of phonology, morphology, lexicology, and syntax. Levels of language are determined by the characteristics of units isolated in the continuous articulation of running speech. Some scholars seek to increase the number of levels by raising to the status of a separate level any of the complex units capable of isolation; others consider only two levels to be significant—the differential and the semantic.

On the differential level, language appears only as a system of contrasting signs that include, besides the natural sounds of speech, the written signs that distinguish units on the semantic level. On the semantic level, morphemes, words, and combinations of words are distinguished as two-sided units, that is, with regard to their acoustic aspect, or expression, and to their internal, semantic, aspect, or content.

REFERENCES

Urovni iazyka i ikh vzaimodeistvie: Tezisy nauchnoi konferentsii (Apr. 4–7, 1967). Moscow, 1967.
Martinet, A. “Arbitraire linguistique et double articulation.” Cahiers Ferdinand de Saussure, 1957, no. 15.
Benveniste, E. “Les Niveaux de l’analyse linguistique.” In Proceedings of the Ninth International Congress of Linguists. The Hague, 1964.
Buyssens, E. “La Sextuple Articulation du langage.” Ibid.

O. S. AKHMANOVA

Level

an instrument for checking the horizontal position of planes and for measuring small angles. A level consists of a bar with a vial located inside; the vial is filled with alcohol or ether, except for a small gas bubble. If the lower plane of the level is positioned horizontally, the bubble will rest in the center of the vial. Levels with two vials can be used simultaneously to check the horizontal position of two planes that are mutually perpendicular. Some levels have the shape of a cylinder, the top of which is hermetically sealed by glass. The inside of the glass is spherically ground, and the box is filled with a fluid with a gas bubble. If the base of the box is positioned on a true horizontal, the bubble will rest in the center of the glass cover.

Levels used in machine building include mechanic’s levels and frame levels. In the former, the leveling vial is equipped with a scale and mounted within the housing. The level also has a fixture that adjusts the location of the vial with respect to the base of the housing. The position of the end of the bubble on the scale defines the inclination angle of the plane on which the level is placed. A prismatic recess in the base makes it possible to mount the level on cylindrical surfaces. A frame level consists of a four-sided frame with precise right angles; the leveling vial and the adjusting fixture are located in the lower part of the frame. Frame levels can be used on horizontal or vertical surfaces.

Levels with one or two leveling vials are used in construction work to check the correct location of parts of the buildings and structures being erected.

Levels are an important tool in astronomy, geodesy, and physics. They are used in leveling, in determining the inclination angles of horizontal axes, and in measuring the change of the angle between the vertical axis and a sighting line. Levels used in astronomy have a scale for angle measurements marked on the vial; the scale divisions are usually in units between 1 minute and 1 second.

REFERENCES

Gorodetskii, Iu. G. Konstruktsii, raschet i ekspluatatsiia izmeritel’nykh instrumentov ipriborov. Moscow, 1971.
Blazhko, S. N. Kursprakticheskoi astronomii, 3rd ed. Moscow, 1951.

level

[′lev·əl] (civil engineering) A surveying instrument with a telescope and bubble tube used to take level sights over various distances, commonly 100 feet (30 meters). To make the earth surface horizontal. (communications) A specified position on an amplitude scale (for example, magnitude) applied to a signal waveform, such as reference white level and reference black level in a standard television signal. (computer science) The status of a data item in COBOL language indicating whether this item includes additional items. channel (design engineering) A device consisting of a bubble tube that is used to find a horizontal line or plane. Also known as spirit level. (electricity) A single bank of contacts, as on a stepping relay. (electronics) The difference between a quantity and an arbitrarily specified reference quantity, usually expressed as the logarithm of the ratio of the quantities. A charge value that can be stored in a given storage element of a charge storage tube and distinguished in the output from other charge values. (mining engineering) Mine workings that are at the same elevation. A gutter for the water to run in. (statistics) In factorial experiments, the quantitative or qualitative intensity at which a particular value of a factor is held fixed during an experiment.

level

1. A surveying instrument for measuring heights with respect to an established horizontal line of sight; consists of a telescope and attached spirit level, a rotatable mounting, and a tripod. Also see wye level and dumpy level. 2. The position of a line or plane when parallel to the surface of still water. 3.See spirit level. 4. Of an acoustical quantity, 10 times the logarithm (base 10) of the ratio of the quantity to a reference quantity of the same physical kind.

level

i. A generic term relating to vertical position of an aircraft in flight and meaning variously, height, altitude, or a flight level (ICAO).
ii. To bring an aircraft into a horizontal line of flight, such as in to level off or level out.

level

1. Engineering a device, such as a spirit level, for determining whether a surface is horizontal 2. Geography any of the successive layers of material that have been deposited with the passage of time to build up and raise the height of the land surface 3. Physics the ratio of the magnitude of a physical quantity to an arbitrary magnitude

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Synonyms for level

noun position

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noun height

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noun flat surface

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adj equal

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adj horizontal

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adj calm

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adj even

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verb equalize

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verb destroy

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verb direct

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verb flatten

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phrase level with someone

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phrase on the level

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Synonyms for level

noun one of the units in a course, as on an ascending or descending scale

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adj having no irregularities, roughness, or indentations

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adj on the same plane or line

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verb to make even, smooth, or level

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verb to pull down or break up so that reconstruction is impossible

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verb to cause to fall, as from a shot or blow

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verb to make equal

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