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单词 memory
释义

memory


mem·o·ry

M0212600 (mĕm′ə-rē) n. pl. mem·o·ries 1. The mental faculty of retaining and recalling past experience. 2. The act or an instance of remembering; recollection: spent the afternoon lost in memory. 3. All that a person can remember: It hasn't happened in my memory. 4. Something that is remembered: pleasant childhood memories. 5. The fact of being remembered; remembrance: dedicated to their parents' memory. 6. The period of time covered by the remembrance or recollection of a person or group of persons: within the memory of humankind. 7. Computers a. A circuit or device that stores digital data. b. Capacity for storing information: two gigabytes of memory. 8. Statistics The set of past events affecting a given event in a stochastic process. 9. The capacity of a material, such as plastic or metal, to return to a previous shape after deformation. 10. Immunology The ability of the immune system to respond faster and more powerfully to subsequent exposure to an antigen.
[Middle English memorie, from Anglo-French, from Latin memoria, from memor, mindful; see (s)mer-1 in the Appendix of Indo-European roots.]

memory

(ˈmɛmərɪ) n, pl -ries1. a. the ability of the mind to store and recall past sensations, thoughts, knowledge, etc: he can do it from memory. b. the part of the brain that appears to have this function2. the sum of everything retained by the mind3. a particular recollection of an event, person, etc4. the time over which recollection extends: within his memory. 5. commemoration or remembrance: in memory of our leader. 6. the state of being remembered, as after death7. (Computer Science) Also called: RAM, main store or store a part of a computer in which information is stored for immediate use by the central processing unit. See also backing store, virtual storage8. the tendency for a material, system, etc, to show effects that depend on its past treatment or history9. the ability of a material, etc, to return to a former state after a constraint has been removed[C14: from Old French memorie, from Latin memoria, from memor mindful]

mem•o•ry

(ˈmɛm ə ri)

n., pl. -ries. 1. the mental capacity or faculty of retaining or recalling facts, events, impressions, or previous experiences. 2. this faculty as possessed by a particular individual: to have a good memory. 3. the act or fact of retaining and recalling impressions, facts, etc.; remembrance: to draw from memory. 4. the length of time over which recollection extends: within the memory of living persons. 5. a mental impression retained; a recollection: an early memory. 6. the reputation of a person or thing, esp. after death. 7. the state or fact of being remembered. 8. a person or thing remembered. 9. commemorative remembrance; commemoration. 10. Also called storage. a. the capacity of a computer to store information. b. the components of the computer in which such information is stored. 11. the ability of certain materials to return to an original shape after deformation. 12. the ability of a cell of the immune system to respond to an antigen it has previously encountered. [1275–1325; < Latin memoria=memor remembering + -ia -y3]

mem·o·ry

(mĕm′ə-rē)1. The ability to remember past experiences or learned information.2. a. A unit of a computer in which data is stored for later use.b. A computer's capacity for storing information: How much memory does this computer have?

Memory


amnesiaa loss or lack of memory. — amnesiac, n. — amnesie, adj.anamnesis1. a reminiscence.
2. (cap.) the section of Christian liturgies rehearsing the sacriflee of Christ and ending “Do this in remembrance of me.” — anamnestic, adj.
cryptomnesiathe occurrence in consciousness of images not recognized as produced by the memory and its storage of events and scènes. — cryptomnesic, adj.déjà vuPsychology. the illusion of having previously experienced something actually being encountered for the first time.memoria technicaany mnemonic device or aidememoire, especially a technical device.mnemonicsthe process or technique of improving, assisting, or developing the memory. Also called mnemotechnics. — mnemonic, adj.panmnesiathe belief that every mental impression remains in the memory.paramnesiaPsychiatry. a distortion of memory in which fact and fancy are confused.

Memory

 

See Also: PAST, THE

  1. As bare of memories as a grain of sugar —Viña Delmar

    See Also: EMPTINESS

  2. As fixed in my memory … as the flash of light that is followed by the thunder of pain when your shoulder is pulled out of its socket —Norman Mailer

    See Also: PERMANENCE

  3. A breeze like the turning of a page brings back your face —John Ashbery

    See Also: WIND

  4. [Memories] came back to run through his mind like a reel of color film —Carlos Baker
  5. (I am) clean forgotten, as a dead man out of mind —Book of Common Prayer
  6. Could be forgotten as quickly and painlessly as a doubting of Jesus or a fear of death from the measles —Peter Taylor
  7. [Memory] drifted into my mind like a bit of weed carried in a current and caught there, floating but fixed, refusing to be carried away —Katherine Anne Porter
  8. Eventually I thought about him [a once close friend] only once a week or so, as if he were a relative who had died years ago —Richard Burgin
  9. Faded memories worn as a buffalo head a nickel —A. D. Winans
  10. Felt old memories stir in him like dead leaves —Helen Hudson
  11. Fettered to a pack of useless memories like a living person to a corpse —Ouida
  12. Follow one after the next like cars out on the street, memories, there is just no stopping them —Tony Ardizzone
  13. For a person blessed with a memory as full of holes as an Iranscam scenario, life can be a continuous state of astonishment —Donald Henahan

    Henahan uses this simile to introduce his comments about a revival of the musical, South Pacific. The editorial blurb writer used a simile from the musical’s lyrics, “As Corny as Kansas in August” to highlight the article.

  14. Forgotten as quickly as warm days in winter or cool days in summer —Ellen Glasgow
  15. Forgotten like a station passed through on a train —Elizabeth Spencer
  16. (Be) forgotten like spilt wine —Algernon Charles Swinburne
  17. Gather memories like dry twigs, thorns and thistles —Yehuda Amichai
  18. The ghosts of our remembrances throng around us like dead leaves whirled in the autumn wind —Jerome K. Jerome
  19. His memory could work like the slinging of a noose to catch a wild pony —Eudora Welty
  20. His memory lifted its skirts … and hurried convulsively, like an old lady picking her way barefoot across a shingly beach —Noël Coward
  21. His memory was something like his appendix, a vestigial repository —John Cheever
  22. (He never forgets a face.) His mind is like a video camera —Hie Nastase
  23. If only there could be an invention that bottled up memory, like a scent —Daphne du Maurier
  24. The image [of remembered scene] … is like a photograph on my memory —Richard Maynard
  25. An incident would suddenly crop up in her memory, like a piece in a jigsaw puzzle that seemed to have come from the wrong box —Mary McCarthy
  26. It isn’t a thing one forgets overnight, like losing a pencil —Mary Stewart
  27. It was as though an endless series of hangars had been shaken ajar in the air base of his memory and from each, like a young wasp emerging from its cell, arose the memory of a plane —Ralph Ellison
  28. Like a dull actor … I have forgot my part —William Shakespeare
  29. Memories are like books; a few live in our hearts through life, and the rest, like the bills we pay, are read, and then forgotten —Gerald Bendall
  30. Memories are like stones, time and distance erode them like acid —Ugo Betti
  31. Memories … began to play across the surface of his mind like movies on a screen —Richard McKenna
  32. Memories bursting in her mind like forsythia buds on the first warm day of the year —B. S. Johnson
  33. Memories [troublesome] … flitted like unexplained shadows across her happier thoughts —George Eliot
  34. Memories … floated like gossamer through her thoughts —Frank Swinnerton
  35. Memories … like worms eating into the flesh —William Golding
  36. Memories lurk like dustballs at the back of drawers —Jay Mclnerney
  37. Memories … no two sets exactly the same, like fingerprints —Daphne Merkin
  38. Memories of embarrassing things he had done and said, of mistakes he had made, buzzed and flitted in his mind like annoying little gnats —Dan Wakefield
  39. Memories of the bad covered the good, as snow covers grass in the fall —Ann Jasperson
  40. Memories … pierced by moments of brightness, like flashes of lightning —Yasunari Kawabata
  41. Memories [when a lot of people one knows die] return to life as grass grows on graves —Lael Tucker Wertenbaker
  42. Memories swept over her like a strong wind on dark waters —Carl Sandburg
  43. Memories turned up like bills you thought you’d never have to pay —Hugh Leonard

    In Leonard’s play, Da, the memories turning up like bills are evoked as a character sorts through family memorabilia.

  44. Memory … as good as a bulldog’s handshake —Loren D. Estleman

    In Estleman’s mystery novel, Every Brilliant Eye, the character with the bulldog-like memory is a policeman.

  45. Memory broke, like an old clock —Karl Shapiro
  46. Memory can be like a dream, cause and effect non-existent —Gordon Weaver
  47. Memory … crawling to the surface like a fat worm after rain —Harvey Swados
  48. The memory … fell upon him like a weight of black water —Willa Cather
  49. The memory [of a man] glimmered in her thoughts like a bright thread in the pattern of a tapestry —Mazo De La Roche
  50. Memory is a rare ghost-raiser. Like a haunted house, its walls are ever echoing to unseen feet. (Through the broken casements we watch the flitting shadow of the dead, and the saddest shadows of them all are the shadows of our own dead selves) —Jerome K. Jerome
  51. Memory is as full of chimerical as forgetfulness, deceptive as any other work of the imagination —Madison Smart Bell
  52. Memory is like a noisy intruder being thrown out of the concert hall … he will hang on the door and continue to disturb the concert —Theodore Reik, Saturday Review, January 11, 1958
  53. Memory, is like a purse, if it’s too full, it can’t be shut, and everything will drop out of it —Thomas Fuller
  54. Memory is like the moon … it has its new, its full, and its wane —Duchess of Newcastle

    The word ‘hath’ has been modernized to ‘has.’

  55. The memory is salty, like sweat, like the emissions of love-making, like the sea —Lael Tucker Wertenbaker
  56. Memory, like a drop that, night and day, falls cold and ceaseless, wore my heart away —Thomas Moore
  57. Memory, like a horrible malady, was eating his soul away —Oscar Wilde
  58. Memory, like a juggler, tosses its colored balls into the light, and again receives them into darkness —Conrad Aiken
  59. Memory … like an old musical box it will lie silent for long years; then a mere nothing, a jerk, a tremor, will start the spring, and from beneath its decent covering of dust it will talk to us of forgotten passion and desire —Thomas Burke
  60. A memory like a powerful microchip —Anon
  61. A memory like a telephone directory —William Mcllvanney
  62. A memory like flypaper —Nora Johnson
  63. Memory, like sleep, has powers which dreams obey —William Wordsworth
  64. Memory, like women, is usually unfaithful —Spanish proverb

    Depending upon who’s talking, the comparison would be as appropriate if attributed to men.

  65. The memory of our lost friends is welcome to us like the bitter taste in wine that is very old —Michel de Montaigne
  66. The memory of past favors is like a rainbow, bright, vivid, and beautiful, but it soon fades away —Thomas Chandler Haliburton
  67. Memory [of something unpleasant] … pokes at him like a nightmare in the womb —T. Coraghessan Boyle
  68. Memory returned like fire —Frank Swinnerton
  69. Memory’s like an athlete; keep it in training; take it for cross-country runs —James Hilton
  70. The [unpleasant] memory … stuck like a fish-hook in her brain —Stefan Zweig
  71. Memory transparent as a dream you strain to recall —Harryette Mullen
  72. Memory unwound within me like a roll of film in which I played no part —Heinrich Böll
  73. A memory, very beautiful and delicate like a flavor or a perfume —Ruth Prawer Jhabvala

    See Also: BEAUTY

  74. Had a mind like a mainframe memory bank —William Beechcroft
  75. The moment hung like crystal in Meredith’s mind —Babs H. Deal
  76. My memory is like camphor. It evaporates with time —Dominique Lapierre
  77. My memory kicked in; one of those wonderful little mental jolts, like a quick electric shock when a plug’s gone bad —Sue Grafton
  78. My memory’s like a policeman, never there when you want it —Ronald Harwood

    This line is spoken by the main character in Harwood’s play The Dresser.

  79. Picking over the shames and humiliations … like an invalid mulling over a plate of unwanted food —Harvey Swados
  80. Pulled up at it [gap in memory] as if his advance had been checked by a chasm in the pavement at his feet —Edith Wharton
  81. Recollections … collected like spit from an aging throat —Elizabeth Spencer
  82. Recollections dropped over him like a noose —Laurie Colwin
  83. Remembrance is a tripping stone in the path of hope —Kahlil Gibran
  84. Remembrance … tickles the end of his nose like the fingertips of a child —Hayden Carruth
  85. (I have) a retentive memory, a mind like flypaper to which facts stick —Desmond Begley
  86. Shameful memories grip me like an anchor —Delmore Schwartz
  87. She sank from his consciousness like one of those poor people encased in concrete who are heaved over the side and plummet to the bottom of the sea —William Styron
  88. Slipped out of her mind like a newspaper dropping from the hands of a sleepy woman —Erich Maria Remarque
  89. Some memories are like lucky charms, talismans, one shouldn’t tell about them or they’ll lose their power —Iris Murdoch
  90. Stung by memories thick as wasps about a nest invaded —Edna St. Vincent Millay
  91. There are many moments I cannot forget, moments like radiant flowers in all colors and hues —Jaroslav Seifert
  92. Tries to remember like a deaf man remembering an opera he heard eleven years before —Lyn Lifshin

    See Also: DIFFICULTY

  93. As unremembered as bird shadows on the grass —Henry Bellamann
  94. Unremembered as old rain —Edna St. Vincent Millay
  95. The world, like an accomplished hostess, pays most attention to those whom it will soonest forget —John Churton Collins

souvenir

– memory1. 'souvenir'

A souvenir /suːvə'nɪə/ is an object that you buy or keep to remind you of a holiday, place, or event.

He kept the spoon as a souvenir of his journey.They bought some souvenirs from the shop at the airport.
2. 'memory'

Don't use 'souvenir' to talk about something that you remember. Use memory.

One of my earliest memories is my first day at school.She had no memory of what had happened.

Your memory is your ability to remember things.

He's got a really good memory for names.Meeting him as a child really stands out in my memory.

memory

A store for data or program instructions, made up of a main store and its backing store.
Thesaurus
Noun1.memory - something that is rememberedmemory - something that is remembered; "search as he would, the memory was lost"reminiscence - a mental impression retained and recalled from the pastinternal representation, mental representation, representation - a presentation to the mind in the form of an idea or imagerecollection - something recalled to the mindengram, memory trace - a postulated biochemical change (presumably in neural tissue) that represents a memoryconfabulation - (psychiatry) a plausible but imagined memory that fills in gaps in what is rememberedscreen memory - an imagined memory of a childhood experience; hides another memory of distressing significance
2.memory - the cognitive processes whereby past experience is rememberedmemory - the cognitive processes whereby past experience is remembered; "he can do it from memory"; "he enjoyed remembering his father"rememberingbasic cognitive process - cognitive processes involved in obtaining and storing knowledgeimmediate memory, short-term memory, STM - what you can repeat immediately after perceiving itworking memory - memory for intermediate results that must be held during thinkinglong-term memory, LTM - your general store of remembered informationretrieval - the cognitive operation of accessing information in memory; "my retrieval of people's names is very poor"recollection, reminiscence, recall - the process of remembering (especially the process of recovering information by mental effort); "he has total recall of the episode"recognition, identification - the process of recognizing something or someone by remembering; "a politician whose recall of names was as remarkable as his recognition of faces"; "experimental psychologists measure the elapsed time from the onset of the stimulus to its recognition by the observer"connexion, association, connection - the process of bringing ideas or events together in memory or imagination; "conditioning is a form of learning by association"retrospection - memory for experiences that are past; "some psychologists tried to contrast retrospection and introspection"
3.memory - the power of retaining and recalling past experience; "he had a good memory when he was younger"retentiveness, retentivity, retentionfaculty, mental faculty, module - one of the inherent cognitive or perceptual powers of the mindrecollection, remembrance, anamnesis - the ability to recall past occurrences
4.memory - an electronic memory devicememory - an electronic memory device; "a memory and the CPU form the central part of a computer to which peripherals are attached"computer memory, computer storage, memory board, store, storagecomputer, computing device, computing machine, data processor, electronic computer, information processing system - a machine for performing calculations automaticallycomputer hardware, hardware - (computer science) the mechanical, magnetic, electronic, and electrical components making up a computer systemmemory device, storage device - a device that preserves information for retrievalnonvolatile storage, non-volatile storage - computer storage that is not lost when the power is turned offfixed storage, read-only memory, read-only storage, ROM - (computer science) memory whose contents can be accessed and read but cannot be changedreal storage - the main memory in a virtual memory systemregister - (computer science) memory device that is the part of computer memory that has a specific address and that is used to hold information of a specific kindscratchpad - (computer science) a high-speed internal memory used for temporary storage of preliminary informationvirtual memory, virtual storage - (computer science) memory created by using the hard disk to simulate additional random-access memory; the addressable storage space available to the user of a computer system in which virtual addresses are mapped into real addressesvolatile storage - computer storage that is erased when the power is turned off
5.memory - the area of cognitive psychology that studies memory processes; "he taught a graduate course on learning and memory"cognitive psychology - an approach to psychology that emphasizes internal mental processes

memory

noun1. recall, mind, retention, ability to remember, powers of recall, powers of retention He had a good memory for faces.2. recollection, reminder, reminiscence, impression, echo, remembrance He had happy memories of his father.3. hard disk, cache The data are stored in the computer's memory.4. commemoration, respect, honour, recognition, tribute, remembrance, observance They held a minute's silence in memory of those who had died.Quotations
"The man with a good memory remembers nothing because he forgets nothing" [Augusto Roa Bastos I The Supreme]
"The charm, one might say the genius of memory, is that it is choosy, chancy, and temperamental: it rejects the edifying cathedral and indelibly photographs the small boy outside, chewing a hunk of melon in the dust" [Elizabeth Bowen]
"Our memories are card-indexes consulted, and then put back in disorder by authorities whom we do not control" [Cyril Connolly The Unquiet Grave]
"We find a little of everything in our memory; it is a sort of pharmacy, a sort of chemical laboratory, in which our groping hand may come to rest, now on a sedative drug, now on a dangerous poison" [Marcel Proust Remembrance of Things Past]

memory

noun1. The power of retaining and recalling past experience:recall, recollection, remembrance, reminiscence.2. An act or instance of remembering:recollection, remembrance, reminiscence.
Translations
回忆记忆记忆力记性追想得起的年限

memory

(ˈmeməri) plural ˈmemories noun1. the power to remember things. a good memory for details. 記憶力,記性 记忆力,记性 2. the mind's store of remembered things. Her memory is full of interesting stories. 記憶 记忆3. something remembered. memories of her childhood. 回憶 留在记忆中的事,回忆 4. the time as far back as can be remembered. the greatest fire in memory. 記憶所及的時間 追想得起的年限5. a part of computer in which information is stored for immediate use; a computer with 8 megabytes of memory. 記憶體 存储器,内存 ˈmemorize, ˈmemorise verb to learn (something) so well that one can remember all of it without looking. She memorized the directions. 熟記, 記住 熟记,记住 from memory by remembering; without using a book etc for reference. He said the whole poem from memory. 單憑記憶 单凭记忆in memory of / to the memory of as a reminder or memorial of. They built a monument in memory of their dead leader. 留念 留念

memory

回忆zhCN, 记忆zhCN
  • A memory card for this digital camera, please → 请给我一张这台数码相机使用的记忆卡

memory


See:
  • be engraved in (one's) memory
  • be engraved in (one's) mind
  • be engraved on (one's) heart
  • be engraved on/in your heart/memory/mind
  • be etched on (one's) heart
  • be etched on (one's) memory
  • be etched on (one's) mind
  • be etched on your heart/memory/mind
  • commit (something) to memory
  • commit to memory
  • down memory lane
  • enshrine in heart
  • freeze (someone or something) in (someone's) memory
  • freeze in memory
  • go down memory lane
  • go down/take somebody down memory lane
  • have a long memory
  • have a memory like a sieve
  • have a memory like an elephant
  • have a mind/memory like a sieve
  • if memory serves
  • if my memory serves me correctly
  • if my memory serves me well, correctly, etc.
  • in living memory
  • in memory of
  • in memory of (someone or something)
  • in memory of somebody
  • in recent memory
  • in/within living memory
  • jog (one's) memory
  • jog memory
  • jog somebody's memory
  • know from memory
  • long memory
  • memory lane
  • refresh (one's) memory
  • refresh somebody's/your memory
  • slip (one's) memory
  • slip (one's) mind
  • slip (one's) trolley
  • slip somebody's memory/mind
  • stroll down memory lane
  • take (one) down memory lane
  • take a stroll down memory lane
  • take a trip down memory lane
  • take a walk down memory lane
  • walk down memory lane

memory


memory,

in computing: see computercomputer,
device capable of performing a series of arithmetic or logical operations. A computer is distinguished from a calculating machine, such as an electronic calculator, by being able to store a computer program (so that it can repeat its operations and make logical
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.

memory,

in psychology, the storing of learned information, and the ability to recall that which has been stored. It has been hypothesized that three processes occur in remembering: perception and registering of a stimulus; temporary maintenance of the perception, or short-term memory; and lasting storage of the perception, or long-term memory. Two major recognized types of long-term memory are procedural memory, involving the recall of learned skills, and declarative memory, the remembrance of specific stimuli. For long-term memory to occur, there must be a period of information consolidation.

The process of forgetting was first studied scientifically by Hermann Ebbinghaus, a German experimental psychologist, who performed memory tests with groups of nonsense syllables (disconnected syllables without associative connection). Ebbinghaus showed that the rate of forgetting is greatest at first, gradually diminishing until a relatively constant level of retained information is reached. Theories to explain forgetting include the concept of disuse, which proposes that forgetting occurs because stored information is not used, and that of interference, which suggests that old information interferes with information learned later and new information interferes with previously learned information.

In some instances, memory loss is an organic, physiological process. Retrograde amnesiaamnesia
, [Gr.,=forgetfulness], condition characterized by loss of memory for long or short intervals of time. It may be caused by injury, shock, senility, severe illness, or mental disease.
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, i.e., the failure to remember events preceding a head injury, is evidence of interrupted consolidation of memory. In anterograde amnesia, events occurring after brain damage—e.g., in head injury or alcoholism—may be forgotten. Memory loss may also result from brain cell deterioration following a series of strokes, cardiovascular disease, or Alzheimer's disease (see dementiadementia
[Lat.,=being out of the mind], progressive deterioration of intellectual faculties resulting in apathy, confusion, and stupor. In the 17th cent. the term was synonymous with insanity, and the term dementia praecox was used in the 19th cent.
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).

Physiologically, learning involves modification of neural pathways. PET scansPET scan
or positron emission tomography
, a medical imaging technique that monitors metabolic, or biochemical, activity in the brain and other organs by tracking the movement and concentration of a radioactive tracer injected into the bloodstream.
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 and related studies have shown certain parts of the brain, such as the frontal lobe of the cerebral cortex and a structure called the hippocampus, to be particularly active in recall. Computer models of brain memory are called neural networksneural network
or neural computing,
computer architecture modeled upon the human brain's interconnected system of neurons. Neural networks imitate the brain's ability to sort out patterns and learn from trial and error, discerning and extracting the relationships that
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. In a study using genetic manipulation, a mouse with enhanced memory capabilities has been produced.

Bibliography

See M. H. Ashcroft, Human Memory and Cognition (1989, repr. 1994); N. Cowan, Attention and Memory (1995, repr. 1998); J. McConkey, ed. The Anatomy of Memory (1996); D. L. Schacter, Searching for Memory (1996) and The Seven Sins of Memory (2001); J. A. Groegerd, Memory and Remembering (1997); A. Baddeley, Human Memory (rev. ed. 1998); R. Rupp, Committed to Memory (1998).

Memory

The ability to store and access information that has been acquired through experience. Memory is a critical component of practically all aspects of human thinking, including perception, learning, language, and problem solving. See Perception

Stages

The information-processing approach divides memory into three general stages: sensory memory, short-term memory, and long-term memory. Sensory memory refers to the sensations that briefly continue after something has been perceived. Short-term memory includes all of the information that is currently being processed in a person's mind, and is generally thought to have a very limited capacity. Long-term memory is where all the information that may be used at a later time is kept.

A number of interesting facts are known about sensory memory, including the following: (1) sensory memories appear to be associated with mechanisms in the central nervous system rather than at the sensory receptor level, and (2) the amount of attention that a person pays to a stimulus can affect the duration of the sensory memory. Although all of the functions of sensory memory are not understood, one of its most important purposes is to provide people with additional time to determine what should be transferred to the next stage in the memory system, that is, short-term memory.

Information obtained from either sensory memory or long-term memory is processed in short-term memory in order for a person to achieve current goals. In some situations, short-term memory processing simply involves the temporary maintenance of a piece of information, such as remembering a phone number long enough to dial it. Other times, short-term memory can involve elaborate manipulations of information in order to generate new forms. For example, when someone reads 27 + 15, the person manipulates the symbols in short-term memory in order to come up with the solution. One useful manipulation that can be done in short-term memory is to reorganize items into meaningful chunks. For example, it is a difficult task to keep the letters S K C A U Q K C U D E H T in mind all at once. However, if they are rearranged in short-term memory, in this case reversing them, they can be reduced to a single simple chunk: THE DUCK QUACKS. Short-term memory can accommodate only five to seven chunks at any one time. However, the amount of information contained in each chunk is constrained only by one's practice and ingenuity. In order to increase the amount of information that can be kept in short-term memory at one time, people need to develop specific strategies for organizing that information into meaningful chunks. In addition, many studies have also demonstrated that the transfer of information from short-term to long-term memory is much greater when the information is manipulated rather than simply maintained.

One can keep massive amounts of information in long-term memory. In general, recall from long-term memory simply involves figuring out the heading under which a memory has been filed. Many tricks for effective retrieval of long-term memories involve associating the memory with another more familiar memory that can serve as an identification tag. This trick of using associations to facilitate remembering is called mnemonics. Long-term memory stores related concepts and incidents in close range of one another. This logical association of memories is indicated by subjects' reaction times for identifying various memories. Generally, people are faster at recalling memories if they have recently recalled a related memory. One good way to locate a long-term memory is to remember the general situation under which it was stored. Accordingly, techniques that reinstate the context of a memory tend to facilitate remembering.

Sometimes information may not have been filed in long-term memory in the first place, or if it has, is inaccessible. In these situations, the long-term memory system often fills in the gaps by using various constructive processes. One common component to memory constructions is a person's expectations. Countless studies have also indicated that memories tend to systematically change in the direction of a prior expectation or inference about what is likely to have occurred.

Physiology

A number of physiological mechanisms appear to be involved in the formation of memories, and the mechanisms may differ for short-term and long-term memory. There is both direct and indirect evidence suggesting that short-term memory involves the temporary circulation of electrical impulses around complex loops of interconnected neurons. A number of indirect lines of research indicate that short-term memories are eradicated by any event that either suppresses neural activity (for example, a blow to the head or heavy anesthesia) or causes neurons to fire incoherently (for example, electroconvulsive shock). More direct support for the electric circuit model of short-term memory comes from observing electrical brain activity. By implanting electrodes in the brain of experimental animals, researchers have observed that changes in what an animal is watching are associated with different patterns of circulating electrical activity in the brain. These results suggest that different short-term memories may be represented by different electrical patterns. However, the nature of these patterns is not well understood. See Electroencephalography

Long-term memories appear to involve some type of permanent structural or chemical change in the composition of the brain. This conclusion is derived both from general observations of the imperviousness of long-term memories and from physiological studies indicating specific changes in brain composition. Even in acute cases of amnesia where massive deficits in long-term memory are reported, often, with time, all long-term memories return. Similarly, although electroconvulsive therapy is known to eliminate recent short-term memories, it has practically no effect on memories for events occurring more than an hour prior to shocking. Thus the transfer from a fragile short-term memory to a relatively solid long-term memory occurs within an hour. This process is sometimes called consolidation.

The nature of the “solid” changes associated with long-term memories appears to involve alterations in both the structural (neural connections) and chemical composition of the brain. One study compared the brains of rats that had lived either in enriched environments with lots of toys or in impoverished environments with only an empty cage. The cerebral cortices of the brains of the rats from the enriched environment were thicker, heavier, endowed with more blood vessels, and contained significantly greater amounts of certain brain chemicals (such as the neurotransmitter acetylcholine). Other researchers have observed that brief, high-frequency stimulation of a neuron can produce long-lasting changes in the neuron's communications across synapses.

Researchers believe that different brain structures may be involved in the formation and storage of long-term memories. The hippocampus, thalamus, and amygdala are believed to be critical in the formation of long-term memories. Individuals who have had damage to these structures are able to recall memories prior to the damage, indicating that long-term memory storage is intact; however, they are unable to form new long-term memories, indicating that the long-term memory formation process has been disrupted. It is not known where long-term memories are stored, but they may be localized in the same areas of the brain that participated in the actual learning. See Brain

Memory

 

the ability to reproduce past experience; one of the fundamental properties of the nervous system, manifested in the ability to store information concerning bodily reactions and events in the environment and to introduce this information repeatedly into the consciousness and behavior over a long period of time.

Neurophysiology. Memory is characteristic of man and of animals that have a sufficiently developed central nervous system. The capacity of the memory and the duration and reliability of information storage, as well as the ability to perceive complex signals from the environment and elaborate appropriate reactions, increase as, in the course of evolution, the number of nerve cells (neurons) in the brain increases and the structure of the brain becomes more complex. Physiological research has shown that there are two principal stages in the formation of memory, each of which is associated with a specific type of memory— short-term or long-term. Characteristic of short-time memory is an information storage time ranging from seconds to tens of minutes and a vulnerability to disruption by factors affecting the coordinated work of the neurons (for example, electric shock, narcosis, and hypothermia). Long-term memory, in which the storage time for information is comparable to the life-span of the organism, is resistant to the factors that disrupt short-term memory. The transition from short-term to long-term memory is gradual. Neurophysiologists hypothesize that short-term memory depends on active mechanisms that support the excitation of certain neuronal systems. When information is transferred to long-term memory, the bonds between the neurons in these systems are fixed by structural changes in certain cells. Experiments involving the removal of portions of the cerebral cortex, as well as electrophysiological research, have shown that the “record” of each event is distributed in more or less extensive zones of the brain. Thus, there are grounds for presuming that information concerning different events is recorded not through the excitation of different neurons but through various combinations of simultaneously stimulated areas and cells in the brain.

Nerve cells do not divide during the organism’s life-span, and new reactions can be elaborated and remembered by the nervous system only through the creation of new bonds between neurons already existing in the brain. New neuronal systems are established as a result of changes in the interneuronal contacts—the synapses, in which the nerve impulse produces the secretion of a special chemical substance, the transmitter, which is capable of attenuating or inhibiting the generation of an impulse by the next neuron. Long-term changes in the effectiveness of the synapses may be caused by changes in the biosynthesis of proteins, on which the synaptic membrane’s sensitivity to the transmitter depends. It has been established that the biosynthesis of proteins is activated when there is excitation of neurons on different levels of organization of the central nervous system. If the synthesis of nucleic acids or proteins is blocked, the formation of long-term memory is hampered or prevented. Evidently, one of the functions of the activation of protein synthesis during excitation is the structural establishment of neuronal systems, a process fundamental to long-term memory. Available experimental data are not yet sufficient to permit scientists to decide whether the paths for the distribution of excitation emerge as a result of an increase in the conductivity of existing synapses or as a result of the development of additional interneuronal bonds. Both of these mechanisms require increased protein synthesis. The first possibility (increased conductivity) is reducible to partially studied phenomena of cellular adaptation and fits in well with the idea of the universality of the cell’s basic biochemical systems. The second explanation (development of additional interneuronal bonds) assumes an oriented growth of the nerve fibers and, in the final analysis, a coding of behavioral information in the structure of the chemical agents in the cell’s genetic apparatus, which regulate such growth.

Memory research uses the methods of a number of branches of science: clinical and experimental psychophysiology, the physiology of behavior, morphology and histochemistry, the electrophysiology of the brain and certain neurons, pharmacology, and analytical biochemistry. Depending on the problem under investigation, research on the mechanisms of memory uses various subjects, ranging from man to cultures of nerve cells.

REFERENCES

Anokhin, P. K. Biologiia i neirofiziologiia uslovnogo refleksa. Moscow, 1968.
Beritashvili, I. S. Pamiat’ pozvonochnykh zhivotnykh, ee kharakteristika i proiskhozhdenie, 2nd ed. Moscow, 1974.
Agranoff, B. W. “Pamiat’ i sintez belka.” In Molekuly i kletki, fasc. 4. Moscow, 1969. (Translated from English.)
Sokolov, E. N. Mekhanizmy pamiati. Moscow, 1969.
Konorski, J. Integrativnaia deiatel’nost’ mozga. Moscow, 1970. (Translated from English.)
Hebb, D. O. Organization of Behavior. New York, 1949.

S. I. ROZANOV

Psychology. By establishing a link between past states of the psyche, the present, and processes of preparation for future states, memory imparts cohesiveness and stability to the life experience of man, ensures continuity of existence for the human “ego,” and thus acts as one of the prerequisites for the formation of individuality and personality.

From antiquity, special significance has been attributed to memory. For example, the goddess of memory, Mnemosyne, was known as the mother of the Muses and the patroness of crafts and sciences. According to legend, the ancient Greek poet Simonides (sixth century B.C.) worked out the first mnemonic system.

For a long time, the problem of memory was treated chiefly by philosophy, in close connection with the general problem of knowledge. The first developed concept of memory was propounded by Aristotle in the treatise On Memory and Recollection, which asserts that memory proper is characteristic of both man and animal, but that recollection is found only in man. “A kind of unique searching” for images, recollection “exists only in those who are capable of thinking,” for “he who recollects concludes that he previously saw, heard, or experienced something similar” (453a). Aristotle formulated rules for successful recollection, which were later “rediscovered” as the fundamental laws of association: proximity, similarity, and contrast. He pointed out a number of problems that are still pertinent, including changes in memory with age, characterological differences in memory, and the connection between memory and the segmentation of time.

Accepted by the Stoics and Epicureans, the materialist tendencies established in the Aristotelian doctrine of memory were given a considerably simplified interpretation. Thus, the idea of the active character of recollections was lost, and Aristotle’s metaphor—”impressions” in the soul—was interpreted literally. By contrast, an idealist concept of memory as an activity of the soul was developed by the Neoplatonists (Plotinus). The connection between recollection and the experience of time was observed by Augustine.

In modern times the problem of memory was treated especially by the English empiricists (T. Hobbes, J. Locke), in connection with their discussion of the problem of experience and their criticism of the doctrine of “innate ideas.” Memory, according to Locke, is like a “storehouse” of ideas: “this laying up of our ideas in the repository of the memory signifies no more but this—that the mind has a power in many cases to revive perceptions which it has once had, with this additional perception annexed to them, that it has had them before” (Locke, Izbr. filos, proizv., Moscow, 1960, p. 168). The idea that associations are a factor determining the “movement of ideas” was introduced by Locke. Later, in associationism, Locke’s idea came to be regarded as the universal principle for explaining psychic life. In 1885 the German psychologist H. Ebbinghaus performed the first experimental research on memory, within the framework of associationism.

American behaviorism (E. Thorndike and J. Watson) continued the associationist line of thought, placing the study of memory in the context of the general problem of learning and, in the final analysis, identifying memory with the acquisition of habits. The teachings of the French intuitionist philosopher H. Bergson were directed against the tendency to equate these two phenomena (Matter and Memory; Russian translation, St. Petersburg, 1911). Contrasting the simple reproduction of previously learned material (for example, the text of a poem) with the memory of unrepeatable past events in all their individuality (for example, the act of memorizing), he attempted to show the existence of a special “image” memory, “a sphere of pure recollections, memory of the spirit,” in relation to which the brain can only perform as an instrument for bringing recollections to consciousness. The brain, according to Bergson, is not capable of generating recollections or of acting as their storehouse. This idealist conception, however, exposed the limitations of the associationist doctrine of memory by posing a number of problems with extreme clarity (for example, the problem of recognition, and the question of the connection between memory and attention and between memory and the unconscious).

Gestalt psychology, which was sharply critical of the “atomism” and mechanistic quality of the associationist concept of memory, insisted on the integral and structural character of memory and, in particular, on the idea that traces of memory must be understood as dynamic systems or fields of force. A tendency toward a broader interpretation of memory was also evident in gestalt psychology. In the doctrine of the “mneme” the German psychologist E. Hering (1870) and later, E. Bleuler (1931), attempted to construe memory as not only a mental function but also a “general organic function,” using it specifically to explain the processes of heredity. (Thus, they revived the doctrine associated with C. Carus, a German natural philosopher of the first half of the 19th century.)

All of these developments led to a sharp restatement of the problem of the nature and characteristics of human memory. The French sociological school focused on the historical nature and social causality of human memory. According to P. Janet, human memory is a special act, “specially devised by human beings” and differing in principle from simple reproduction. It is a symbolic reconstruction, a re-creation of the past in the present. Man’s social world, acting as if it were a unique expresser of the “collective memory” of society (M. Halbwachs), turns out to be the source and ordering force of his recollections. In British psychology, a similar point of view was espoused by F. C. Bartlett (1932), who considered memory to be more a reconstruction than a reproduction of past experience.

Drawing on the methodology of dialectical and historical materialism, Soviet psychology has paid special attention to problems of the development of memory (for example, L. S. Vygotskii’s work). Experimental research conducted in 1930 by A. N. Leont’ev on the higher forms of remembering showed that the leading events in the formation of higher voluntary forms of memory are the inclusion, perfecting, and internalization of artificial “means-stimuli,” or symbols, of recall. In later work by Soviet psychologists (P. I. Zinchenko and A. A. Smirnov, for example) the study of human memory was placed in the context of the investigation of man’s object-related activity.

Traditionally, memory has been broken down into the processes of memorization, storage, and reproduction. The last of these subdivisions includes recognition, recollection, and recall proper (P. P. Blonskii). Voluntary memory is distinguished from involuntary memory. In voluntary memory, a person solves a special mnestic problem—he remembers or recalls something. In involuntary memory, remembering or recalling are dependent factors in a broader context of activity. The distinction between immediate and mediated memory (Vygotskii) is based on the method by which a mnestic act is accomplished. Other types of memory have been defined in terms of the form taken by the processes of memory: motor, or habit memory; emotional memory (T. Ribot’s “affective memory”); image memory; and verbal-logical memory. Some scientists (for example, Blonskii) have tried to establish genetic relationships between these types of memory. Finally, depending on the strongest tendency in a particular individual, it is possible to speak of visual, auditory, and verbal memory.

Inasmuch as it is involved in the solution of a particular life problem, a person’s memory is essentially determined by the structure and dynamics of his motives, needs, interests, and attitudes (K. Lewin, USA; B. V. Zeigarnik, USSR). Conversely, the characteristics of a person’s memory affect not only the course of certain forms of his activity and thought but also the entire structure of his life, leaving an imprint on his personality. (This is most clearly manifested in cases of local, clinical disturbances of memory, as well as in cases of “phenomenal,” especially eidetic, memory.)

Research on short-term memory is an independent branch of contemporary psychology and neurophysiology. Emphasis has been placed on the study of the patterns of forgetting. There have been detailed investigations of the phenomena of proactive and retroactive inhibition, reminiscence, and the influence of the emotions on memory (D. Rapaport, USA). It is necessary to distinguish pathological disturbances or disorders of memory from “normal” forgetting.

M. S. ROOOVIN

Disorders. Memory disorders may be quantitative (weakening or sharpening) or qualitative (distortion, false recollections). In psychiatric practice the most commonly observed memory disorders are decreased memory (hypomnesia) and loss of memory (amnesia), whose character is determined by their origin. For instance, forgetting recent events and remembering the remote past are characteristic of disorders associated with old age. An episode of clouded consciousness (in cases of cranial or brain trauma, for example) is usually accompanied by loss of memory of events that preceded the episode (retrograde amnesia) or events that took place immediately after the restoration of consciousness (anterograde amnesia). A patient suffering from Kor-sakov’s psychosis usually remembers what happened to him before the onset of the syndrome but cannot fix in his memory current, or even immediate, impressions.

Purely functional (“protective”) exclusion of recollections that are burdensome to the patient is observed in hysteria and in reactive psychoses (those arising in response to psychic trauma). Unlike amnesia, the intensification and sharpening of memory (hypermnesia), which occurs, for example, in mania or in delirium, is an unstable, rapidly passing phenomenon. Distortions of memory (cryptomnesias) and false recollections (confabulations) often accompany hypomnesia and amnesia: gaps in the memory are filled with fictions, or real events are transposed to another time. Treatment of memory disorders is directed at the underlying disease.

B. I. FRANKSHTEIN

In technology the concept of machine memory is applicable to computer devices designed for the storage of information.

REFERENCES

Korsakov, S. S. Boleznennye rasstroistva pamiati i ikh diagnostika. Moscow, 1890.
Ribot, T. Pamiat’ v ee normal’nom i boleznennom sostoianiiakh. St. Petersburg, 1894. (Translated from French.)
Leont’ev, A. N. Razvitie pamiati. Moscow-Leningrad, 1931.
Golant, R. Ia. O rasstroistvakh pamiati. Leningrad-Moscow, 1935.
Vygotskii, L. S. Razvitie vysshikh psikhicheskikh funktsii. Moscow, 1960.
Zinchenko, P. I. Neproizvol’noe zapominanie. Moscow, 1961.
Blonskii, P. P. “Pamiat’ i myshlenie.” In his book Izbrannye psikhologicheskie proizvedeniia. Moscow, 1964.
Smirnov, A. A. Problemy psikhologii pamiati. Moscow, 1966.
Rogovin, M. S. Filosofskie problemy teorii pamiati. Moscow, 1966.
Luriia, A. R. Malen’kaia knizhka o bol’shoi pamiati. Moscow, 1968.
Zeigarnik, B. V. Lichnost’ i patologiia deiatel’nosti. Moscow, 1971.
Ebbinghaus, H. Über das Gedächtnis. Leipzig, 1885.
Janet, P. L’Évolution de la mémoire et de la notion du temps. Paris, 1928.
Bleuler, E. Mechanismus—Vitalismus—Mnemismus. Berlin, 1931.
Bartlett, F. C. Remembering. Cambridge, 1950.
Halbwachs, M. La Mémoire collective. Paris, 1950.
Rapaport, D. Emotions and Memory, 2nd ed. New York, 1959.

memory

[′mem·rē] (computer science) Any apparatus in which data may be stored and from which the same data may be retrieved; especially, the internal, high-speed, large-capacity working storage of a computer, as opposed to external devices. Also known as computer memory. (psychology) The recollection of past events or sensations, or the performance of previously learned skills without practice.

memory

The quality of a material that enables it to return to its original shape after it has been compressed or stretched.

Memory

Mercy (See FORGIVENESS.)Aethalidesherald of the Argonauts; had perfect memory. [Gk. Myth.: Kravitz, 11]Balderstone, Thomasknew all of Shakespeare by heart. [Br. Lit.: Sketches by Boz]Eunoeriver whose water sparks remembrance of kindnesses. [Ital. Lit.: Purgatory, 33]Fahrenheit 451in a future America where books are prohibited, a group of people memorize texts in order to preserve their content. [Am. Lit.: Bradbury Fahrenheit 451 in Weiss, 289]madeleinecookie that awakened the stream of Marcel’s recollections. [Fr. Lit.: Proust Remembrance of Things Past]Memory, Mr.during his stage performance his feats of memory enable him to signal clues to a man trying to thwart England’s enemies. [Eng. Cinema: The 39 Steps]MnemeBoeotian wellspring which whetted the memory. [Gk. Myth.; Wheeler, 713]Mnemosynegoddess of memory; mother of Muses. [Gk. Myth.: Espy, 20]Muninone of Odin’s ravens; regarded as embodying memory. [Norse Myth.: Leach, 761]

memory

a part of a computer in which information is stored for immediate use by the central processing unit

memory

(storage)These days, usually used synonymously with Random Access Memory or Read-Only Memory, but in the general senseit can be any device that can hold data inmachine-readable format.

memory

Increasingly, the term memory refers to permanent "non-volatile" storage and not the original meaning. The "flash memory" chips used in USB drives and "memory" cards caused this change because they are both permanent storage, not temporary as explained in the following paragraph.

The Original Definition
Starting in the 1960s, memory has meant the computer's temporary workspace, which for decades has been a collection of dynamic RAM (DRAM) chips. A major resource in the computer, memory (RAM) determines the size and number of programs that can be run at the same time, as well as the amount of data that can be processed instantly.

To always be clear, avoid using the term memory, and instead use "RAM" for temporary memory and "storage" for permanent memory. RAM capacity in today's computing devices ranges from four to 32GB (gigabytes). Storage goes from 120GB to terabytes (TB). See dynamic RAM, storage vs. memory, USB drive, memory card and flash memory.

It All Takes Place in Memory
All program execution and data processing takes place in memory, often called "main memory." The program's instructions are copied into memory from storage or the network and then extracted into the CPU's control unit circuit for analysis and execution. The instructions direct the computer or mobile device to input, process and output data.

Calculate, Compare and Copy
As data are entered into memory, the previous contents of that space are lost. Only in memory can data be processed (calculated, compared and copied). The results are copied from memory to a screen, printer, storage device or the network.

Memory Is an Electronic Checkerboard
Think of a checkerboard with each square holding one byte of data or instruction. Each square (each byte) has a separate address like a post office box that can be manipulated independently. As a result, the computer can break apart programs into instructions for execution and data records into fields for processing. See byte addressable, early memory and RAM.

A Checkerboard of Bytes
Once in memory (RAM), the contents of any single byte or group of bytes can be calculated, compared and copied independently. This is how fields are put together to form records and broken apart when read back in. In storage (hard drive, solid state drive, USB drive, etc.), data reside in sectors, typically 512 bytes long, they are the smallest unit that can be read from or written to the drive.






Computer Memory Does Not Remember


Oddly enough, memory does not "remember" anything when the power is turned off. So why do they call it memory? Because the first memory did "remember," but today's RAM chips do not. Although there are memory chips that do hold their content permanently (ROMs, EEPROMs, flash memory, etc.), they are used for internal control purposes and data storage, not for processing. To make it even more confusing, it appears that the next generation of memory may again "remember" (see 3D XPoint and future memory chips). See storage vs. memory.

The main "remembering" memory in a computer system are the hard drives and solid state drives (SSDs), which are sometimes called "memory devices," which only adds confusion (see storage vs. memory).

Memory Can Get Clobbered!
Memory is an important resource that cannot be wasted. It must be allocated by the operating system as well as by applications and then released when no longer needed. Errant programs can grab memory and not let go, which results in less and less memory available to other programs. Restarting the computer gives memory a clean slate, which is why rebooting the computer clears up so many problems with applications.

In addition, if the operating system has bugs, a malfunctioning application can write into the same memory used by another program, causing unspecified behavior such as the system locking up. If one were able to look into and watch how fast data and instructions are written into and out of memory in the course of a single second, it would become obvious that it is a miracle it works at all.

Other terms for the computer's main memory are RAM, primary storage and read/write memory. Earlier terms were core and core storage. See dynamic RAM, static RAM and memory module.

memory


memory

 [mem´o-re] the mental faculty that enables one to retain and recall previously experienced sensations, impressions, information, and ideas. The ability of the brain to retain and to use knowledge gained from past experience is essential to the process of learning. Although the exact way in which the brain remembers is not completely understood, it is believed that a portion of the temporal lobe of the brain, lying in part under the temples, acts as a kind of memory center, drawing on memories stored in other parts of the brain.impaired memory a nursing diagnosis accepted by the North American Nursing Diagnosis Association, defined as inability to remember bits of information or behavioral skills.immunologic memory the capacity of the immune system to respond more rapidly and strongly to a subsequent antigenic challenge than to the first exposure. See also memory cells and immune response.long-term memory the aspect of memory in which knowledge is stored permanently, to be activated when cued; it is theoretically unlimited in capacity.recent memory the ability to recall events from the immediate past.remote memory the ability to recall events from the distant past.screen memory a consciously tolerable memory serving to conceal or “screen” another memory that might be disturbing or emotionally painful if recalled.short-term memory what one is conscious of at a given moment; in contrast to long-term memory it is of limited capacity (about seven items) and will be lost unless rehearsed and related to information in long-term memory.

mem·o·ry

(mem'ŏ-rē), 1. General term for the recollection of that which was earlier experienced or learned. 2. The mental information processing system that receives (registers), modifies, stores, and retrieves informational stimuli; composed of three stages: encoding, storage, and retrieval. [L. memoria]

memory

(mĕm′ə-rē)n.1. The mental faculty of retaining and recalling past experience based on the mental processes of learning, retention, recall, and recognition.2. Persistent modification of behavior resulting from experience.3. The ability of the immune system to produce a specific secondary response to an antigen that has been previously encountered.

memory

Immunology
An increase (“positive memory”) or decrease (“negative memory”) in the response of the immune system to an antigen after prior exposure.
 
Informatics
The data storage capacity of an electronic device or component, measured in RAM or ROM: RAM (random access memory) is that memory immediately available to the CPU, ranging to 1 gigabyte, which is “labile” and therefore lost when the device is turned off; ROM (read-only memory) is that memory which is “hard-wired” in specifically designed circuitry, comprising a form of permanent software.
 
Neurology
The persistence of the effects of learning and experiences on an organism’s behaviour, a process attributed to molecular transformation in incoming neuronal branches (dendritic trees).
Each neuron may receive as many as 200,000 signals, and since the sensory pattern probably stimulates relatively few sites on any “tree”, the numbers of patterns that may be stored are incalculable.

memory

Neurology The persistence of the effects of learning and experiences on an organism's behavior, a process attributed to molecular transformation in incoming neuronal branches–dendritic trees. See Emotional memory, Episodic memory, Long-term memory, Immediate memory, Procedural memory, Recent memory, Repressed memory, Semantic memory, Short-term memory, True memory, Visual memory, Working memory.

mem·o·ry

(mem'ŏ-rē) 1. Generally, recollection of that which was previously experienced or learned. 2. The mental information processing system that receives (registers), modifies, stores, and retrieves informational stimuli; composed of three stages: encoding, storage, and retrieval.

memory

The persistent effect on behaviour and thought of past experience. Short-term memory stores are small and the contents are soon lost unless repeatedly refreshed. Long-term memory stores are very large but are not always readily accessible. The physical basis of long-term memory has not yet been established, but most researchers seem to favour the circulating nerve impulse hypothesis rather than the idea of bit-coding by protein molecules.

memory

  1. the recollection of past events or previously learned skills after the passage of time.
  2. (in computing) the capacity of a computer usually expressed in ‘bytes’ or Ks, where K = 1024 bytes.

mem·o·ry

(mem'ŏ-rē) 1. General term for recollection of that which was earlier experienced or learned. 2. Mental information processing system that receives (registers), modifies, stores, and retrieves informational stimuli.

Patient discussion about memory

Q. What shall I give to eat for a good memory? My son forgets any given tasks very easily. With any given task either he will not complete the task or he will forget. His grandfather is having Alzheimer’s disease and I do not want him to suffer the same in his old age. What shall I give to eat for a good memory?A. You can give him legumes, whole grains, green leafy vegetables, onions, almonds, salmon fish, sardine fish, berries, cherries, oranges, apples and plums. Reduction of diet rich in saturated fats after the age of 30 is also helpful. These foods provide with antioxidants, vitamins and good oils required for brain and its health. But don’t feed him with these foods only. Balanced diet plays a big role than anything else in this world. These are just supplements to support him not only for his brain but his whole body as well.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=04lpBKfxasw&eurl=http://www.imedix.com/health_community/v04lpBKfxasw_brain_food?q=good%20memory%20diet&feature=player_embedded

Q. Which HERBAL medicine will increase my memory? I am reporter working for a familiar news channel with reputed name. The management trusts my words because I am very good in my memory. But for the past few months I am facing some memory loss and took some English medicine which is not much effective. So now I like to change my medication. Which HERBAL medicine will increase my memory?A. Yes, Macska - I actually heard that that helps your memory a lot. Also math problems.

Q. Have food supplements like Ginkgo Biloba been proven to delay memory disorders? A. Many people are interested in the health benefits of food supplements, hoping that natural substances can have the same efficacy as drugs. The answer to this specific question is NO. A recent study that was published after testing 3,000 people has shown no difference between those who took Ginkgo and those who didn’t. There is no food supplement, including Ginkgo Biloba that was scientifically proved to have the capacity to prevent or delay Dementia. Eating Romaine lattice, broccoli, cauliflower, and spinach have shown good results. Fish with Omega 3 have shown good results too.

More discussions about memory

Memory


Related to Memory: computer memory, types of memory

MEMORY. Understanding; a capacity to make contracts, a will, or to commit a crime, so far as intention is necessary.
2. Memory is sometimes employed to express the capacity of the understanding, and sometimes its power; when we speak of a retentive memory, we use it in the former sense; when of a ready memory, in the latter. Shelf. on Lun. Intr. 29, 30.
3. Memory, in another sense, is the reputation, good or bad, which a man leaves at his death. This memory, when good, is highly prized by the relations of the deceased, and it is therefore libelous to throw a shade over the memory of the dead, when the writing has a tendency to create a breach of the peace, by inciting the friends and relations of the deceased to avenge the insult offered to the family. 4 T. R. 126; 5 Co. R. 125; Hawk. b. 1, c. 73, s. 1.

MEMORY, TIME OF. According to the English common law, which has been altered by 2 & 3 Wm. IV., c. 71, the time of memory commenced from the reign of Richard the First, A. D. 1189. 2 Bl. Com. 31.
2. But proof of a regular usage for twenty years, not explained or contradicted, is evidence upon which many public and private rights are held, and sufficient for a jury in finding the existence of an immemorial custom or prescription. 2 Saund. 175, a, d; Peake's Ev. 336; 2 Price's R. 450; 4 Price's R. 198.

memory


memory

the part of a COMPUTER that stores information. The two main types of computer memory are RAM (Random Access Memory) and ROM (Read Only Memory). HARD DISKS and FLOPPY DISKS provide additional memory capacity for storing computer programs and data.
See MEM
See MEM

memory


Related to memory: computer memory, types of memory
  • noun

Synonyms for memory

noun recall

Synonyms

  • recall
  • mind
  • retention
  • ability to remember
  • powers of recall
  • powers of retention

noun recollection

Synonyms

  • recollection
  • reminder
  • reminiscence
  • impression
  • echo
  • remembrance

noun hard disk

Synonyms

  • hard disk
  • cache

noun commemoration

Synonyms

  • commemoration
  • respect
  • honour
  • recognition
  • tribute
  • remembrance
  • observance

Synonyms for memory

noun the power of retaining and recalling past experience

Synonyms

  • recall
  • recollection
  • remembrance
  • reminiscence

noun an act or instance of remembering

Synonyms

  • recollection
  • remembrance
  • reminiscence

Synonyms for memory

noun something that is remembered

Related Words

  • reminiscence
  • internal representation
  • mental representation
  • representation
  • recollection
  • engram
  • memory trace
  • confabulation
  • screen memory

noun the cognitive processes whereby past experience is remembered

Synonyms

  • remembering

Related Words

  • basic cognitive process
  • immediate memory
  • short-term memory
  • STM
  • working memory
  • long-term memory
  • LTM
  • retrieval
  • recollection
  • reminiscence
  • recall
  • recognition
  • identification
  • connexion
  • association
  • connection
  • retrospection

noun the power of retaining and recalling past experience

Synonyms

  • retentiveness
  • retentivity
  • retention

Related Words

  • faculty
  • mental faculty
  • module
  • recollection
  • remembrance
  • anamnesis

noun an electronic memory device

Synonyms

  • computer memory
  • computer storage
  • memory board
  • store
  • storage

Related Words

  • computer
  • computing device
  • computing machine
  • data processor
  • electronic computer
  • information processing system
  • computer hardware
  • hardware
  • memory device
  • storage device
  • nonvolatile storage
  • non-volatile storage
  • fixed storage
  • read-only memory
  • read-only storage
  • ROM
  • real storage
  • register
  • scratchpad
  • virtual memory
  • virtual storage
  • volatile storage

noun the area of cognitive psychology that studies memory processes

Related Words

  • cognitive psychology
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更新时间:2024/9/22 1:32:53