mumps

(epidemic parotitis), acute contagious viral disease, manifesting itself chiefly in pain and swelling of the salivary glands, especially those at the angle of the jaw. Other symptoms are fever, a general feeling of illness, and pain on chewing or swallowing. Mumps most often affects children between the ages of 5 and 15, the incubation period being 14 to 21 days; the acute phase rarely lasts more than 3 days. The disease is usually more severe in adults, the most common complications being pain and swelling of the testes (in 20% of adult male patients) and swelling of the meninges that cover the brain and spinal cord (in about 30% of cases). Sterility resulting from involvement of the testes and fatalities from the meningoencephalitis occur in a small minority of male cases. Other possible complications include pancreatitis and involvement of the heart or thyroid. The ovaries are sometimes affected in females. Treatment consists mainly of bed rest, intake of fluids, and the administration of analgesics. A live virus vaccine has been developed that can be given to susceptible children at 15 months.

Mumps

An acute contagious viral disease, characterized chiefly by enlargement of the parotid glands (parotitis).

Besides fever, the chief signs and symptoms are the direct mechanical effect of swelling on glands or organs where the virus localizes. One or both parotids may swell rapidly, producing severe pain when the mouth is opened. In orchitis, the testicle is inflamed but is enclosed by an inelastic membrane and cannot swell; pressure necrosis produces atrophy, and if both testicles are affected, sterility may result. The ovary may enlarge, without sequelae.

An attenuated live virus vaccine can induce immunity without parotitis. It is recommended particularly for adults exposed to infected children, for students in boarding schools and colleges, and for military troops.

Mumps

(also epidemic parotitis), an acute infectious disease caused by a filterable virus that affects the salivary glands, predominantly the parotid glands. Children five to 15 years of age are most susceptible. The infection is transmitted by airborne droplets released when a sick person who has been infected for up to nine days coughs, sneezes, or talks. A stable immunity remains after the infection, and the incubation period averages 18 days.

The symptoms of mumps are elevated temperature and swelling and soreness of the salivary glands upon palpation. The parotid glands are usually affected, but the submaxillary and hypoglossal glands are also susceptible. Sometimes the inflammatory process affects other glandular organs. For example, pancreatitis results when the pancreas is infected; orchitis is the resultant infection in the testes of adolescent boys and young men; and oophoritis is the resultant infection in the ovaries of adolescent girls and young women. Symptoms of inflammation in affected organs persist for five to ten days, and suppuration does not occur.

Mumps is often accompanied by a benign form of acute serous meningitis. Rare and dangerous complications are acute encephalitis, meningoencephalitis, and impairment of the inner ear resulting in permanent deafness. However, the prognosis for mumps is usually favorable.

Treatment involves bed rest, application of heat to affected organs, and symptomatic remedies. Should complications arise, the appropriate measures are taken. The patient is isolated until the ninth day of infection, and children who have been in contact with an infected individual are not allowed to attend nurseries, kindergartens, or schools for 21 days after exposure.

S. D. NOSOV

mumps

[məmps] (medicine) An acute contagious viral disease characterized chiefly by painful enlargement of a parotid gland.

mumps

an acute contagious viral disease of the parotid salivary glands, characterized by swelling of the affected parts, fever, and pain beneath the ear: usually affects children

MUMPS

(language)(Or "M") Massachusetts General Hospital UtilityMulti-Programming System.

A programming language with extensive tools for the support ofdatabase management systems. MUMPS was originally used formedical records and is now widely used where multiple usersaccess the same databases simultaneously, e.g. banks, stockexchanges, travel agencies, hospitals.

Early MUMPS implementations for PDP-11 and IBM PC werecomplete operating systems, as well as programminglanguages, but current-day implementations usually run under anormal host operating system.

A MUMPS program hardly ever explicitly performs low-leveloperations such as opening a file - there are programmingconstructs in the language that will do so implicitly, andmost MUMPS programmers are not even aware of the operating system activity that MUMPS performs.

Syntactically MUMPS has only one data-type: strings.Semantically, the language has many data-types: text strings,binary strings, floating point values, integer values,Boolean values. Interpretation of strings is done insidefunctions, or implicitly while applying mathematicaloperators. Since many operations involve only moving datafrom one location to another, it is faster to just moveuninterpreted strings. Of course, when a value is usedmultiple times in the context of arithmetical operations,optimised implementations will typically save the numericalvalue of the string.

MUMPS was designed for portability. Currently, it is possibleto share the same MUMPS database between radically differentarchitectures, because all values are stored as text strings.The worst an implementation may have to do is swap pairs ofbytes. Such multi-CPU databases are actually in use, someoffices share databases between VAX, DEC Alpha, SUN,IBM PC and HP workstations.

Versions of MUMPS are available on practically all hardware,from the smallest (IBM PC, Apple Macintosh, AcornArchimedes), to the largest mainframe. MSM (Micronetics Standard MUMPS) runs on IBM PC RT and R6000; DSM (DigitalStandard Mumps) on the PDP-11, VAX, DEC Alpha, andWindows-NT; Datatree MUMPS from InterSystems runs onIBM PC; and MGlobal MUMPS on the Macintosh.Multi-platform versions include M/SQL, available fromInterSystems, PFCS and MSM.

Greystone Technologies' GT/M runs on VAX and DEC Alpha.This is a compiler whereas the others are interpreters.GT/SQL is their SQL pre-processor.

ISO standard 11756 (1991). ANSI standard: "MUMPS LanguageStandard", X11.1 (1977, 1984, 1990, 1995?).

The MUMPS User's Group was the M Technology Association.

Usenet newsgroups: news:comp.lang.mumps.

mumps

Mumps

Definition

Mumps is a relatively mild short-term viral infection of the salivary glands that usually occurs during childhood. Typically, mumps is characterized by a painful swelling of both cheek areas, although the person could have swelling on one side or no perceivable swelling at all. The salivary glands are also called the parotid glands, therefore, mumps is sometimes referred to as an inflammation of the parotid glands (epidemic parotitis). The word mumps comes from an old English dialect, meaning lumps or bumps within the cheeks.

Description

Mumps is a very contagious infection that spreads easily in such highly populated areas as day care centers and schools. Although not as contagious as measles or chickenpox, mumps was once quite common. Prior to the release of a mumps vaccine in the United States in 1967, approximately 92% of all children had been exposed to mumps by the age of 15. In these pre-vaccine years, most children contracted mumps between the ages of four and seven. Mumps epidemics came in two to five year cycles. The greatest mumps epidemic was in 1941 when approximately 250 cases were reported for every 100,000 people. In 1968, the year after the live mumps vaccine was released, only 76 cases were reported for every 100,000 people. By 1985, less than 3,000 cases of mumps were reported throughout the entire United States, which works out to about 1 case per 100,000 people. The reason for the decline in mumps was the increased usage of the mumps vaccine. However, 1987 noted a five-fold increase in the incidence of the disease because of the reluctance of some states to adopt comprehensive school immunization laws. Since then, state-enforced school entry requirements have achieved student immunization rates of nearly 100% in kindergarten and first grade. In 1996, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) reported only 751 cases of mumps nationwide, or, in other words, about one case for every five million people.

Causes and symptoms

The paramyxovirus that causes mumps is harbored in the saliva and is spread by sneezing, coughing, and other direct contact with another person's infected saliva. Once the person is exposed to the virus, symptoms generally occur in 14-24 days. Initial symptoms include chills, headache, loss of appetite, and a lack of energy. However, an infected person may not experience these initial symptoms. Swelling of the salivary glands in the face (parotitis) generally occurs within 12-24 hours of the above symptoms. Accompanying the swollen glands is pain on chewing or swallowing, especially with acidic beverages, such as lemonade. A fever as high as 1048F (40°C) is also common. Swelling of the glands reaches a maximum on about the second day and usually disappears by the seventh day. Once a person has contracted mumps, they become immune to the disease, despite how mild or severe their symptoms may have been.While the majority of cases of mumps are uncomplicated and pass without incident, some complications can occur. Complications are, however, more noticeable in adults who get the infection. In 15% of cases, the covering of the brain and spinal cord becomes inflamed (meningitis). Symptoms of meningitis usually develop within four or five days after the first signs of mumps. These symptoms include a stiff neck, headache, vomiting, and a lack of energy. Mumps meningitis is usually resolved within seven days, and damage to the brain is exceedingly rare.The mumps infection can spread into the brain causing inflammation of the brain (encephalitis). Symptoms of mumps encephalitis include the inability to feel pain, seizures, and high fever. Encephalitis can occur during the parotitis stage or one to two weeks later. Recovery from mumps encephalitis is usually complete, although complications, such as seizure disorders, have been noted. Only about 1 in 100 with mumps encephalitis dies from the complication.About one-quarter of all post-pubertal males who contract mumps can develop a swelling of the scrotum (orchitis) about seven days after the parotitis stage. Symptoms include marked swelling of one or both testicles, severe pain, fever, nausea, and headache. Pain and swelling usually subside after five to seven days, although the testicles can remain tender for weeks.Girls occasionally suffer an inflammation of the ovaries, or oophoritis, as a complication of mumps, but this condition is far less painful than orchitis in boys.As of late 2002, some researchers in Europe are studying the possibility that mumps increases a person's risk of developing inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) in later life. This hypothesis will require further research, as present findings are inconclusive.

Diagnosis

When mumps reaches epidemic proportions, diagnosis is relatively easy on the basis of the physical symptoms. The doctor will take the child's temperature, gently palpate (touch) the skin over the parotid glands, and look inside the child's mouth. If the child has mumps, the openings to the ducts inside the mouth will be slightly inflamed and have a "pouty" appearance. With so many people vaccinated today, a case of mumps must be properly diagnosed in the event the salivary glands are swollen for reasons other than viral infection. For example, in persons with poor oral hygiene, the salivary glands can be infected with bacteria. In these cases, antibiotics are necessary. Also in rare cases, the salivary glands can become blocked, develop tumors, or swell due to the use of certain drugs, such as iodine. A test can be performed to determine whether the person with swelling of the salivary glands actually has the mumps virus.As of late 2002, researchers in London have reported the development of a bioassay for measuring mumps-specific IgG. This test would allow a doctor to check whether an individual patient is immune to mumps, and allow researchers to measure the susceptibility of a local population to mumps in areas with low rates of vaccination.

Treatment

When mumps does occurs, the illness is usually allowed to run its course. The symptoms, however, are treatable. Because of difficulty swallowing, the most important challenge is to keep the patient fed and hydrated. The individual should be provided a soft diet, consisting of cooked cereals, mashed potatoes, broth-based soups, prepared baby foods, or foods put through a home food processor. Aspirin, acetaminophen, or ibuprofen can relieve some of the pain due to swelling, headache, and fever. Avoid fruit juices and other acidic foods or beverages that can irritate the salivary glands. Avoid dairy products that can be hard to digest. In the event of complications, a physician should be contacted at once. For example, if orchitis occurs, a physician should be called. Also, supporting the scrotum in a cotton bed on an adhesive-tape bridge between the thighs can minimize tension. Ice packs are also helpful.

Alternative treatment

Acupressure can be used effectively to relieve pain caused by swollen glands. The patient can, by using the middle fingers, gently press the area between the jawbone and the ear for two minutes while breathing deeply.A number of homeopathic remedies can be used for the treatment of mumps. For example, belladonna may be useful for flushing, redness, and swelling. Bryonia (wild hops) may be useful for irritability, lack of energy, or thirst. Phytolacca (poke root) may be prescribed for extremely swollen glands. A homeopathic physician should always be consulted for appropriate doses for children, and remedies that do not work within one day should be stopped. A homeopathic preparation of the mumps virus can also be used prophylactically or as a treatment for the disease.Several herbal remedies may be useful in helping the body recover from the infection or may help alleviate the discomfort associated with the disease. Echinacea (Echinacea spp.) can be used to boost the immune system and help the body fight the infection. Other herbs taken internally, such as cleavers (Galium aparine), calendula (Calendula officinalis), and phytolacca (poke root), target the lymphatic system and may help to enhance the activity of the body's internal filtration system. Since phytolacca can be toxic, it should only be used by patients under the care of a skilled practitioner. Topical applications are also useful in relieving the discomfort of mumps. A cloth dipped in a heated mixture of vinegar and cayenne (Capsicum frutescens) can be wrapped around the neck several times a day. Cleavers or calendula can also be combined with vinegar, heated, and applied in a similar manner.

Prognosis

When mumps is uncomplicated, prognosis is excellent. However, in rare cases, a relapse occurs after about two weeks. Complications can also delay complete recovery.

Prevention

A vaccine exists to protect against mumps. The vaccine preparation (MMR) is usually given as part of a combination injection that helps protect against measles, mumps, and rubella. MMR is a live vaccine administered in one dose between the ages of 12-15 months, 4-6 years, or 11-12 years. Persons who are unsure of their mumps history and/or mumps vaccination history should be vaccinated. Susceptible health care workers, especially those who work in hospitals, should be vaccinated. Because mumps is still prevalent throughout the world, susceptible persons over age one who are traveling abroad would benefit from receiving the mumps vaccine.The mumps vaccine is extremely effective, and virtually everyone should be vaccinated against this disease. There are, however, a few reasons why people should not be vaccinated against mumps:

Pregnant women who contract mumps during pregnancy have an increased rate of miscarriage, but not birth defects. As a result, pregnant women should not receive the mumps vaccine because of the possibility of damage to the fetus. Women who have had the vaccine should postpone pregnancy for three months after vaccination.
Unvaccinated persons who have been exposed to mumps should not get the vaccine, as it may not provide protection. The person should, however, be vaccinated if no symptoms result from the exposure to mumps.
Persons with minor fever-producing illnesses, such as an upper respiratory infection, should not get the vaccine until the illness has subsided.
Because mumps vaccine is produced using eggs, individuals who develop hives, swelling of the mouth or throat, dizziness, or breathing difficulties after eating eggs should not receive the mumps vaccine.

Persons with immune deficiency diseases and/or those whose immunity has been suppressed with anti-cancer drugs, corticosteroids, or radiation should not receive the vaccine. Family members of immunocompromised people, however, should get vaccinated to reduce the risk of mumps.
The CDC recommends that all children infected with human immunodeficiency disease (HIV) who are asymptomatic should receive an the MMR vaccine at 15 months of age.

The mumps vaccine has been controversial in recent years because of concern that its use was linked to a rise in the rate of childhood autism. The negative publicity given to the vaccine in the mass media led some parents to refuse to immunize their children with the MMR vaccine. One result has been an increase in the number of mumps outbreaks in several European countries, including Italy and the United Kingdom.In the fall of 2002, the New England Journal of Medicine published a major Danish study disproving the hypothesis of a connection between the MMR vaccine and autism. A second study in Finland showed that the vaccine is not associated with aseptic meningitis or encephalitis as well as autism. Since these studies were published, American primary care physicians have once again reminded parents of the importance of immunizing their children against mumps and other childhood diseases.

Key terms

Asymptomatic — Persons who carry a disease and may be capable of transmitting the disease but who do not exhibit symptoms of the disease are said to be asymptomatic.Autism — A severe developmental disorder that usually begins before three years of age and affects a child's social as well as intellectual development. Some researchers theorized that immunization with the MMR vaccine was a risk factor for autism.Encephalitis — Inflammation of the brain.Epidemic parotitis — The medical name for mumps.Immunoglobulin G (IgG) — A group of antibodies against certain viral infections that circulate in the bloodstream. One type of IgG is specific against the mumps paramyxovirus.Meningitis — Inflammation of the membranes covering the brain and spinal cord.Orchitis — Inflammation or swelling of the scrotal sac containing the testicles.Paramyxovirus — A genus of viruses that includes the causative agent of mumps.Parotitis — Inflammation and swelling of the salivary glands.

Resources

Books

Beers, Mark H., MD, and Robert Berkow, MD, editors. "Viral Infections: Mumps." Section 19, Chapter 265. In The Merck Manual of Diagnosis and Therapy. Whitehouse Station, NJ: Merck Research Laboratories, 2004.

Periodicals

Gabutti, G., M. C. Rota, S. Salmaso, et al. "Epidemiology of Measles, Mumps and Rubella in Italy." Epidemiology and Infection 129 (December 2002): 543-550.Kimmel, S. R. "Vaccine Adverse Events: Separating Myth From Reality." American Family Physician 66 (December 1, 2002): 2113-2120.Madsen, K. M., A. Hviid, M. Vestergaard, et al. "A Population-Based Study of Measles, Mumps, and Rubella Vaccination and Autism." New England Journal of Medicine 347 (November 7, 2002): 1477-1482.Makela, A., J. P. Nuorti, and H. Peltola. "Neurologic Disorders After Measles-Mumps-Rubella Vaccination." Pediatrics 110 (November 2002): 957-963.McKie, A., D. Samuel, B. Cohen, and N. A. Saunders. "A Quantitative Immuno-PCR Assay for the Detection of Mumps-Specific IgG." Journal of Immunological Methods 270 (December 1, 2002): 135-141.Nielsen, S. E., O. H. Nielsen, B. Vainer, and M. H. Claesson. "Inflammatory Bowel Disease—Do Microorganisms Play a Role?" [in Danish] Ugeskrift for laeger 164 (December 9, 2002): 5947-5950.Pugh, R. N., B. Akinosi, S. Pooransingh, et al. "An Outbreak of Mumps in the Metropolitan Area of Walsall, UK." International Journal of Infectious Diseases 6 (December 2002): 283-287.

Organizations

American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP). 141 Northwest Point Boulevard, Elk Grove Village, IL 60007. (847) 434-4000. www.aap.org.Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 1600 Clifton Rd., NE, Atlanta, GA 30333. (800) 311-3435, (404) 639-3311. http://www.cdc.gov.

mumps

[mumps] a communicable paramyxovirus" >paramyxovirus disease that attacks one or both of the parotid glands, the largest of the salivary glands. Occasionally the submandibular glands are also affected. Although older people may contract the disease, mumps usually strikes children between the ages of 5 and 15. It is spread by droplet infection and is contagious in the infected person from 1 to 2 days before symptoms appear until 1 or 2 days after they disappear. The incubation period is usually 18 days, although it may vary from 12 to 26 days. One attack usually gives immunity. Called also contagious or epidemic parotitis.Symptoms. Often the first noticeable symptom of mumps is a swelling of one of the parotid glands. The swelling is frequently accompanied by pain and tenderness. Occasionally acidic foods and beverages may cause an increase in the pain. In the first stage of mumps, the patient may have a fever of 38° to 40°C (100° to 104°F). Other common symptoms include loss of appetite, headache, and back pain. The swelling increases for the first 2 or 3 days and then diminishes, disappearing by the sixth or seventh day. The swelling usually appears first on one side and then on the other, with as many as 12 days intervening. Sometimes both sides swell at once; occasionally the second side does not swell at all. Mumps may also occur virtually without symptoms; this mild form is responsible for the presence of antibodies and immunity in persons who cannot recall having had the disease and yet seem to be immune to it.Complications. Mumps may affect other parts of the body as well as the salivary glands. In the male, when the testes are affected, the infection is known as orchitis. It strikes about one-third of those who contract mumps after the age of puberty. Orchitis may occur before the swelling of the parotid glands, but usually does not develop until about 7 to 10 days thereafter. Involvement of the gonads in females is less common and more difficult to detect. Lower abdominal pain and enlargement of the ovaries are symptoms indicating involvement of the ovaries. The breasts may also be affected.
Mumps may affect the central nervous system. Acute meningoencephalitis is a complication in about 10 per cent of cases. It causes dizziness, vomiting, and headache. It may occur before the parotid glands swell or in the absence of other signs of mumps. No specific treatment is required, and the condition disappears without causing permanent damage. Other less common complications are involvement of the auditory nerve (resulting in deafness), myelitis, and facial neuritis.Treatment. Most children with mumps do not feel ill enough to be confined to bed, and it is sufficient if they remain quietly at home, unless there is a rise in temperature or a complication develops. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention recommend droplet precautions for 9 days after the onset of swelling. Persons who are not susceptible need not wear masks while in contact with the person who has mumps.Prevention. Men over the age of puberty who are still susceptible to mumps should avoid contact with the patient. The mumps virus cannot survive for any length of time in open air, so it is unnecessary to take special precautions with the patient's clothing, bedding, dishes, or utensils. The mumps vaccine induces antibodies in 95 per cent of those inoculated, but it does not afford protection if given during the incubation period following exposure, and it is contraindicated if another infection is present. Children should receive the mumps vaccine with measles and rubella vaccination at 12 to 15 months of age, with a second immunization when they are 4 to 6 years old. It is not given to infants under one year of age and is not recommended for persons allergic to eggs or neomycin. Mumps immune globulin may afford short-term immunity when there is an extraordinary need for protection, but the extent of its effectiveness is not known.

mumps

(mŭmps), An acute infectious and contagious disease caused by a mumps virus of the genus Rubulavirus and characterized by fever, inflammation and swelling of the parotid gland, and sometimes of other salivary glands, and occasionally by inflammation of the testis, ovary, pancreas, or meninges. Synonym(s): epidemic parotitis [dialectic Eng. mump, a lump or bump]

mumps

(mŭmps)pl.n. (used with a sing. or pl. verb) An acute, inflammatory, contagious disease caused by a paramyxovirus and characterized by swelling of the salivary glands, especially the parotids, and sometimes of the pancreas, ovaries, or testes. This disease, mainly affecting children, can be prevented by vaccination.

mumps

Pediatrics Acute infection by a paramyxovirus, common in young children Clinical Fever, malaise, parotiditis Complications Aseptic meningoencephalitis, pancreatitis, orchitis. See Iodine mumps, Mumps vaccine, Nutritional mumps.

ep·i·dem·ic pa·rot·i·di·tis

, epidemic parotitis (ep'i-dem'ik pă-rot'i-dī'tis, par-ō-tītis) An acute infectious and contagious disease caused by a paramyxovirus and characterized by fever, inflammation and swelling of the parotid gland, and sometimes of other salivary glands, and occasionally by inflammation of the testis, ovary, pancreas, or meninges.
Synonym(s): mumps.

mea·sles

(mē'zĕlz) 1. An acute exanthematous disease, caused by measles virus and marked by fever and other constitutional disturbances, a catarrhal inflammation of the respiratory mucous membranes, and a generalized maculopapular eruption of a dusky red color; the eruption occurs early on the buccal mucous membrane in the form of Koplik spots; incubation period is 10-12 days.
Synonym(s): morbilli, rubeola. 2. A disease of swine caused by the presence of Cysticercus cellulosae, the measle or larva of Taenia solium, the pork tapeworm. 3. A disease of cattle caused by the presence of C. bovis, the measle or larva of T. saginata, the beef tapeworm. [D. maselen]

mea·sles, mumps, and ru·bel·la (MMR) vaccine

(mēz'elz mŭmps rū-bel'ă vak-sēn') Combination of live attenuated forms of these viruses in an aqueous suspension.

mumps

An acute paramyxovirus infection, spread by droplet transmission and most commonly affecting children. It causes fever, MALAISE and swelling of the salivary glands in the cheeks (the PAROTID GLANDS) producing a hamster-like appearance. Mumps in adult men is commonly associated with painful inflammation of one or both testicles (ORCHITIS). Sterility from this cause is rare. There is no effective treatment but an attack of mumps confers permanent immunity.

mumps

an acute, contagious viral disease of humans (particularly of children), characterized by a swelling of the parotid salivary glands lying beneath the ear and caused by a Paramyxovirus virus. The mumps virus is spread by droplets of saliva and respiratory secretions that enter a new host via the repiratory tract. The disease appears most often during the winter and early spring months, and in adults can lead to MENINGITIS. It may cause sterility in males. Once affected, the individual is usually immune for life. Vaccination is possible, using attenuated virus.

mumps

(mŭmps) An acute infectious and contagious disease caused by a mumps virus of the genus Rubulavirus and characterized by fever, inflammation, and swelling of the parotid gland, and sometimes of other salivary glands, and occasionally by inflammation of the testis, ovary, pancreas, or meninges.
Synonym(s): epidemic parotitis.

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Definition

Description

Causes and symptoms

Diagnosis

Treatment

Alternative treatment

Prognosis

Prevention

Key terms

Resources

Books

Periodicals

Organizations

mumps

mumps

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mumps

ep·i·dem·ic pa·rot·i·di·tis

mea·sles

mea·sles, mumps, and ru·bel·la (MMR) vaccine

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MUMPS

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Synonyms for mumps

noun an acute contagious viral disease characterized by fever and by swelling of the parotid glands

Synonyms

Related Words