Li Hung-chang

(lē ho͞ong-jäng), 1823–1901, Chinese statesman and general. His first success was as a commander of forces fighting the Taiping Rebellion. As viceroy of the capital province of Zhili (1870–95), he controlled Chinese foreign affairs for the Empress Dowager Tz'u Hsi. Li was the chief negotiator of the Treaty of Shimonoseki (1895), which ended the First Sino-Japanese War. In 1896 he negotiated the treaty that granted Russia the right to build the Trans-Siberian RR across N Manchuria. He protected foreigners when he was viceroy of Guangzhou during the Boxer Uprising (1900), and he was able to reduce the demands of the foreign powers for reparations. His moderately progressive internal policy included modernization of the army and railroad building.

Li Hung-Chang

Born Feb. 15, 1823, in the district of Hofei, in the province of Anhwei; died Nov. 7, 1901, in Peking. Chinese statesman and diplomat.

Li Hung-chang played a large role in crushing the Taiping Rebellion of 1850–64 and the Nien Rebellion of 1853–68. Vicegerent of the capital province of Chihli, he supported and was instrumental in carrying out the policies of the “self-strengthening movement” (borrowing foreign expertise in modernizing the armed forces and creating China’s own military industry in order to struggle against popular movements).

As a diplomat, Li Hung-chang conducted the policy called “using the barbarians to curb the barbarians”; that is, he attempted, at the cost of concessions and agreements with one imperialist power, to counteract aggression from another imperialist power. In his capacity as head of the Chinese delegation at peace negotiations with Japan, Li Hung-chang signed the Shimonoseki Treaty of 1895, a treaty unfavorable to China. In 1896 he concluded a secret agreement with Russia providing for a military defense pact against Japan and concessions to Russia for the building of the Chinese-Eastern railroad. In 1901 he signed the Protocol with the powers that had participated in the imperialist intervention which crushed the I Ho T’uan (Boxer Rebellion) in China.

REFERENCES

Liang Ch’i-ch’ao. Likhunchzhan, ili Politicheskaia istoriia Kitaia za poslednie 40 let. St. Petersburg, 1905. (Translated from Chinese.)
Novaia istoriia Kitaia. Moscow, 1972. (See the name index.)
Efimov, G. Vneshniaia politika Kitaia 1894–1899 gg. Moscow, 1958.
Spector, S. Li Hung-chang and the Huai Army. Seattle, 1964.

G. V. EFIMOV

单词	li hung-chang
释义	Li Hung-chang Li Hung-chang (lē ho͞ong-jäng), 1823–1901, Chinese statesman and general. His first success was as a commander of forces fighting the Taiping Rebellion. As viceroy of the capital province of Zhili (1870–95), he controlled Chinese foreign affairs for the Empress Dowager Tz'u Hsi. Li was the chief negotiator of the Treaty of Shimonoseki (1895), which ended the First Sino-Japanese War. In 1896 he negotiated the treaty that granted Russia the right to build the Trans-Siberian RR across N Manchuria. He protected foreigners when he was viceroy of Guangzhou during the Boxer Uprising (1900), and he was able to reduce the demands of the foreign powers for reparations. His moderately progressive internal policy included modernization of the army and railroad building. Li Hung-Chang Born Feb. 15, 1823, in the district of Hofei, in the province of Anhwei; died Nov. 7, 1901, in Peking. Chinese statesman and diplomat. Li Hung-chang played a large role in crushing the Taiping Rebellion of 1850–64 and the Nien Rebellion of 1853–68. Vicegerent of the capital province of Chihli, he supported and was instrumental in carrying out the policies of the “self-strengthening movement” (borrowing foreign expertise in modernizing the armed forces and creating China’s own military industry in order to struggle against popular movements). As a diplomat, Li Hung-chang conducted the policy called “using the barbarians to curb the barbarians”; that is, he attempted, at the cost of concessions and agreements with one imperialist power, to counteract aggression from another imperialist power. In his capacity as head of the Chinese delegation at peace negotiations with Japan, Li Hung-chang signed the Shimonoseki Treaty of 1895, a treaty unfavorable to China. In 1896 he concluded a secret agreement with Russia providing for a military defense pact against Japan and concessions to Russia for the building of the Chinese-Eastern railroad. In 1901 he signed the Protocol with the powers that had participated in the imperialist intervention which crushed the I Ho T’uan (Boxer Rebellion) in China. REFERENCES Liang Ch’i-ch’ao. Likhunchzhan, ili Politicheskaia istoriia Kitaia za poslednie 40 let. St. Petersburg, 1905. (Translated from Chinese.) Novaia istoriia Kitaia. Moscow, 1972. (See the name index.) Efimov, G. Vneshniaia politika Kitaia 1894–1899 gg. Moscow, 1958. Spector, S. Li Hung-chang and the Huai Army. Seattle, 1964. G. V. EFIMOV
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