land

L0033900 (lănd)n.1. The solid ground of the earth.2. a. Ground or soil: tilled the land.b. A topographically or functionally distinct tract: desert land; prime building land.3. a. A nation; a country.b. The people of a nation, district, or region.c. lands Territorial possessions or property.4. Public or private landed property; real estate.5. Law The solid material of the earth as well as the natural and manmade things attached to it and the rights and interests associated with it.6. a. An agricultural or farming area: wanted to buy a house on the land.b. Farming considered as a way of life.7. An area or realm: the land of make-believe; the land of television.8. The raised portion of a grooved surface, as on a phonograph record.v. land·ed, land·ing, lands v.tr.1. a. To bring to and unload on land: land cargo.b. To set (a vehicle) down on land or another surface: land an airplane smoothly; land a seaplane on a lake.2. Informal To cause to arrive in a place or condition: Civil disobedience will land you in jail.3. a. To catch and pull in (a fish): landed a big catfish.b. Informal To win; secure: land a big contract.4. Informal To deliver: landed a blow on his opponent's head.v.intr.1. a. To come to shore: landed against the current with great difficulty.b. To disembark: landed at a crowded dock.2. To descend toward and settle onto the ground or another surface: The helicopter has landed.3. Informal To arrive in a place or condition: landed at the theater too late for the opening curtain; landed in trouble for being late.4. To come to rest in a certain way or place: slipped and landed on his shoulder.

[Middle English, from Old English; see lendh- in Indo-European roots.]

land

(lænd) n1. (Physical Geography) the solid part of the surface of the earth as distinct from seas, lakes, etc. 2. (Physical Geography) a. ground, esp with reference to its use, quality, etcb. (in combination): land-grabber. 3. (Agriculture) rural or agricultural areas as contrasted with urban ones4. (Agriculture) farming as an occupation or way of life5. (Law) law a. any tract of ground capable of being owned as property, together with any buildings on it, extending above and below the surfaceb. any hereditament, tenement, or other interest; realty6. (Human Geography) a. a country, region, or areab. the people of a country, etc7. a realm, sphere, or domain8. (Economics) economics the factor of production consisting of all natural resources9. (Firearms, Gunnery, Ordnance & Artillery) the unindented part of a grooved surface, esp one of the ridges inside a rifle bore10. the unindented part of a grooved surface, esp one of the ridges inside a rifle bore11. how the land lies the prevailing conditions or state of affairsvb12. to transfer (something) or go from a ship or boat to the shore: land the cargo. 13. (Nautical Terms) (intr) to come to or touch shore14. to come down or bring (something) down to earth after a flight or jump15. to come or bring to some point, condition, or state16. (Angling) (tr) angling to retrieve (a hooked fish) from the water17. (tr) informal to win or obtain: to land a job. 18. (tr) informal to deliver (a blow)[Old English; compare Old Norse, Gothic land, Old High German lant] ˈlandless adj ˈlandlessness n

Land

(lænd) n (Biography) Edwin Herbert. 1909–91, US inventor of the Polaroid Land camera

Land

(lant) n, pl Länder (ˈlɛndər) (Government, Politics & Diplomacy) a. any of the federal states of Germanyb. any of the provinces of Austria

land

(lænd)
n. 1. any part of the earth's surface, as a continent or an island, not covered by a body of water. 2. an area of ground with reference to its nature or composition: arable land. 3. an area of ground with specific boundaries: to buy land in Florida. 4. rural or farming areas, as contrasted with urban areas: They left the land for the city. 5. Law. any part of the earth's surface that can be owned as property, and everything annexed to it. 6. a part of the earth's surface marked off by natural or political boundaries or the like; a region or country: They came from many lands. 7. the people of a region or country. 8. a realm or domain: the land of the living. 9. a surface between furrows, as on the interior of a rifle barrel. v.t. 10. to bring to or set on land. 11. to bring into or cause to arrive in a particular place, position, or condition: His behavior will land him in jail. 12. Informal. to catch or capture; win: to land a job. 13. to bring (a fish) onto land or into a boat, as with a hook or a net. v.i. 14. to come to land or shore: The boat lands at Cherbourg. 15. to go or come ashore from a ship or boat. 16. to alight upon or strike a surface, as the ground or a body of water: The plane landed on time. 17. to come to rest or arrive in a particular place, position, or condition (sometimes fol. by up): to land in trouble; to land up 40 miles from home. [before 900; Middle English, Old English, c. Old Saxon, Old Norse, Gothic land, Old High German lant]

Land

(lænd)

n. Edwin Herbert, 1909–91, U.S. inventor and physicist.

Land

See also earth; soil
absenteeismthe practice of extensive or permanent absence from their property by owners. — absentee, n.alodialism, allodialismthe llth-century Anglo-Saxon estate system in which absolute possession was invested in the holder. — alodialist, allodialist, alodiary, allodiary, n.burgageBritish, Obsolete, a form of land tenure under which land was held in return for payment of a fixed sum of money in rent or for rendering of service. Also called socage.cadastrationsurveying for the purpose of showing boundary and property lines.chorometrythe science of land surveying.dummyismthe practice of purchasing land for another person who is not legally entitled to do so.easementthe right one landowner has been granted over the land of another, as the right of access to water, right of way, etc., at no charge.embadometryObsolete, the science of surveying.feudalisma European system flourishing between 800-1400 based upon fixed relations of lord to vassal and all lands held in fee (as from the king), and requiring of vassal-tenants homage and service. Also feudality. — feudal, feudalistic, adj.fiefdomMedieval History. the land over which a person exercises control after vows of vassalage and service to an overlord. See feudalism.gromaticsthe science of surveying. — gromatic, adj.photogrammetrythe use of photography for surveying or map-making.phototopographysurveying or map-making by means of photography. — phototopographic, phototopographical, adj.socageburgage.stadiaa system of surveying in which distances are measured by reading intervals on a graduated rod intercepted by two parallel cross hairs in the telescope of a surveying instrument. — stadia, adj.theodolitea surveying instrument for measuring vertical and horizontal angles. — theodolitic, adj.

land

Past participle: landed
Gerund: landing

Imperative
land
land

Present
I land
you land
he/she/it lands
we land
you land
they land

Preterite
I landed
you landed
he/she/it landed
we landed
you landed
they landed

Present Continuous
I am landing
you are landing
he/she/it is landing
we are landing
you are landing
they are landing

Present Perfect
I have landed
you have landed
he/she/it has landed
we have landed
you have landed
they have landed

Past Continuous
I was landing
you were landing
he/she/it was landing
we were landing
you were landing
they were landing

Past Perfect
I had landed
you had landed
he/she/it had landed
we had landed
you had landed
they had landed

Future
I will land
you will land
he/she/it will land
we will land
you will land
they will land

Future Perfect
I will have landed
you will have landed
he/she/it will have landed
we will have landed
you will have landed
they will have landed

Future Continuous
I will be landing
you will be landing
he/she/it will be landing
we will be landing
you will be landing
they will be landing

Present Perfect Continuous
I have been landing
you have been landing
he/she/it has been landing
we have been landing
you have been landing
they have been landing

Future Perfect Continuous
I will have been landing
you will have been landing
he/she/it will have been landing
we will have been landing
you will have been landing
they will have been landing

Past Perfect Continuous
I had been landing
you had been landing
he/she/it had been landing
we had been landing
you had been landing
they had been landing

Conditional
I would land
you would land
he/she/it would land
we would land
you would land
they would land

Past Conditional
I would have landed
you would have landed
he/she/it would have landed
we would have landed
you would have landed
they would have landed

Thesaurus

Noun	1.	land - the land on which real estate is located; "he built the house on land leased from the city"immovable, real estate, real property, realty - property consisting of houses and landfarmstead - the buildings and adjacent grounds of a farmhomestead - the home and adjacent grounds occupied by a familyno man's land - land that is unowned and uninhabited (and usually undesirable)
	2.	land - material in the top layer of the surface of the earth in which plants can grow (especially with reference to its quality or use); "the land had never been plowed"; "good agricultural soil"soil, groundobject, physical object - a tangible and visible entity; an entity that can cast a shadow; "it was full of rackets, balls and other objects"badlands - deeply eroded barren landbottomland, bottom - low-lying alluvial land near a rivercoastland - land in a coastal areaploughland, plowland, tillage, tilled land, cultivated land, farmland, tilth - arable land that is worked by plowing and sowing and raising cropsoverburden - the surface soil that must be moved away to get at coal seams and mineral depositspermafrost - ground that is permanently frozenpolder - low-lying land that has been reclaimed and is protected by dikes (especially in the Netherlands)rangeland - land suitable for grazing livestockscablands - (geology) flat elevated land with poor soil and little vegetation that is scarred by dry channels of glacial origin (especially in eastern Washington)greensward, sod, sward, turf - surface layer of ground containing a mat of grass and grass rootswetland - a low area where the land is saturated with water
	3.	land - territory over which rule or control is exercised; "his domain extended into Europe"; "he made it the law of the land"demesne, domaincountry, land, state - the territory occupied by a nation; "he returned to the land of his birth"; "he visited several European countries"archduchy - the domain controlled by an archduke or archduchessbarony - the domain of a baronduchy, dukedom - the domain controlled by a duke or duchessearldom - the domain controlled by an earl or count or countessemirate - the domain controlled by an emirempire, imperium - the domain ruled by an emperor or empress; the region over which imperial dominion is exercisedfiefdom - the domain controlled by a feudal lordgrand duchy - the domain controlled by a grand duke or grand duchessviscounty - the domain controlled by a viscount or viscountesskhanate - the realm of a khanrealm, kingdom - the domain ruled by a king or queenprincipality, princedom - territory ruled by a princesheikdom, sheikhdom - the domain ruled by a sheiksuzerainty - the domain of a suzerainregion - a large indefinite location on the surface of the Earth; "penguins inhabit the polar regions"
	4.	land - the solid part of the earth's surface; "the plane turned away from the sea and moved back over land"; "the earth shook for several minutes"; "he dropped the logs on the ground"dry land, ground, solid ground, terra firma, earthobject, physical object - a tangible and visible entity; an entity that can cast a shadow; "it was full of rackets, balls and other objects"archipelago - a group of many islands in a large body of waterbeachfront - a strip of land running along a beachcape, ness - a strip of land projecting into a body of watercoastal plain - a plain adjacent to a coastearth, globe, world - the 3rd planet from the sun; the planet we live on; "the Earth moves around the sun"; "he sailed around the world"floor - the ground on which people and animals move about; "the fire spared the forest floor"foreland - land forming the forward margin of somethingtimberland, woodland, forest, timber - land that is covered with trees and shrubsisland - a land mass (smaller than a continent) that is surrounded by wateristhmus - a relatively narrow strip of land (with water on both sides) connecting two larger land areasland mass, landmass - a large continuous extent of landmainland - the main land mass of a country or continent; as distinguished from an island or peninsulaneck - a narrow elongated projecting strip of landoxbow - the land inside an oxbow bend in a riverpeninsula - a large mass of land projecting into a body of waterchampaign, plain, field - extensive tract of level open land; "they emerged from the woods onto a vast open plain"; "he longed for the fields of his youth"slash - an open tract of land in a forest that is strewn with debris from logging (or fire or wind)wonderland - a place or scene of great or strange beauty or wonder
	5.	land - the territory occupied by a nation; "he returned to the land of his birth"; "he visited several European countries"country, stateadministrative district, administrative division, territorial division - a district defined for administrative purposesbanana republic - a small country (especially in Central America) that is politically unstable and whose economy is dominated by foreign companies and depends on one export (such as bananas)country of origin, fatherland, homeland, mother country, motherland, native land - the country where you were bornbuffer country, buffer state - a small neutral state between two rival powersdepartment - the territorial and administrative division of some countries (such as France)demesne, domain, land - territory over which rule or control is exercised; "his domain extended into Europe"; "he made it the law of the land"midland - the interior part of a countrykingdom - a country with a king as head of stateprovince, state - the territory occupied by one of the constituent administrative districts of a nation; "his state is in the deep south"tax haven - a country or independent region where taxes are lowEuropean country, European nation - any one of the countries occupying the European continentAfrican country, African nation - any one of the countries occupying the African continentAsian country, Asian nation - any one of the nations occupying the Asian continentSouth American country, South American nation - any one of the countries occupying the South American continentNorth American country, North American nation - any country on the North American continentsultanate - country or territory ruled by a sultan
	6.	land - a domain in which something is dominant; "the untroubled kingdom of reason"; "a land of make-believe"; "the rise of the realm of cotton in the south"kingdom, realmarena, domain, sphere, orbit, area, field - a particular environment or walk of life; "his social sphere is limited"; "it was a closed area of employment"; "he's out of my orbit"lotus land, lotusland - an idyllic realm of contentment and self-indulgence
	7.	land - extensive landed property (especially in the country) retained by the owner for his own use; "the family owned a large estate on Long Island"acres, demesne, landed estate, estatefreehold - an estate held in fee simple or for lifeimmovable, real estate, real property, realty - property consisting of houses and landglebe - plot of land belonging to an English parish church or an ecclesiastical officeleasehold - land or property held under a leasesmallholding - a piece of land under 50 acres that is sold or let to someone for cultivationhomestead - land acquired from the United States public lands by filing a record and living on and cultivating it under the homestead lawfeoff, fief - a piece of land held under the feudal systembarony - the estate of a baroncountryseat - an estate in the countryCrown land - land that belongs to the Crownmanor - the landed estate of a lord (including the house on it)seigneury, seigniory, signory - the estate of a seigneurhacienda - a large estate in Spanish-speaking countriesplantation - an estate where cash crops are grown on a large scale (especially in tropical areas)entail - land received by fee tail
	8.	land - the people who live in a nation or country; "a statement that sums up the nation's mood"; "the news was announced to the nation"; "the whole country worshipped him"nation, countrypeople - (plural) any group of human beings (men or women or children) collectively; "old people"; "there were at least 200 people in the audience"national, subject - a person who owes allegiance to that nation; "a monarch has a duty to his subjects"Dutch, Dutch people - the people of the Netherlands; "the Dutch are famous for their tulips"British, British people, Brits - the people of Great BritainEnglish people, English - the people of EnglandIrish, Irish people - people of Ireland or of Irish extractionFrench people, French - the people of FranceSpanish people, Spanish - the people of SpainSwiss, Swiss people - the natives or inhabitants of Switzerland
	9.	land - a politically organized body of people under a single government; "the state has elected a new president"; "African nations"; "students who had come to the nation's capitol"; "the country's largest manufacturer"; "an industrialized land"country, nation, res publica, body politic, commonwealth, statecommonwealth country - any of the countries in the British Commonwealthdeveloping country - a country that is poor and whose citizens are mostly agricultural workers but that wants to become more advanced socially and economicallyDominion - one of the self-governing nations in the British Commonwealthestate of the realm, the three estates, estate - a major social class or order of persons regarded collectively as part of the body politic of the country (especially in the United Kingdom) and formerly possessing distinct political rightsforeign country - any state of which one is not a citizen; "working in a foreign country takes a bit of getting used to"Reich - the German staterenegade state, rogue nation, rogue state - a state that does not respect other states in its international actionssuzerain - a state exercising a degree of dominion over a dependent state especially in its foreign affairssea power - a nation that possesses formidable naval strengthgreat power, major power, superpower, world power, power - a state powerful enough to influence events throughout the worldcity state, city-state - a state consisting of a sovereign cityally - a friendly nationpolitical entity, political unit - a unit with political responsibilities
	10.	Land - United States inventor who incorporated Polaroid film into lenses and invented the one step photographic process (1909-1991)Din Land, Edwin Herbert Land
	11.	land - agriculture considered as an occupation or way of life; "farming is a strenuous life"; "there's no work on the land any more"farmingjob, line of work, occupation, business, line - the principal activity in your life that you do to earn money; "he's not in my line of business"
Verb	1.	land - reach or come to rest; "The bird landed on the highest branch"; "The plane landed in Istanbul"set downalight, perch, light - to come to rest, settle; "Misfortune lighted upon him"force-land - make a forced landingbeach - land on a beach; "the ship beached near the port"port - land at or reach a port; "The ship finally ported"debark, disembark, set down - go ashore; "The passengers disembarked at Southampton"touch down - come or bring (a plane) to a landing; "the plane touched down at noon"undershoot - fall short of (the runway) in a landing; "The plane undershot the runway"belly-land - land on the underside without the landing gearcrash land - make an emergency landingarrive, come, get - reach a destination; arrive by movement or progress; "She arrived home at 7 o'clock"; "She didn't get to Chicago until after midnight"
	2.	land - cause to come to the ground; "the pilot managed to land the airplane safely"put down, bring downair travel, aviation, air - travel via aircraft; "air travel involves too much waiting in airports"; "if you've time to spare go by air"arrive, come, get - reach a destination; arrive by movement or progress; "She arrived home at 7 o'clock"; "She didn't get to Chicago until after midnight"
	3.	land - bring into a different state; "this may land you in jail"bringalter, change, modify - cause to change; make different; cause a transformation; "The advent of the automobile may have altered the growth pattern of the city"; "The discussion has changed my thinking about the issue"
	4.	land - bring ashore; "The drug smugglers landed the heroin on the beach of the island"run aground, strand, ground - bring to the ground; "the storm grounded the ship"bring, convey, take - take something or somebody with oneself somewhere; "Bring me the box from the other room"; "Take these letters to the boss"; "This brings me to the main point"strand - drive (a vessel) ashore
	5.	land - deliver (a blow); "He landed several blows on his opponent's head"drive home, deliver - carry out or perform; "deliver an attack", "deliver a blow"; "The boxer drove home a solid left"
	6.	land - arrive on shore; "The ship landed in Pearl Harbor"set ashore, shorearrive, come, get - reach a destination; arrive by movement or progress; "She arrived home at 7 o'clock"; "She didn't get to Chicago until after midnight"
	7.	land - shoot at and force to come down; "the enemy landed several of our aircraft"shoot down, down

land

noun1. ground, earth, dry land, terra firma, l& (S.M.S.) It isn't clear whether the plane went down over land or sea.2. soil, ground, earth, clay, dirt, sod, loam, l& (S.M.S.) a small piece of grazing land3. countryside, farming, farmland, rural districts, l& (S.M.S.) Living off the land was hard enough at the best of times.4. (Law) property, grounds, estate, acres, real estate, realty, acreage, real property, l& (S.M.S.) Good agricultural land is in short supply.5. country, nation, region, state, district, territory, province, kingdom, realm, tract, motherland, fatherland, l& (S.M.S.) America, land of opportunityverb1. come to rest, come down, l& (S.M.S.) He was sent flying through the air and landed 20 ft away.2. arrive, dock, put down, moor, berth, alight, touch down, disembark, come to rest, debark, l& (S.M.S.) The jet landed after a flight of just under three hours.3. bring down, dock, moor, take down, l& (S.M.S.) The crew finally landed the plane on its belly.4. cause to be, lead, bring, l& (S.M.S.) This is not the first time his exploits have landed him in trouble.5. saddle, trouble, burden, encumber, l& (S.M.S.) The other options could simply land him with more expense.6. (Informal) gain, get, win, score (slang), secure, obtain, acquire, l& (S.M.S.) He landed a place on the graduate training scheme.7. deliver, hit, apply, impose, administer, inflict, l& (S.M.S.) He landed a punch on his opponent's mouth after the end of the eleventh round.land up end up, arrive, turn up, wind up, finish up, fetch up (informal) We landed up at the Las Vegas at about 6.30.Related words
adjective terrestrial

land

noun1. An organized geopolitical unit:body politic, country, nation, polity, state.2. Usually extensive real estate:acre (often used in plural), estate, property.verb1. To come ashore from a seacraft:debark, disembark.2. To come to rest on the ground:alight, light, set down, settle, touch down.3. Informal. To come into possession of:acquire, come by, gain, get, obtain, procure, secure, win.Informal: pick up.

Translations

土地着陆陆地地产登陆

land

(lӕnd) noun1. the solid part of the surface of the Earth which is covered by the sea. We had been at sea a week before we saw land.陆地2. a country. foreign lands.国家3. the ground or soil. He never made any money at farming as his land was poor and stony.土地4. an estate. He owns land/lands in Scotland.地产 verb1. to come or bring down from the air upon the land. The plane landed in a field; They managed to land the helicopter safely; She fell twenty feet, but landed without injury.着陆2. to come or bring from the sea on to the land. After being at sea for three months, they landed at Plymouth; He landed the big fish with some help.登陆3. to (cause to) get into a particular (usually unfortunate) situation. Don't drive so fast – you'll land (yourself) in hospital/trouble!使陷入ˈlanding noun1. (an act of) coming or bringing to shore or to ground. an emergency landing; (also adjective) a landing place. 登陆，着陆 2. a place for coming ashore. 登陆处3. the level part of a staircase between flights of steps. Her room was on the first floor, across the landing from mine.楼梯平台ˈlanding-gear noun the parts of an aircraft that carry the load when it lands. The accident was caused by the failure of the plane's landing-gear.起落架ˈlanding-stage noun a platform, fixed or floating, on which to land passengers or goods from a boat. 浮码头ˈlandlocked adjective enclosed by land. a landlocked country; That area is completely landlocked.为陆地围住的ˈlandlord – feminine ˈlandlady (plural ˈlandladies) – noun1. a person who has tenants or lodgers. My landlady has just put up my rent. 房东，地主 2. a person who keeps a public house. The landlord of the `Swan' is Mr Smith.店主ˈlandmark noun1. an object on land that serves as a guide to seamen or others. The church-tower is a landmark for sailors because it stands on the top of a cliff.界标2. an event of great importance. 里程碑land mine a mine laid on or near the surface of the ground, which is set off by something passing over it. 地雷ˈlandowner noun a person who owns land, especially a lot of land. 地主（尤指大地主），土地拥有者 ˈLandrover^® (-rouvə) noun a type of strong motor vehicle used for driving over rough ground. 多用途越野车ˈlandslide noun a piece of land that falls down from the side of a hill. His car was buried in the landslide.山崩ˈlandslide (victory) noun a clear victory in an election. Their political party won a landslide victory. 竞选中一方选票占压倒性多数，一面倒的胜利 ˈlandslide defeat noun a clear defeat in an election. 选举惨败，兵败如山倒 land up to get into a particular, usually unfortunate, situation, especially through one's own fault. If you go on like that, you'll land up in jail. 陷入（困境） land with to burden (someone) with (an unpleasant task). She was landed with the job of telling him the bad news. 使负重担，使背上包袱 see how the land lies to take a good look at the circumstances before making a decision. 弄清情况

land

→ 土地zhCN, 着陆zhCN

land

land,

in law, any ground, soil, or earth regarded as the subject of ownership, including trees, water, buildings added by humans, the air above, and the earth below. Private ownership of land does not exist in groups that live by hunting, fishing, or herding; e.g., in pre-Columbian times in America, the tribe owned the land, and each individual had equal access to it and equal rights to its use. In simple agricultural groups, as in early Europe, the villagevillage,
small rural population unit, held together by common economic and political ties. Based on agricultural production, a village is smaller than a town and has been the normal unit of community living in most areas of the world throughout history.
..... Click the link for more information. community made an annual allotment of land to individuals for cultivation. Similar allotments were made under the manorial systemmanorial system
or seignorial system
, economic and social system of medieval Europe under which peasants' land tenure and production were regulated, and local justice and taxation were administered.
..... Click the link for more information. . A communal form of rural landholding persisted in Russia into the 20th cent. and still exists in India. The modern sovereign state asserts dominion over all property within its territorial limits, including the land, and by the right of eminent domain (see public ownershippublic ownership,
government ownership of lands, streets, public buildings, utilities, and other business enterprises. The theory that all land and its resources belong ultimately to the people and therefore to the government is very ancient.
..... Click the link for more information. ) can seize privately owned land for public use, with the proviso that the owner be justly compensated. In the Soviet Union ownership of all land was vested in the nation outright, individuals and organizations being granted provisional rights to its use. Widely distributed private ownership of farmland has been regarded in Western countries as socially—if not always economically—advantageous. The concentration of landholding in a few hands has frequently led to political unrest and social upheaval, as in Latin America, Spain, Italy, the Middle East, and parts of Asia. In economics the term land is used to designate one of the main factors of production; it is another name for nature or natural resources. But few natural resources are free; farmland, for instance, is almost valueless without cultivation. In order to extract crops, minerals, and energy from the land, labor and capital must be applied. In economic theories of value, the share assigned to land as a factor in production is called rentrent,
in law, periodic payment by a tenant for the use of another's property. In economics, its meaning is more complex, but since the word rent means any income or yield from an object capable of producing wealth, its limitation to a more special sense is somewhat
..... Click the link for more information. .

See also public landpublic land,
in U.S. history, land owned by the federal government but not reserved for any special purpose, e.g., for a park or a military reservation. Public land is also called land in the public domain.
..... Click the link for more information. ; tenuretenure,
in law, manner in which property in land is held. The nature of tenure has long been of great importance, both in law and in the broader economic and political context.
..... Click the link for more information. ; propertyproperty,
rights to the enjoyment of things of economic value, whether the enjoyment is exclusive or shared, present or prospective. The rightful possession of such rights is called ownership.
..... Click the link for more information. .

Bibliography

See A. W. Griswold, Farming and Democracy (1948); G. Hallett, The Economics of Agricultural Land Tenure (1960); R. E. Megarry and H. W. R. Wade, The Law of Real Property (3d ed. 1966); A. W. Simpson, A History of the Land Law (2d ed. 1986).

land

territory valued for its natural resources or its potential for human use for cultivation, living space or natural beauty
the territory with which a particular people identify: ‘this land is our land’.

In ECONOMICS, land is generally viewed as a FACTOR OF PRODUCTION. Sociologists and anthropologists have been mainly interested in the social relations involved in LAND TENURE and land use. In STATELESS SOCIETIES and AGRARIAN SOCIETIES there are various forms of land ownership with communal or corporate group ownership in the former and various forms of state and private ownership in the latter. However, often in these societies issues of land ownership may be secondary, or even the concept itself absent. Of more importance may be the issue of who has rights of use of the land (usufruct) and rights to the products of the land.

Different forms of land tenure and land use are often considered important by social scientists in distinguishing between different forms of society: for example, the holding of land on condition of providing service to a superior is characteristic of FEUDALISM, as opposed to the notion of private ownership characteristic of CAPITALISM. In capitalist societies, however, land is often not just another factor of production equivalent to others. Thus zoning may prevent certain uses of land in certain regions, as with the designation of National Parks in the UK, and most societies have planning regulations governing the use of land. More recently, the rise of environmental pressure groups has led to calls for limitations on land use, e.g. to control deforestation or the use of nitrate fertilizers.

Land

considered as a means of production, a necessary material prerequisite for the process of labor; one of its most important material factors.

Land comes from nature itself and is the primary means of production in many sectors of the national economy, above all in agriculture and forestry. It has a number of features that influence the nature of the production process in these sectors. Land is a means of production that cannot be reproduced, which fundamentally limits land resources in general (agricultural land in particular) and makes the properties of the land dependent on a group of climatic and other natural factors. Although the total area of land is limited absolutely, the dimensions of agricultural land are limited relatively. With the increasing availability of technical equipment, the expansion of land improvement, the electrification of agriculture, and the general development of productive forces, it becomes possible to turn new lands into agricultural lands. Such possibilities must not, however, be exaggerated, particularly because the development of industry brings the reverse process into play, namely the removal of some land from agricultural use. The growing need for agricultural products can be satisfied above all through the more intensive and efficient use of land already under cultivation. From this it follows that intensification of agricultural production is the primary way of developing it.

Fertility is the basic property of land as a means of production and shapes its use value. From the economic point of view fertility is the ability of land to go on producing the plant products necessary to man and to permit the development of animal husbandry. Fertility depends on the quantity of nutrients in the land, the structure of the soil, and other biological and climatic factors that initially form in the course of natural processes. After land is brought into economic circulation, fertility may be reproduced and improved artificially through technical progress: fertilizers improved, technical equipment, and cultivation techniques. The most favorable conditions for increasing the fertility of the land are created where there is a rational combination of natural and artificial production capabilities. The unity of these factors shapes the real, economic fertility of the land. It is precisely growth in economic fertility that is the most important aspect of raising the use efficiency of land resources. The index of the economic fertility of land is the yield of agricultural crops. Growth in the yield of crops and in the productivity of animal husbandry is direct evidence of improvement in the quality of the land and in its use value. This growth completely refutes the Malthusian and neo-Malthusian theories and the so-called law of diminishing fertility. The law of diminishing fertility contradicts one of the most important features of the land as a means of production, which is that the use value of land in economic circulation (where it is used rationally), rather than decreasing, actually increases. To improve the quality of the land and increase its fertility, the USSR has an extensive program of measures to expand the production and use of mineral fertilizers, introduce land improvement measures, and perfect the system of farming with due regard for the characteristics of different zones of the country.

A specific feature of land, which is related to its primary production property of fertility, is that it is both an object and a means of labor at the same time. When the production process is directed toward cultivating the soil and involves maintaining or increasing its fertility, the land appears as an object of labor. Therefore lands drawn into economic circulation and placed under cultivation cannot be viewed simply as a gift of nature. In this case the productive properties of the land are also a result of labor activity, and the efficiency of the use of the productive properties is assessed with due regard for expenses incurred. Land appears as an object of labor, however, only in the first stages of the process of agricultural production. As a condition for and the basis of the entire technology of agricultural production, land is a means of labor. But the fertility of the land, its ability to provide nutrients to agricultural crops, makes it a unique instrument of production. Just as fertility is the main property of land as a means of agricultural production, land itself acts mainly as an instrument of production. In this case the characteristic feature of land is that man uses biological, chemical, and other processes occurring in the soil itself as instruments of production; man creates the most favorable conditions for these processes and attempts to control and vary their course in the necessary direction. In this sense the problem of using the land as an instrument of production is more complex than the use of machinery or equipment. The level of potential fertility and opportunities for its use are determined by the level of development of agricultural means of production, the technical equipment available to agriculture, and the level of farming sophistication that is appropriate. Therefore the nature of land as an instrument of production is historically just as changeable as all other means of production. There is no limit to increasing the fertility of the soil as technical progress develops. Farming experience in the economically developed countries shows that soil fertility rises steadily.

It is important to take account of the changes occurring in land fertility specifically in connection with the possibility of producing different crops on one and the same plot, that is, with the universality of land as an instrument of production. Alternating crops (crop rotation) on cultivated land makes it possible to maintain the level of fertility achieved. Thus crop rotation is a vital element in reproducing the properties of land as an instrument of production. At the same time each plot of land is differently suited for the production of particular types of output. Therefore, the most efficient use of land fertility is directly dependent on correctly determining the optimal sector of a farm and on the level of farming specialization. The increasingly broad use of mineral fertilizers and other factors that influence fertility expands possibilities for specializing agricultural production. Under present conditions, with agriculture moving to the stage of machine production and greater specialization, the development of agricultural production is a most important task. Economic evaluation of the land and the development of a state land cadaster that would take account of the possible results from various types of land should promote correct shaping of the production schedules of agricultural enterprises.

Another specific feature of land as the primary means of production in farming is the time gap between production and the working period; this increases unevenness in the use of labor resources and the means of production in different periods of the year. As the intensity of agricultural production grows, the time gap between production and the working period is reduced, because of the creation of more new jobs in the top dressing of plants, control of weeds and pests, and other contributions of production technology. At the same time the intensity of agricultural labor evens out somewhat in the course of the entire production season. The most important way to resolve the problem of evening out the employment of agricultural workers is the comprehensive mechanization of production.

The nature of ownership of the land as the means of production also determines the nature of production (agrarian) relationships. Differences in fertility and in the location of plots of land create the basis for differential rent, the economic manifestation of the ownership of land. Different forms of land ownership and agrarian relations create different conditions for using and improving the land. Socialism, which in the final account eliminates private ownership of land and transforms private farms into large-scale socialist state and cooperative enterprises, completely removes the socioeconomic barriers to agricultural development. A large part is played here by rent incomes that arise because of the natural (soil or geographic) features of different plots of land and are used productively in accordance with the needs of all agriculture. Simultaneously socialism creates objective prerequisites for rational specialization of agricultural enterprises with due regard for the specific features of the land resources. By the same token the conditions arise for the efficient use of one of the most important types of social wealth—land.

REFERENCES

Marx, K. Kapital, vol. 3. K. Marx and F. Engels, Soch., 2nd ed., vol. 25, part 2, pp. 201–03, 226–30.
Lenin, V. I. “Agrarnyi vopros i ‘kritiki Marksa.’” Poln. sobr. soch., 5th ed., vol. 5, pp. 100–15.
Osnovy zemel’nogo zakonodatel’stva Soiuza SSR i soiuznykh respublik. Moscow, 1969.

L. V. NIKIFOROV

Land

(1) In Czechoslovakia (until 1949) and in the German Democratic Republic (until 1952), large administrative and territorial units (now historical regions).

(2) In Austria and the Federal Republic of Germany, historically formed administrative and territorial units that form a federated state. Each Land has its own constitution, elected legislative bodies (Landtäge), governments, and courts, all enjoying a certain autonomy in questions of internal organization and local government. However, the federal government has broad power in state administration and legislation.

land

[land] (aerospace engineering) Of an aircraft, to alight on land or a ship deck. (design engineering) The top surface of the tooth of a cutting tool, behind the cutting edge. (electronics) One of the regions between pits on a track on an optical disk. terminal area (engineering) In plastics molding equipment, the horizontal bearing surface of a semipositive or flash mold to allow excess material to escape; or the bearing surface along the top of the screw flight in a screw extruder; or the surface of an extrusion die that is parallel to the direction of melt flow. The surface between successive grooves of a diffraction grating or phonograph record. (geography) The portion of the earth's surface that stands above sea level. (metallurgy) In the preparation of a pipe length for welding, the edge of the tube wall that remains perpendicular to the bore after the pipe end has been beveled. (ordnance) One of the raised ridges in the bore of a rifled gun barrel.

land

1. Part of the surface of the earth not permanently covered by water. 2. Any immoveable improvements or fixtures attached thereto.

Land

of the Giants a Gulliver’s Travels in outer space. [TV: Terrace, II, 10–11]See: Fantasy

land

1. the solid part of the surface of the earth as distinct from seas, lakes, etc. 2. ground, esp with reference to its use, quality, etc. 3. Lawa. any tract of ground capable of being owned as property, together with any buildings on it, extending above and below the surface b. any hereditament, tenement, or other interest; realty 4. a. a country, region, or area b. the people of a country, etc. 5. Economics the factor of production consisting of all natural resources

Land

Edwin Herbert. 1909--91, US inventor of the Polaroid Land camera

land

A non-indented area on an optical medium such as a CD-ROM or DVD disc. Contrast with pit.

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Synonyms for land

noun ground

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noun soil

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noun countryside

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noun property

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noun country

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verb come to rest

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verb arrive

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verb bring down

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verb cause to be

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verb saddle

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verb gain

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verb deliver

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phrase land up

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Synonyms for land

noun an organized geopolitical unit

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noun usually extensive real estate

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verb to come ashore from a seacraft

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verb to come to rest on the ground

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verb to come into possession of

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Synonyms for land

noun the land on which real estate is located

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noun material in the top layer of the surface of the earth in which plants can grow (especially with reference to its quality or use)

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