liquid

liq·uid

L0194600 (lĭk′wĭd)n.1. a. The state of matter in which a substance exhibits a characteristic readiness to flow and little or no tendency to disperse, and is amorphous but has a fixed volume and is difficult to compress.b. Matter or a specific body of matter in this state.2. Linguistics A consonant articulated without friction and capable of being prolonged like a vowel, such as English l and r.adj.1. Of or being a liquid.2. Having been liquefied, especially:a. Melted by heating: liquid wax.b. Condensed by cooling: liquid oxygen.3. Flowing readily; fluid: added milk to make the batter more liquid.4. Having a flowing quality without harshness or abrupt breaks: liquid prose; the liquid movements of a ballet dancer.5. Linguistics Articulated without friction and capable of being prolonged like a vowel.6. Clear and shining: the liquid brown eyes of a spaniel.7. Existing as or readily convertible into cash: liquid assets.

[From Middle English, of a liquid, from Old French liquide, from Latin liquidus, from liquēre, to be liquid.]

liq′uid·ly adv.liq′uid·ness n.

liquid

(ˈlɪkwɪd) n1. a substance in a physical state in which it does not resist change of shape but does resist change of size. Compare gas¹, solid¹2. a substance that is a liquid at room temperature and atmospheric pressure3. (Phonetics & Phonology) phonetics a frictionless continuant, esp (l) or (r)adj4. of, concerned with, or being a liquid or having the characteristic state of liquids: liquid wax. 5. shining, transparent, or brilliant6. flowing, fluent, or smooth7. (Banking & Finance) (of assets) in the form of money or easily convertible into money[C14: via Old French from Latin liquidus, from liquēre to be fluid] ˈliquidly adv ˈliquidness n

liq•uid

(ˈlɪk wɪd)

adj. 1. composed of molecules that move freely among themselves but do not tend to separate like those of gases; neither gaseous nor solid. 2. of, pertaining to, or consisting of liquids: a liquid diet. 3. flowing like water. 4. clear: liquid eyes. 5. (of sounds) smooth; flowing freely. 6. in cash or readily convertible into cash without significant loss of principal: liquid assets. 7. of or designating a frictionless speech sound pronounced with only a partial obstruction of the breath stream and capable of being prolonged like a vowel. 8. graceful; smooth; free; not constricted. n. 9. a liquid substance. 10. a liquid speech sound, esp. (l) or (r). [1350–1400; Middle English < Latin liquidus=liqu(ēre) to be liquid + -idus -id⁴] liq′uid•ly, adv. liq′uid•ness, n.

liq·uid

(lĭk′wĭd) One of the three basic forms of matter, composed of molecules that can move short distances. Unlike a solid, a liquid has no fixed shape, but instead has a characteristic readiness to flow and therefore takes on the shape of any container. Unlike a gas, a liquid usually has a volume that remains constant or changes only slightly under pressure.

Thesaurus

Noun	1.	liquid - a substance that is liquid at room temperature and pressurebeverage, drinkable, potable, drink - any liquid suitable for drinking; "may I take your beverage order?"water - a liquid necessary for the life of most animals and plants; "he asked for a drink of water"supernatant - the clear liquid that lies above a sediment or precipitatealcohol - any of a series of volatile hydroxyl compounds that are made from hydrocarbons by distillationammonia, ammonia water, ammonium hydroxide - a water solution of ammoniaantifreeze - a liquid added to the water in a cooling system to lower its freezing pointdistillate, distillation - a purified liquid produced by condensation from a vapor during distilling; the product of distillingpyroligneous acid, wood vinegar - a red-brown liquid formed in distillation of wood which contains acetic acid, methanol, acetone, wood oils, and tarsmedium - a liquid with which pigment is mixed by a painterink - a liquid used for printing or writing or drawinggrume - a thick viscous liquidfluid - a substance that is fluid at room temperature and pressureliquor - a liquid substance that is a solution (or emulsion or suspension) used or obtained in an industrial process; "waste liquors"sheep dip - a liquid mixture containing pesticides in which sheep are dipped to kill parasitessnake oil - (medicine) any of various liquids sold as medicine (as by a travelling medicine show) but medically worthless
	2.	liquid - the state in which a substance exhibits a characteristic readiness to flow with little or no tendency to disperse and relatively high incompressibilityliquid state, liquidity, liquidnessstate of matter, state - (chemistry) the three traditional states of matter are solids (fixed shape and volume) and liquids (fixed volume and shaped by the container) and gases (filling the container); "the solid state of water is called ice"
	3.	liquid - fluid matter having no fixed shape but a fixed volumeartificial blood - a liquid that can carry large amounts of oxygen and can serve as a temporary substitute for bloodelixir - a sweet flavored liquid (usually containing a small amount of alcohol) used in compounding medicines to be taken by mouth in order to mask an unpleasant tasteH2O, water - binary compound that occurs at room temperature as a clear colorless odorless tasteless liquid; freezes into ice below 0 degrees centigrade and boils above 100 degrees centigrade; widely used as a solventextravasation - an extravasated liquid (blood or lymph or urine); the product of extravasationinstillation - a liquid that is instilled drop by dropfluid - continuous amorphous matter that tends to flow and to conform to the outline of its container: a liquid or a gasliquid crystal - a liquid exhibiting properties of a crystal that are not shown by ordinary liquidsspill - liquid that is spilled; "clean up the spills"tuberculin - a sterile liquid containing a purified protein derivative of the tuberculosis bacterium; used in the diagnosis of tuberculosis
	4.	liquid - a frictionless continuant that is not a nasal consonant (especially `l' and `r')consonant - a speech sound that is not a vowel
Adj.	1.	liquid - existing as or having characteristics of a liquid; especially tending to flow; "water and milk and blood are liquid substances"gaseous - existing as or having characteristics of a gas; "steam is water is the gaseous state"solid - of definite shape and volume; firm; neither liquid nor gaseous; "ice is water in the solid state"
	2.	liquid - filled or brimming with tears; "swimming eyes"; "sorrow made the eyes of many grow liquid"swimmingtearful - filled with or marked by tears; "tearful eyes"; "tearful entreaties"
	3.	liquid - clear and bright; "the liquid air of a spring morning"; "eyes shining with a liquid luster"; "limpid blue eyes"limpidclear - allowing light to pass through; "clear water"; "clear plastic bags"; "clear glass"; "the air is clear and clean"
	4.	liquid - changed from a solid to a liquid state; "rivers filled to overflowing by melted snow"liquified, meltedunfrozen - not frozen; "unfrozen ground"
	5.	liquid - smooth and flowing in quality; entirely free of harshness; "the liquid song of a robin"musical - characteristic of or resembling or accompanied by music; "a musical speaking voice"; "a musical comedy"
	6.	liquid - smooth and unconstrained in movement; "a long, smooth stride"; "the fluid motion of a cat"; "the liquid grace of a ballerina"fluent, fluid, smoothgraceful - characterized by beauty of movement, style, form, or execution
	7.	liquid - in cash or easily convertible to cash; "liquid (or fluid) assets"fluiddisposable - free or available for use or disposition; "every disposable piece of equipment was sent to the fire"; "disposable assets"

liquid

noun1. fluid, solution, juice, liquor, sap Drink plenty of liquid.adjective1. fluid, running, flowing, wet, melted, thawed, watery, molten, runny, liquefied, aqueous Wash in warm water with liquid detergent.2. clear, bright, brilliant, shining, transparent, translucent, limpid a mosaic of liquid cobalts and greens3. smooth, clear, soft, flowing, sweet, pure, melting, fluent, melodious, mellifluous, dulcet, mellifluent He had a deep liquid voice.4. (of assets) convertible, disposable, negotiable, realizable The bank had sufficient liquid assets to continue operating.

Translations

液体液体的液态

liquid

(ˈlikwid) adjective able to flow; not solid, but not a gas. liquid nitrogen; The ice-cream has become liquid.液体的 noun a substance which flows, like water. a clear liquid.液体liquefy (ˈlikwifai) verb to make or become liquid. The butter had liquefied in the heat.液化ˈliquidate (-deit) verb1. to close, and finish the affairs of (a business etc that has no money to continue). 清理2. to get rid of. 肃清ˌliquiˈdation noun清理ˈliquidator noun清理者ˈliquidize, ˈliquidise verb to make (food etc) into a liquid or semi-liquid substance by grinding it up in a liquidizer. 把…榨成汁（尤指水果或蔬菜等），使液化 ˈliquidizer, ˈliquidiser noun an electrical device used in cookery to grind up food. 食品碾碎机，榨汁机

liquid

→ 液体zhCN

liquid

liquid,

one of the three commonly recognized states in which mattermatter,
anything that has mass and occupies space. Matter is sometimes called koinomatter (Gr. koinos=common) to distinguish it from antimatter, or matter composed of antiparticles.
..... Click the link for more information. occurs, i.e., that state, as distinguished from solid and gas, in which a substance has a definite volume but no definite shape.

Properties of Liquids

In general, liquids show expansion on heating, contraction on cooling; water, however, does not follow the rule exactly. A liquid changes at its boiling pointboiling point,
temperature at which a substance changes its state from liquid to gas. A stricter definition of boiling point is the temperature at which the liquid and vapor (gas) phases of a substance can exist in equilibrium.
..... Click the link for more information. to a gas and at its freezing point, or melting pointmelting point,
temperature at which a substance changes its state from solid to liquid. Under standard atmospheric pressure different pure crystalline solids will each melt at a different specific temperature; thus melting point is a characteristic of a substance and can be used
..... Click the link for more information. , to a solid. The boiling point is especially important because, since liquids change their states at different temperatures, those in a mixture can be separated from one another by raising the temperature of the mixture gradually so that each component in turn undergoes vaporization at its boiling point. This process is known as fractional distillation.

Liquids, like gases, exhibit the property of diffusion. When two miscible liquids (i.e., they mix without separation) are poured carefully into a container so that the denser one forms a separate layer on the bottom, each will diffuse slowly into the other until they are thoroughly mixed. Liquids, like gases, differ from solids in that they are fluids, that is, they flow into the shape of a containing vessel. Liquids exert pressure on the sides of a containing vessel and on any body immersed in them, and pressure is transmitted through a liquid undiminished and in all directions. Liquids exert a buoyant force on an immersed body equal to the weight of the liquid displaced by the body (see Archimedes' principleArchimedes' principle,
principle that states that a body immersed in a fluid is buoyed up by a force equal to the weight of the displaced fluid. The principle applies to both floating and submerged bodies and to all fluids, i.e., liquids and gases.
..... Click the link for more information. and specific gravityspecific gravity,
ratio of the weight of a given volume of a substance to the weight of an equal volume of some reference substance, or, equivalently, the ratio of the masses of equal volumes of the two substances.
..... Click the link for more information. ). Unlike gases, liquids are very nearly incompressible, and for that reason are useful in such devices as the hydraulic press. Liquids are useful as solvents. No one liquid can dissolve all substances; each takes into solution only certain specific substances.

Molecular Structure of Liquids

The molecules (or atoms or ions) of a liquid, like those of a solid (and unlike those of a gas), are quite close together; however, while molecules in a solid are held in fixed positions by intermolecular forces, molecules in a liquid have too much thermal energy to be bound by these forces and move about freely within the liquid, although they cannot escape the liquid easily. Although the molecules of a liquid have greater cohesion than those of a gas, it is not sufficient to prevent some of those at the free surface of the liquid from bounding off (see evaporationevaporation,
change of a liquid into vapor at any temperature below its boiling point. For example, water, when placed in a shallow open container exposed to air, gradually disappears, evaporating at a rate that depends on the amount of surface exposed, the humidity of the air,
..... Click the link for more information. ). On the other hand, the cohesive forces between the molecules at the surface of a mass of liquid and those within cause the free surface to act somewhat like a stretched elastic membrane; it tends to draw inward toward the center of the liquid mass, to draw the liquid into the shape of a sphere, thus exhibiting the phenomenon known as surface tensionsurface tension,
tendency of liquids to reduce their exposed surface to the smallest possible area. A drop of water, for example, tends to assume the shape of a sphere. The phenomenon is attributed to cohesion, the attractive forces acting between the molecules of the liquid
..... Click the link for more information. .

A liquid is said to "wet" a solid substance when the attractive force between the molecules of the liquid and those of the solid is great enough to hold the liquid's molecules at the solid surface. For example, water "wets" glass since its molecules cling to glass surfaces, whereas mercury does not since the adhesive force between its molecules and those of glass is not strong enough to hold them together. Capillaritycapillarity
or capillary action,
phenomenon in which the surface of a liquid is observed to be elevated or depressed where it comes into contact with a solid. For example, the surface of water in a clean drinking glass is seen to be slightly higher at the edges, where
..... Click the link for more information. is an example of surface tension and adhesion acting at the same time.

Liquid

the state of aggregation of matter that is intermediate between the solid and gaseous states. Although liquids retain some features of both solids and gases, they also have a number of features, such as fluidity, that are inherent exclusively in them. Like solids, liquids retain their volume, have free surfaces, and have a certain tensile strength upon omnidirectional extension. On the other hand, a liquid in sufficient quantity assumes the shape of the container into which it has been placed. The possibility in principle of a continuous transition from liquid to gas indicates the similarity of the liquid and gaseous states.

A distinction is made among one-component, or pure, liquids and two-component or multicomponent liquid mixtures (solutions), according to chemical composition. According to their physical nature, liquids are divided into normal (common) liquids; liquid crystals, with strongly developed anisotropy (dependence of properties on direction); and quantum liquids, such as liquid 4He, 3He, and their mixtures, which have special quantum properties at extremely low temperatures. Normal pure liquids have only a single liquid phase—that is, only a single type of each normal liquid exists. Helium 4He may exist in two liquid phases, the normal and the superfluid, and the liquid-crystalline materials may exist in the normal phase and one or even several anisotropic phases.

Macroscopic homogeneity and isotropy in the absence of external influences is a common feature of all normal liquids, including mixtures. These properties make liquids akin to gases but differentiate them sharply from anisotropic crystalline solids. From the modern point of view, amorphous solids (for example, glasses) are supercooled liquids and are distinguished from the common liquids only by the numerical values of their kinetic characteristics, such as considerably higher viscosity. The range of existence of the normal liquid phase is limited at the lower end of the temperature range by phase transition to the solid state, or crystallization, or (depending on the magnitude of applied pressure) by phase transition to the superfluid state for ³He and ⁴He and to the fluid anisotropic state for liquid crystals. At pressures below critical pressure/?,., the normal liquid phase is limited at the higher end of the temperature range by the phase transition to the gaseous state, evaporation. At pressures p > p_c, the phase transition is absent and the liquid becomes indistinguishable in its physical properties from a dense gas in this region. The highest temperature T_c at which the liquid-gas transition is still possible is called the critical temperature. The values of p_c and T_c determine the critical point of the pure liquid, at which the properties of the liquid and gas become identical. The existence of the critical point for the liquid-gas transition makes possible a continuous transition from the liquid state to the gaseous state, avoiding the region in which the gas and liquid coexist.

Thus, upon heating or a reduction in density, the properties of a liquid (thermal conductivity, viscosity, self-diffusion, and so on) change, as a rule, in such a way as to approach the propertiesof the gas. Near the crystallization temperature, however, most of the properties of normal liquids (such as density, compressibility, specific heat, and electrical conductivity) are close to the corresponding properties of solids. The values for heat capacity at constant pressure (c_p) of a number of materials in the solid and liquid states at the crystallization temperature are given in Table 1. The small difference between these values indicates that the thermal motion in solids and liquids near the crystallization temperature has approximately the same nature.

Table 1. Heat capacity of some substances at crystallization temperature [J/(kg.°K)]
	Na	Hg	Pb	Zn	Cl	NaCl
C_pi Solid..................	1,382	138	146	461	1,620	1,405
c_pi liquid..................	1,386	138	155	542	1,800	1,692

Molecular theory of liquids. The forces of intermolecular interaction are of identical nature in liquids and crystals and are of approximately the same magnitude. The existence of strong intermolecular interactions in liquids leads, in particular, to the existence of surface tension at the interface between a liquid and any other phase. Because of surface tension, the liquid tends to assume a shape such that its surface is minimal (at a given volume). Small volumes of liquid usually have the characteristic shape of a drop. In the absence of external forces, when only intermolecular forces are acting (for example, under conditions of weightlessness), the liquid assumes a spherical shape. The effect of surface tension on the equilibrium and motion of the free surface of liquids, the boundaries between liquids and solids, or the boundaries between immiscible liquids are part of capillary phenomena.

The phase state of matter depends on the physical conditions in which it exists—mainly on the temperature T and the pressure p. The characteristic governing factor is the ratio ε(T, p) of the mean potential energy of intermolecular interaction to the molecules’ mean kinetic energy. The ratio depends on the temperature and pressure. For solids, ε(T, p) ≫ 1; this means that the forces of intermolecular interaction are large and hold the molecules, atoms, or ions in the vicinity of their equilibrium positions—the crystal lattice points— in spite of the thermal motion of the particles. Thermal motion in solids has the character of collective oscillations of the atoms (ions) about the crystal lattice points.

Gases represent the opposite limiting case, ε(T, p) ≪ 1; the attractive forces between molecules are insufficient to keep them in close proximity to each other, as a result of which the positions and velocities of molecules are distributed almost randomly.

For liquids, ε(T, p) ~ 1; the intensities of the ordered intermolecular interactions and the disordered thermal motion of the molecules have about the same magnitudes, which determines the specific features of the liquid state of matter. The thermal motion of molecules in the nonmetallic liquids consists of a combination of collective oscillations of the same type as in crystals and of jumps of the molecules between temporary equilibrium positions (centers of oscillation) that occur from time to time. Each jump takes place when a molecule receives an activation energy sufficient to break its bonds with the surrounding molecules and for its jump into the environment of other molecules. The result of a large number of such jumps is a more or less rapid mixing (self-diffusion takes place, which may be observed, for example, by the method of tagged atoms). The characteristic frequencies of the jumps are ~10¹¹-10¹² sec^-1 for the low-molecular-weight liquids; they are much lower for the macromolecular liquids, and in some cases—for example, in highly viscous liquids and glasses—they may be extremely low. In the presence of an external force that retains its direction for a longer time than the intervals between jumps, the molecules are displaced on the average in the direction of the force. Thus, static or low-frequency mechanical actions lead to the manifestation of the fluidity of liquids as the total effect of a large number of molecular transitions between temporary equilibrium positions. If the frequency of actions exceeds the characteristic frequencies of the molecular jumps, elastic effects (for example, shear elasticity) typical of solids are observed in liquids. The molecular theory of liquids explains the homogeneity and isotropicity of normal liquids by the absence in liquids of long-range order in the relative positions and orientations of the molecules. The positions and orientations of two or more molecules located far from each other are found to be statistically independent. As a rule, a “rigid” long-range order in the orientation and location of the molecules, atoms, or ions exists in an ideal crystal. In liquid crystals, long-range order is observed in the orientation of the molecules but not in their location.

Liquids are sometimes divided into nonassociated and associated, according to the simplicity or complexity of their thermodynamic properties. Associated liquids are assumed to contain relatively stable groups of molecules, or complexes, which behave as a unified whole. The existence of such complexes in some solutions is proved by direct physical methods. The presence of stable associations of molecules in one-component liquids has not been conclusively demonstrated.

The basis of modern molecular theories of the liquid state was the experimental discovery in liquids of short-range order, which is the correlation in the relative positions and orientations of closely situated groups consisting of two, three, or more molecules. These statistical correlations, which determine the molecular structure of the liquid, cover a region extending over several interatomic distances and rapidly disappear for particles separated from each other by great distances (absence of long-range order). Structural studies on real liquids, which made possible the establishment of this feature of the liquid state, are performed by methods of X-ray diffraction analysis and neutron-diffraction study.

Liquids are divided into simple and complex categories according to their structure and the methods for their description. One-component atomic liquids belong to the first, relatively small class. The description of such liquids requires only the identification of the relative position of their atoms. This class includes pure liquid metals, liquefied inert gases, and (with some reservations) liquids with symmetrical molecules containing few atoms—for example, CC14. For simple liquids, the results of X-ray or neutron diffraction analysis may be expressed in terms of the so-called radial distribution function g(r), which is shown in Figure 1. The

Figure 1. Shape of the radial distribution function g(r) for liquid sodium (in arbitrary units): (a) particle distribution as a function of the distance r, (b) number of particles in a thin spherical layer as a function of the distance r. The dotted line indicates the distribution of molecules in the absence of order in their arrangement (a gas). The vertical line segments are the positions of atoms in crystalline sodium; the numbers on them are the number of atoms in the corresponding coordination spheres (the so-called coordination numbers).

function characterizes the distribution of particles in the vicinity of an arbitrarily selected particle, since the values of g(r) are proportional to the probability of finding two atoms or molecules at a given distance r from each other. The shape of Ihe g(r) curve graphically shows the existence of a certain degree of orderliness in a simple liquid; on the average, the immediate vicinity of each particle contains a fixed number of particles. The elements of the g(r) function change only insignificantly with temperature and pressure. The distance to the first peak determines the mean interatomic distance, and the mean number of nearest neighbors (mean coordination number) of the atom in the liquid may be determined from the area under the first peak. In most cases, these characteristics near the melting line are close to the smallest interatomic distance and coordination number in the corresponding crystal. However, in contrast to a crystal, the true number of nearest neighbors of a particle and the true interatomic distance in a liquid are random values rather than constant numbers, and only their mean values are determined from the g(r) plot.

Strong heating of liquids and the approach to the gaseous state leads to a gradual flattening of the function g(r) according to the decrease in the degree of short-range order. In a rarefied gas, g(r) ≈ 1.

In complex liquids and in liquid mixtures, interpretation of X-ray patterns is more complex, and in many cases it is impossible. Water and some other low-molecular-weight liquids are exceptions, since fairly complete studies and descriptions of statistical structures exist in such cases.

The theory of kinetic and dynamic properties of liquids (diffusion, viscosity, and so on) is less fully developed than the theory of the equilibrium properties (heat capacity and others). The dynamic theory of the liquid state is quite complex and at present has not been sufficiently developed. Numerical methods, which make possible the calculation of the properties of simple liquids using high-speed computers, have received great development in the theory of liquids. The molecular dynamics method is of the greatest interest because of its capability for direct computer simulation of the simultaneous thermal motion of a large number of molecules with a given interaction relationship and for reproduction of all the necessary statistical data about the system from the observed trajectories of many separate particles. Exact theoretical results concerning the structure and thermodynamic properties of simple nonmetallic liquids have been obtained in this way. A separate and as yet unsolved problem is the question of the structure and properties of simple liquids in the immediate vicinity of the critical point. Some success in this area has been achieved recently by the methods of similarity theory. On the whole, the problem of the critical phenomena in pure liquids and mixtures remains insufficiently elucidated.

A separate problem is the question of the structure and properties of liquid metals, which are considerably influenced by the presence of the collective electrons in them. In spite of some successes, there is no complete electron theory of liquid metals. Considerable and as yet unresolved difficulties were encountered in explaining the properties of liquid semiconductors.

Main trends in research on the liquid state. The numerous macroscopic properties of liquids are being studied and described by methods of various branches of mechanics, physics, and physical chemistry. The equilibrium mechanical and thermal properties of liquids (compressibility, heat capacity, and others) are being studied by thermodynamic methods. A very important task is the determination of the equation of state—the dependence of pressure and energy on density and temperature, and in the case of solutions, also on the concentrations of components. The knowledge of the equation of state makes possible the determination by thermodynamic methods of numerous relationships among the various mechanical and thermal characteristics of liquids. There is also a large number of empirical, semiempirical, and approximate theoretical equations of state for various individual liquids and their groups.

Nonequilibrium thermal and mechanical properties in liquids (diffusion, thermal conductivity, electrical conductivity, and others), particularly in mixtures and in the presence of chemical reactions, are being studied using methods of the thermodynamics of irreversible processes.

The mechanical motions of liquids regarded as continuous mediums are being studied in hydrodynamics. The most important is the Navier-Stokes equation, which describes the flow of viscous liquids. For the so-called Newtonian liquids (water, low-molecular-weight organic liquids, and molten salts), the viscosity is independent of the conditions of flow (under conditions of laminar flow, when the Reynolds number R < R_erit.); in this case the viscosity is a physicochemical constant, which is determined by the molecular nature of the liquid and by its state (temperature and pressure). The viscosity of non-Newtonian (structurally viscous) liquids depends on the conditions of flow even for low Reynolds numbers (liquid polymers, glasses in the softening range, and emulsions). The properties of non-Newtonian liquids are studied in rheology. The specific features of the flow of liquid metals that are associated with the electrical conductivity of metals and their great susceptibility to the action of magnetic fields are being studied in magnetic hydrodynamics. The application of the methods of hydrodynamics to problems of the molecular physics of liquids is studied in physicochemical hydrodynamics.

REFERENCES

Frenkel’, la. I. Sobranie izbrannykh trudov, vol. 3. Moscow, 1959.
Fisher, I. Z. Statisticheskaia teoriia zhidkostei. Moscow, 1961.
Landau, L. D., and E. M. Lifshits. Mekhanika sploshnykh sred. Moscow, 1953.
Fabelinskii, I. L. Molekuliarnoe rasseianie sveta. Moscow, 1965.
Skryshevskii, A. F. Rentgenografiia zhidkostei. Kiev, 1966.
Fizika prostykh zhidkostei: Eksperimental’nye issledovaniia. Moscow, 1972 [in press]. (Translated from English.)

I. Z. FISHER

What does it mean when you dream about a liquid?

Because of the perceived “fluid” nature of emotions, liquids can symbolize emotions. Additionally, liquids are sexual symbols. Any liquid can also represent alcohol, as in the expression “liquid refreshment.”

liquid

[′lik·wəd] (physics) A state of matter intermediate between that of crystalline substances and gases in which a substance has the capacity to flow under extremely small shear stresses and conforms to the shape of a confining vessel, but is relatively incompressible, lacks the capacity to expand without limit, and can possess a free surface.

liquid

liq·uid

liquid

liq•uid

liq·uid

liquid

liquid

liquid

liquid

liquid courage

liquid lunch

liquid refreshment

liquid cork

liquid laugh

liquid lunch

liquid cork

liquid laugh

liquid lunch

liquid

liquid,

Properties of Liquids

Molecular Structure of Liquids

Liquid

REFERENCES

What does it mean when you dream about a liquid?

liquid

liquid

liquid

liq·uid (l),

liq·uid

Patient discussion about liquid

liquid

liquid

liquid

Liquid

Liquidity

liquid

liquid

Synonyms for liquid

noun fluid

Synonyms

adj fluid

Synonyms

adj clear

Synonyms

adj smooth

Synonyms

adj convertible

Synonyms

Synonyms for liquid

noun a substance that is liquid at room temperature and pressure

Related Words

noun the state in which a substance exhibits a characteristic readiness to flow with little or no tendency to disperse and relatively high incompressibility

Synonyms

Related Words

noun fluid matter having no fixed shape but a fixed volume

Related Words

noun a frictionless continuant that is not a nasal consonant (especially 'l' and 'r')

Related Words

adj existing as or having characteristics of a liquid

Antonyms

adj filled or brimming with tears

Synonyms

Related Words

adj clear and bright

Synonyms

Related Words

adj changed from a solid to a liquid state

Synonyms

Related Words

adj smooth and flowing in quality

Related Words

adj smooth and unconstrained in movement

Synonyms

Related Words

adj in cash or easily convertible to cash

Synonyms

Related Words