| 单词 | mistletoe | |||||||||
| 释义 | mistletoe mis·tle·toeM0346400 (mĭs′əl-tō′)mistletoe(ˈmɪsəlˌtəʊ)mis•tle•toe(ˈmɪs əlˌtoʊ)n.
mistletoe(ˈmisltəu) nounmistletoe→ 槲寄生zhCNmistletoemistletoe,common name for the Loranthaceae, a family of chiefly tropical hemiparasitic herbs and shrubs with leathery evergreen leaves and waxy white berries. They have green leaves, but they manufacture only part of the nutrients they require. Mistletoes are aerial hemiparasites, attaching themselves to their hosts by modified roots called haustoria, with which they absorb water and food from the host. The list of hosts is varied and numerous.Mistletoes are widely used for Christmas decoration. The custom of kissing under a branch of mistletoe apparently originated among the Druids and other early Europeans, to whom mistletoe was sacred. From early times it has been associated with folklore and superstition; it was thought to cure many ills. The mistletoe most widely sold in America is Phoradendron flavescens; most popular in Europe is the "true" mistletoe, Viscum album of the related family Viscacceae, which is parasitic especially on apple trees. An American genus (Arceuthobium) with several species found along the Pacific coast is parasitic on conifers. The largest genus of the family, Loranthus, is predominantly African. The mistletoe family is classified in the division MagnoliophytaMagnoliophyta MistletoeEvergreens in Ancient Times Mistletoe is an evergreen, a plant that stays green throughout the winter. Like holly and ivy, mistletoe even bears fruit during this cold, dark season. The ancient Romans as well as the pagan peoples of northern Europe adorned their homes with evergreen boughs for their winter festivals (see also Kalends; Yule). These plants, which continue to thrive as others around them appear to wither and die, may have symbolized the promise of new life or of eternal life to these ancient peoples. The custom of decking homes and temples with greenery during the heart of winter passed on into later northern European Christmas celebrations. Celtic Customs and Beliefs Over a century ago the famous anthropologist and classics scholar Sir George Frazer (1854-1941) suggested that mistletoe was an especially sacred plant to both the ancient Romans and the ancient peoples of northwestern Europe (sometimes referred to as the Celts). He proposed that the mistletoe plant, which not only lives without roots in the ground but also stays green in winter, baffled these ancient peoples. Therefore, they assigned mistletoe a special role in their religious beliefs. Frazer claimed that the pagan peoples of ancient France, Britain, and Ireland held mistletoe to be sacred, and they harvested it in special ceremonial ways. These peoples believed that mistletoe possessed magical powers and that the rare plants that grew on oak trees were the most powerful of all. Mistletoe gained its power in part from its ability to live halfway between heaven and earth. Therefore, when the Druids, or pagan priests, harvested the plant, they cut it with golden sickles and were careful never to let it touch the ground. The Druids called the plant "all-healer" and thought it had the power to cure many ills, including infertility, nervous diseases, and toothaches. (Today we know that mistletoe berries are highly poisonous, however). Mistletoe was also thought to attract good luck and to ward off witchcraft. Frazer asserted that the European folklore of his day still contained traces of these ancient beliefs. He noted that in some modern Celtic languages the word for mistletoe translates to "all-healer." Norse Mythology The ancient Norse also reserved a special place for mistletoe in their mythology. Balder, the Norse god of sun and summer, was beloved in heaven and on earth. His mother, Frigga, the queen of the Norse gods, loved Balder so much she set about extracting a promise from every thing on the earth to refrain from harming her son. She disregarded the puny mistletoe, however, thinking it powerless to damage the sun god. This omission provided an opportunity for the evil god Loki to scheme against Balder. Loki obtained some mistletoe and fashioned it into a spear. Then he brought it to Hodur, Balder's blind brother, the god of night. The other gods were amusing themselves by tossing all sorts of objects at Balder and watching them turn aside at the last minute, bound by their promise not to harm the god. Loki offered Hodur the spear, assuring him that it, too, would turn aside before it could hurt the sun god. Hodur threw the mistletoe spear at his brother. It pierced Balder's chest and killed him. According to one version of the myth, the father of these two brothers, Odin, eventually sent someone to kill Hodur, thus avenging Balder's death. At least one writer has suggested that the Norse attached this myth to the turning of the seasons, viewing the summer solstice as the time of Balder the sun god's death, and the winter solstice as the time of Hodur the night god's death. Mistletoe as an Emblem of Good Will This Norse myth suggests that the ancient Scandinavians believed that mistletoe possessed unseen powers - in this case, put to evil purposes. At some point, though, mistletoe became a symbol of peace and good will in pagan Scandinavia. Enemies who happened to meet beneath it in the forest declared a day's truce from fighting. In Scandinavia a branch of mistletoe hung above a threshold thus came to signify the offer of hospitality and friendship within. Some claim that, after the coming of Christianity, mistletoe was seldom incorporated into church Christmas decorations, due to its strong association with the pagan past. Others disagree with this claim. If such a ban did exist, then York Cathedral in England defied it. During medieval times Church officials placed a branch of mistletoe upon the high altar on Christmas Eve, signaling a general pardon for all wrongdoers for as long as it remained there. Kissing under the Mistletoe The custom of kissing under the mistletoe appears to be of English origin. Although in recent centuries the British have earned a reputation for being physically reserved, this was not always the case. In the sixteenth century the visiting Dutch scholar Erasmus (1466?1536) wrote that the English were so fond of kissing at meeting and parting that it was impossible to avoid being constantly kissed. It is difficult to say with certainty when the British adopted the custom of kissing under the mistletoe at Christmas time. A seventeenth-century document speaks of the transport and sale of mistletoe at Christmas, but none mentions the custom of kissing under the mistletoe until the eighteenth century, when some writers suggest that it became a common practice. The custom attracted a number of somewhat contradictory folk beliefs. According to one belief, each time a boy kissed a girl under the mistletoe, he must pluck one of the berries. When no berries remained, no more kissing could occur under that branch. Some claimed that to refuse a kiss under the mistletoe meant that one would not marry in the next twelve months. Others claimed that no marriage was possible after such an offense. Another folk belief advised householders to burn their mistletoe branches after Twelfth Night in case the boys and girls who kissed under them never married. Still another recommended that a sprig of mistletoe be kept in order to drive evil away from the house during the coming year. The sprig might also be used to light the fire under next year's Christmas pudding, or plum pudding. Finally, some thought it unlucky to cut mistletoe at any other time than Christmas. The English often displayed mistletoe in the form of a kissing bough, a circular, or even spherical, configuration of greenery woven around hoops of wire or wood. One expert claims that the kissing bough reached the peak of its popularity in the eighteenth century and began to decline in the nineteenth century. In The Pickwick Papers, British writer Charles Dickens (1812-1870) offers a charming description of the fun and flirtation that occurred under the mistletoe in his day: From the centre of the ceiling of this kitchen, old Wardle had just suspended with his own hand a huge branch of mistletoe, and this same branch of mistletoe instantaneously gave rise to a scene of general and most delightful struggling and confusion; in the midst of which, Mr. Pickwick, with a gallantry that would have done honour to a descendent of Lady Tollimglower herself, took the old lady by the hand, led her beneath the mystic branch, and saluted her in all courtesy and decorum. The old lady submitted to this piece of practical politeness with all the dignity which befitted so important and serious a solemnity, but the younger ladies, not being so thoroughly imbued with a superstitious veneration for the custom - or imagining that the value of a salute is very much enhanced if it cost a little trouble to obtain it - screamed and struggled, and ran into corners, and threatened and remonstrated, and did everything but leave the room until some of the less adventurous gentlemen were on the point of desisting when they all at once found it useless to resist any longer and submitted to be kissed with a good grace. Mr. Winkle kissed the young lady with the black eyes, and Mr. Snodgrass kissed Emily, and Mr. Weller, not being particular about the form of being under the mistletoe, kissed Emma and the other female servants just as he caught them. As to the poor relations, they kissed everybody, not even excepting the plainer portions of the young-lady visitors, who, in their excessive confusion, ran right under the mistletoe as soon as it was hung up, without knowing it! Wardle stood with his back to the fire, surveying the whole scene with the utmost satisfaction; and the fat boy took the opportunity of appropriating to his own use, and summarily devouring, a particularly fine mince-pie that had been put carefully by for someone else. Today many people still enhance their Christmas festivities with mischievous sprigs of mistletoe. The custom is typically found in Britain, France, or countries where the British have settled, such as Canada and the United States. Further Reading Baker, Margaret. Christmas Customs and Folklore. Aylesbury, Bucks, England: Shire Publications, 1968. Cooper, Quentin, and Paul Sullivan. Maypoles, Martyrs and Mayhem. London, England: Bloomsbury, 1994. Del Re, Gerard, and Patricia Del Re. The Christmas Almanack. Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday, 1979. Frazer, James. The New Golden Bough. Theodor Gaster, ed. New York: S. G. Phillips, 1959. Guerber, H. A. Myths of Northern Lands. 1895. Reprint. Detroit, Mich.: Singing Tree Press, 1970. Hole, Christina. British Folk Customs. London, England: Hutchinson and Company, 1976. Weiser, Francis X. The Christmas Book. 1952. Reprint. Detroit, Mich.: Omnigraphics, 1990. Mistletoe(religion, spiritualism, and occult)Although there are many species of mistletoe around the world, most folklore refers to Viscum album. This is found most commonly on apple trees but also on oaks and other deciduous trees. It is only occasionally found on evergreens. Mistletoe is, in fact, a parasite, its seeds deposited in the tree by a bird, the mistle thrush (Turdus miscivorus). After feasting on the white, sticky substance found in the berries, the thrush will wipe its beak on a branch, leaving seeds embedded in a crevice in the bark. In many primitive societies mistletoe is regarded as a sacred healing plant. It is also known as All-heal, and it is used to treat pleurisy, dysentery, epilepsy, and vertigo. Its magical properties included protection from lightning, fire and disease, and the promotion of fertility. It was also said to be useful in fending off witches. It was placed in baby's cradles and in sick beds and was carried by hunters and sailors. It was hung in stables to protect the horses from evil and disease. For the Greeks it was sacred to the god Apollo. The Celtic Druids honored it, gathering it with a golden sickle on the sixth day of the moon and not allowing it to fall to the ground, catching it in sheets of white cloth held by young virgins. It was cut on Midsummer's Day. Today English mistletoe is hard to find and what was once a thriving English mistletoe market is now swamped with French mistletoe. Every year there is an auction of mistletoe held at Tenbury Wells in southeast Wales. mistletoe[′mis·əl‚tō]mistletoemistletoemistletoemistletoevis·cum(vis'kŭm),mistletoe(mĭs′əl-tō′)mistletoe(1) American mistletoe, see there; Phoradendron jlavescens.(2) European mistletoe (Viscum alhum), a parasitic evergreen plant that has been used for hypertension and cancer. Toxicity Mistletoe is poisonous; the FDA lists it as unsafe and does not approve its use. mistletoe
Synonyms for mistletoe
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mistletoe - American plants closely resembling Old World mistletoe
mistletoe - Old World parasitic shrub having branching greenish stems with leathery leaves and waxy white glutinous berries; the traditional mistletoe of Christmas