Nikolai Ivanovich Zhukovskii

Born Oct. 21 (Nov. 2), 1833, in Ufa; died Apr. 28 (May 10), 1895, in Geneva. Russian revolutionary; Bakuninist. Born into a noble family.

Zhukovskii graduated from Moscow University in 1854. He participated in revolutionary circles in St. Petersburg in 1861–62. To avoid arrest he went abroad in 1862. He refused to return to Russia, where in 1864 at the “pocket typography” trail of P. D. Ballod he was sentenced in absentia to deprivation of his civil rights and to expulsion from the Russian Empire. While abroad, he became a close friend of the publishers of Kplokol and was one of the figures of the “young emigration.” In 1863 and 1864, he lived in Dresden, where he organized the transport of publications of the free Russian press into Russia. He took part in the Geneva congress of Russian revolutionary emigres in December 1864 and in the negotiations of the “young emigration” with A. I. Herzen and N. P. Ogarev in 1867. In 1868 he joined M. A. Bakunin in publishing the first issue of the journal Narodnoe delo, and in 1868–69 he was a member of the Alliance of Socialist Democracy. He became a member of the First International in 1869, but he left the International in 1872 as a sign of solidarity with Bakunin, who had been expelled. In the 1870’s, Zhukovskii worked on the newspaper Rabotnik and was one of the editors of the journal Obshchina.