| 单词 | magna carta | |||
| 释义 | Magna CartaMag·na Car·taor Mag·na Char·ta M0027300 (măg′nə kär′tə)Magna Carta(ˈmæɡnə ˈkɑːtə) orMagna ChartaMag•na Car•ta(or Char•ta)(ˈmæg nə ˈkɑr tə)n. Magna Carta
Magna CartaMagna CartaorMagna Charta[Lat., = great charter], the most famous document of British constitutional history, issued by King JohnJohn,1167–1216, king of England (1199–1216), son of Henry II and Eleanor of Aquitaine. Early Life The king's youngest son, John was left out of Henry's original division of territory among his sons and was nicknamed John Lackland. ..... Click the link for more information. at Runnymede under compulsion from the barons and the church in June, 1215. The Reasons for Its GrantingCharters of liberties had previously been granted by Henry I, Stephen, and Henry II, in attempts to placate opposition to a broad use of the king's power as feudal lord. John had incurred general hostility. His expensive wars abroad were unsuccessful, and to finance them he had charged excessively for royal justice, sold church offices, levied heavy aids, and abused the feudal incidents of wardship, marriage, and escheat. He had also appointed advisers from outside the baronial ranks. Finally in 1215 the barons rose in rebellion. Faced by superior force, the king entered into parleys with the barons at Runnymede. On June 15, after some attempts at evasion, John set his seal to the preliminary draft of demands presented by the barons, and after several days of debate a compromise was reached (June 19). The resulting document was put forth in the form of a charter freely granted by the king—although in actuality its guarantees were extorted by the barons from John. There are four extant copies of the original charter. The Original CharterThe original charter, in Latin, is a relatively brief and somewhat vague document of some 63 clauses, many of which were of only transient significance. The charter was in most respects a reactionary document; its purpose was to insure feudal rights and dues and to guarantee that the king would not encroach upon baronial privileges. There were provisions guaranteeing the freedom of the church and the customs of the towns, special privileges being conferred upon London. The charter definitely implies that there are laws protecting the rights of subjects and communities that the king is bound to observe or, if he fails to do so, will be compelled to observe. Historically most important were the vaguely worded statements against oppression of all subjects, which later generations interpreted as guarantees of trial by juryjury, Revisions and ReinterpretationsAs an actual instrument of government the charter was, at first, a failure. The clumsy machinery set up to prevent the king's violation of the charter never had an opportunity to function, as it was invalidated by the Pope two months after it was issued and civil war broke out the same year. On John's death in 1216, the charter was reissued in the name of young King Henry III, but with a number of significant omissions relative to safeguards of national liberties and restrictions on taxation. It was reissued with further changes in 1217 and again in 1225, the latter reissue being the one that was incorporated (1297) into British statute law; three years later it was first publicly proclaimed in English. In later centuries it became a symbol of the supremacy of the constitution over the king, as opponents of arbitrary royal power extracted from it various "democratic" interpretations. This movement reached its height in the 17th cent. in the work of such apologists for Parliament as Sir Edward CokeCoke, Sir Edward BibliographySee W. S. McKechnie, Magna Carta: A Commentary (2d ed. 1914, repr. 1960); H. E. Malden, ed., Magna Carta Commemoration Essays (1917); F. Thompson, The First Century of Magna Carta (1925, repr. 1967); M. Ashley, Magna Carta in the Seventeenth Century (1965); J. C. Holt, Magna Carta (1965, repr. 1969); A. Pallister, Magna Carta (1971); J. C. Holt, Magna Carta and the Idea of Liberty (1972) and Magna Carta and Medieval Government (1985); N. Vincent, Magna Carta: A Very Short Introduction (2012); D. Carpenter, Magna Carta (2015); S. Church, King John and the Road to Magna Carta (2015); D. Jones, Magna Carta: The Birth of Liberty (2015); N. Vincent and A. Musson, ed., Magna Carta: The Foundation of Freedom, 1215–2015 (2015). Magna Cartadocument signed by the English king John Lackland on June 15, 1215. Written in Latin, it contains 63 articles. The signing of the Magna Carta was preceded by an uprising of the barons, who were dissatisfied with the strengthening of the king’s power. Also participating in this uprising were knights and burghers who were opposed to the tax yoke imposed on them by the king’s officials and dissatisfied with the failure of the king’s foreign policy. Most of the articles of the Magna Carta, which reinforced the temporary victory of the barons over the king, reflected the interests of the feudal aristocracy. The Magna Carta guaranteed the observance by the king of feudal customs with regard to his vassals, the barons. It forbade the collection of subsidies from the feudal lords without their consent and the trying of the barons except by a court of their equals, known as peers. It eliminated the king’s right to interfere in the jurisdiction of the feudal courts and established a committee of 25 barons who, in case of a violation of the charter by the king, could initiate war against him. Considerably less was granted by the Magna Carta to the knights and the upper stratum of the free peasantry: the barons and the king were forbidden to demand from them more services and obligations than were required by custom, and all free people were guaranteed protection against arbitrary treatment by officials. The cities received merely a confirmation of already existing privileges. A unified standard of weights and measures was established, The basic masses of the English people—the serfs (villeins)—did not receive any rights from the Magna Carta. The Magna Carta played a prominent role in the political struggle of the 13th and 14th centuries, which led to the formation of the British class monarchy. Nullified by John at the end of 1215, the Magna Carta was subsequently reaffirmed by Henry III, Edward I, and Edward II, with the exception of the so-called constitutional articles which diminished the prestige of the crown. Forgotten at the end of the 15th century and during the 16th century, the Magna Carta was used by the leaders of the Parliamentary opposition on the eve and at the beginning of the British bourgeois revolution to provide grounds for Parliament’s right to control the exercise of the king’s power. PUBLICATIONSPetrushevskii, D. M. Velikaia khartiia vol’nostei, 2nd ed. Moscow, 1918.Pamiatniki istorii Anglii XI-XIII vv. Moscow, 1936. REFERENCESGutnova, E. V. Vozniknovenie angliiskogo parlamenta. Moscow, 1960. Chapters 4-5.Petrushevskii, D. M. Ocherki iz istorii angliiskogo gosudarstva i obshchestva v srednie veka, 4th ed. Moscow, 1937. McKechnie, W. S. Magna Charta. Glasgow, 1905. E. V. GUTNOVA Magna Carta, Magna Chartawww.bl.uk/collections/treasures/magna.html Magna CartaMagna Cartan. Latin for "Great Charter," it was a document delineating a series of laws establishing the rights of English barons and major land owners, which limited the absolute authority of the King of England and became the basis for the rights of English citizens. It was signed reluctantly by King John on June 15, 1215, at Runnymede, at a table set up in a field under a canopy and surrounded by the armed gentry. The Magna Carta was confirmed by John's son, Henry III, and in turn by Henry's son, Edward I. As John Cowell would write four centuries later: "although this charter consists of not above thirty seven Charters or Lawes yet it is of such extent, as all the Law wee have, is thought in some form to depend on it." Essentially a document for the nobility, it became the basis of individual rights as a part of the English Constitution, which is generally more custom than written documents. It is also spelled: Magna Charta. Magna Cartathe ‘Great Charter’ of liberties, signed by King John at Runymede, 15 June 1215 One of the foundations of the notion of the rule of law. The barons made it clear that the king operated under legal constraints. Two clauses, 39 and 40, were developed to become a basis of the liberty of the subject to the present: ‘No freeman shall be seized or imprisoned, or stripped of his rights or possession, or outlawed or exiled or deprived of his standing in any other way, nor will we proceed with force against him, or send others to do so, except by the lawful judgment of his equals or by the law of the land’ (Clause 39); ‘To no one will we sell, to no one deny or delay right or justice’ (Clause 40).Magna Carta
Synonyms for Magna Carta
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Magna Carta - the royal charter of political rights given to rebellious English barons by King John in 1215