| 释义 |
mienUK
Miabbr. Bible Micah
MIabbr.1. Michigan2. military intelligence3. myocardial infarction
mi M0176300 (mē)n. Music The third tone of the diatonic scale in solfeggio.
[Middle English, from Medieval Latin; see gamut.]mi (miː) or men (Music, other) music (in tonic sol-fa) the third degree of any major scale; mediant[C16: see gamut]
MI abbreviation for 1. (Placename) Michigan 2. (Military) Military Intelligence mi (mi)
n. Music. the syllable used for the third tone of a diatonic scale. [1520–30; see gamut] MI 1. Michigan. 2. myocardial infarction. mi mile. mi. 1. mile. 2. mill. M.I. Military Intelligence. Thesaurus| Noun | 1. MI - destruction of heart tissue resulting from obstruction of the blood supply to the heart musclemyocardial infarct, myocardial infarctionheart attack - a sudden severe instance of abnormal heart functioninfarct, infarction - localized necrosis resulting from obstruction of the blood supply | | 2.mi - a former British unit of length equivalent to 6,080 feet (1,853.184 meters); 800 feet longer than a statute mileAdmiralty mile, geographical mile, naut mi, nautical mile, milenautical linear unit - a linear unit of distance used in navigation | | 3.mi - a unit of length used in navigation; exactly 1,852 meters; historically based on the distance spanned by one minute of arc in latitudeair mile, international nautical mile, mile, naut mi, nautical mile, knotnautical linear unit - a linear unit of distance used in navigation | | 4. mi - a unit of length equal to 1,760 yards or 5,280 feet; exactly 1609.344 metersinternational mile, land mile, mile, stat mi, statute milelinear measure, linear unit - a unit of measurement of lengthfurlong - a unit of length equal to 220 yards880 yards, half mile - a unit of length equal to half of 1 mile440 yards, quarter mile - a unit of length equal to a quarter of 1 mileleague - an obsolete unit of distance of variable length (usually 3 miles) | | 5. MI - a midwestern state in north central United States in the Great Lakes regionGreat Lakes State, Michigan, Wolverine StateMackinac Bridge - a suspension bridge across the channel between the lower and upper peninsulas of Michiganmiddle west, Midwest, midwestern United States - the north central region of the United States (sometimes called the heartland or the breadbasket of America)Isle Royal National Park - a national park on an island in Michigan; includes prehistoric iron minesU.S.A., United States, United States of America, US, USA, America, the States, U.S. - North American republic containing 50 states - 48 conterminous states in North America plus Alaska in northwest North America and the Hawaiian Islands in the Pacific Ocean; achieved independence in 1776Alpena - a town in northern Michigan on an arm of Lake HuronAnn Arbor - a city in southern Michigan near Detroit; site of the University of MichiganDetroit, Motor City, Motown - the largest city in Michigan and a major Great Lakes port; center of the United States automobile industry; located in southeastern Michigan on the Detroit river across from WindsorFlint - a city in southeast central Michigan near Detroit; automobile manufacturingGrand Rapids - a city in west central Michigan; noted for manufacturing furnitureHoughton - a town in northwest Michigan on the Upper PeninsulaJackson - a town in south central Michigancapital of Michigan, Lansing - capital of the state of Michigan; located in southern Michigan on the Grand RiverMarquette - a town on Lake Superior on the Upper Peninsula in northwest MichiganMonroe - a town of southeast Michigan on Lake ErieTraverse City - a town in northern Michigan on an arm of Lake MichiganDetroit River - a short river flowing from Lake St. Clair to Lake Erie along the border between the United States and Canada; one the busiest inland waterways in the worldGrand River - a river in southern Michigan that flows northwest to empty into Lake MichiganLake Saint Clair, Lake St. Clair - a lake between Ontario and Michigan; connected with Lake Huron and Lake ErieLower Peninsula - the part of northern Michigan between Lake Michigan and Lake HuronUpper Peninsula - the peninsula between Lake Superior and Lake Michigan that forms the northwestern part of Michigan | | 6.MI - the government agency in the United Kingdom that is responsible for internal security and counterintelligence on British territoryMilitary Intelligence Section 5, Security Serviceinternational intelligence agency - an intelligence agency outside the United StatesBritain, Great Britain, U.K., UK, United Kingdom, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland - a monarchy in northwestern Europe occupying most of the British Isles; divided into England and Scotland and Wales and Northern Ireland; `Great Britain' is often used loosely to refer to the United Kingdom | | 7.MI - the government agency in the United Kingdom that is responsible for internal security and counterintelligence overseasMilitary Intelligence Section 6, Secret Intelligence Serviceinternational intelligence agency - an intelligence agency outside the United StatesBritain, Great Britain, U.K., UK, United Kingdom, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland - a monarchy in northwestern Europe occupying most of the British Isles; divided into England and Scotland and Wales and Northern Ireland; `Great Britain' is often used loosely to refer to the United Kingdom | | 8. mi - the syllable naming the third (mediant) note of any major scale in solmizationsolfa syllable - one of the names for notes of a musical scale in solmization |
mienUK
mi casa(,) (es) su casaPlease, treat my home as if it were your own; help yourself while you stay here. Taken from a Spanish phrase that is translated literally as "my house (is) your house." A: "Do you mind if I have some of your cereal in the morning?" B: "Of course I don't mind! Mi casa, su casa!" And here is where you will be staying. Please help yourself to anything in the house—mi casa es su casa.See also: mido-re-mislang Money. Primarily heard in US. Come on, you know I don't make enough do-re-mi to go on an extravagant trip like that.do-re-mi and do-re-me (ˈdoˈreˈmi) n. money. (From dough.) It takes too much do-re-mi to live in this part of town. mienUK
mi, me Music (in tonic sol-fa) the third degree of any major scale; mediant Michigan State Information Phone: (517) 373-1837
www.michigan.gov
Area (sq mi):: 96716.11 (land 56803.82; water 39912.28) Population per square mile: 178.20
Population 2005: 10,120,860 State rank: 0 Population change: 2000-20005 1.80%; 1990-2000 6.90% Population 2000: 9,938,444 (White 78.60%; Black or African American 14.20%; Hispanic or Latino 3.30%; Asian 1.80%; Other 3.80%). Foreign born: 5.30%. Median age: 35.50
Income 2000: per capita $22,168; median household $44,667; Population below poverty level: 10.50% Personal per capita income (2000-2003): $29,552-$31,178
Unemployment (2004): 7.00% Unemployment change (from 2000): 3.30% Median travel time to work: 24.10 minutes Working outside county of residence: 29.10%
List of Michigan counties:| Alcona CountyAlger CountyAllegan CountyAlpena CountyAntrim CountyArenac CountyBaraga CountyBarry CountyBay CountyBenzie CountyBerrien CountyBranch CountyCalhoun CountyCass CountyCharlevoix CountyCheboygan CountyChippewa CountyClare CountyClinton CountyCrawford CountyDelta CountyDickinson CountyEaton CountyEmmet CountyGenesee CountyGladwin CountyGogebic CountyGrand Traverse County | Gratiot CountyHillsdale CountyHoughton CountyHuron CountyIngham CountyIonia CountyIosco CountyIron CountyIsabella CountyJackson CountyKalamazoo CountyKalkaska CountyKent CountyKeweenaw CountyLake CountyLapeer CountyLeelanau CountyLenawee CountyLivingston CountyLuce CountyMackinac CountyMacomb CountyManistee CountyMarquette CountyMason CountyMecosta CountyMenominee CountyMidland County | Missaukee CountyMonroe CountyMontcalm CountyMontmorency CountyMuskegon CountyNewaygo CountyOakland CountyOceana CountyOgemaw CountyOntonagon CountyOsceola CountyOscoda CountyOtsego CountyOttawa CountyPresque Isle CountyRoscommon CountySaginaw CountySaint Clair CountySaint Joseph CountySanilac CountySchoolcraft CountyShiawassee CountyTuscola CountyVan Buren CountyWashtenaw CountyWayne CountyWexford County |
Michigan Parks- US National Parks
Father Marquette National Memorial
Isle Royale National Park
| Keweenaw National Historical Park
Pictured Rocks National Lakeshore
| Sleeping Bear Dunes National Lakeshore
|
- Urban Parks
Belle Isle Park
| Kensington Metropark
| River Rouge Park
| |
- State Parks
Agate Falls Scenic Site
Albert E. Sleeper State Park
Algonac State Park
Aloha State Park
Bald Mountain Recreation Area
Baraga State Park
Bass River Recreation Area
Bay City Recreation Area
Bewabic State Park
Bond Falls Scenic Site
Brighton Recreation Area
Brimley State Park
Burt Lake State Park
Cambridge Junction Historic State Park
Charles Mears State Park
Cheboygan State Park
Clear Lake State Park
Coldwater Lake State Park
Colonial Michilimackinac State Park & Old Mackinac Point Lighthouse
Craig Lake State Park
Dodge #4 State Park
Duck Lake State Park
Father Marquette Memorial Scenic Site
Fayette Historic State Park
Fisherman's Island State Park
FJ McLain State Park
Fort Custer Recreation Area
Fort Wilkins State Park
Fred Meijer White Pine Trail State Park
Grand Haven State Park
Grand Mere State Park
Harrisville State Park
Hart-Montague Trail State Park
Hartwick Pines State Park
Highland Recreation Area
| Historic Mill Creek State Park
Holland State Park
Holly Recreation Area
Indian Lake State Park
Interlochen State Park
Ionia Recreation Area
Island Lake Recreation Area
JW Wells State Park
Kal-Haven Trail State Park
Lake Gogebic State Park
Lake Hudson Recreation Area
Lakelands Trail State Park
Lakeport State Park
Laughing Whitefish Falls Scenic Site
Leelanau State Park
Ludington State Park
Mackinac Island State Park & Fort Mackinac
Maybury State Park
Meridian-Baseline State Park
Metamora-Hadley Recreation Area
Muskallonge Lake State Park
Muskegon State Park
Negwegon State Park
Newaygo State Park
North Higgins Lake State Park
Onaway State Park
Orchard Beach State Park
Ortonville Recreation Area
Otsego Lake State Park
Palms Book State Park
Petoskey State Park
PH Hoeft State Park
Pinckney Recreation Area
PJ Hoffmaster State Park
Pontiac Lake Recreation Area
| Porcupine Mountains Wilderness State Park
Port Crescent State Park
Proud Lake Recreation Area
Rifle River Recreation Area
Sanilac Petroglyphs Historic State Park
Saugatuck Dunes State Park
Seven Lakes State Park
Silver Lake State Park
Sleepy Hollow State Park
South Higgins Lake State Park
Sterling State Park
Straits State Park
Sturgeon Point Scenic Site
Tahquamenon Falls State Park
Tawas Point State Park
Thompson's Harbor State Park
Traverse City State Park
Tri-Centennial State Park & Harbor
Twin Lakes State Park
Van Buren State Park
Van Buren Trail State Park
Van Riper State Park
Wagner Falls Scenic Site
Warren Dunes State Park
Warren Woods State Park
Waterloo Recreation Area
WC Wetzel State Recreation Area
Wilderness State Park
William Mitchell State Park
Wilson State Park
WJ Hayes State Park
Yankee Springs Recreation Area
Young State Park
|
- Parks and Conservation-Related Organizations - US
Environment Michigan
George Wright Society
| Michigan United Conservation Clubs (MUCC)
North Country Trail Association
| |
- National Wildlife Refuges
Detroit River International Wildlife Refuge
Harbor Island National Wildlife Refuge
| Huron National Wildlife Refuge
Kirtlands Warbler National Wildlife Refuge
| Seney National Wildlife Refuge
Shiawassee National Wildlife Refuge
| |
- National Trails
North Country National Scenic Trail
| |
- National Scenic Byways
Copper Country Trail
| River Road Scenic Byway
| Woodward Avenue (M-1)
| |
- National Heritage Areas
Automobile National Heritage Area
| |
- National Forests
Hiawatha National Forest
| Huron-Manistee National Forests
| Ottawa National Forest
| |
- Marine Sanctuaries
Thunder Bay National Marine Sanctuary & Underwater Preserve
| |
MIOn drawings, abbr. for malleable iron.MI
MIAbbreviation for myocardial infarction; mitral insufficiency.MIabbr.1. Michigan2. military intelligence3. myocardial infarctionAbbreviation for Myocardial infarction, see there, also
Medical inspection
Mental illness
Metabolic index
Migration inhibition
Mitotic index
Mitral insufficiency
Motility index—GI tractMI Myocardial infarction, see there, also 1. Medical inspection.2. Mental illness.3. Metabolic index.4. Migration inhibition.5. Mitotic index.6. Mitral insufficiency.7. Motility index–GI tract.MI Abbreviation for myocardial infarction; myocardial ischemia. infarction (in-fark'shon) [ infarct] Death of tissue from deprivation of its blood supply. aborted myocardial infarctionReperfusion of an occluded coronary artery before damage is done to the muscle that receives blood from that artery. cardiac infarctionMyocardial infarction.cerebral infarction See: cerebral infarctexercise-related myocardial infarctionA myocardial infarction whose symptoms begin within an hour of vigorous physical exercise.lacunar infarctionA small stroke deep within the brain (as in the internal capsule, basal ganglia, thalamus, or pons) caused by damage to or a blockage of a tiny penetrating artery. Lacunar infarctions are associated with a kind of vascular damage caused by chronic high blood pressure called lipohyalinosis. They may be asymptomatic, showing up only on brain imaging, or may produce pure motor, pure sensory, ataxic, or mixed motor and sensory symptoms. Synonym: lacunar strokemalignant cerebral artery infarctionA massive stroke involving the middle cerebral artery, in which swelling of the brain leads either to herniation and death or to additional strokes in other arteries.  MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION: Myocardial infarction as seen on an electrocardiogram MYOCARDIAL INFARCTIONmyocardial infarction Abbreviation: MI
The loss of living heart muscle as a result of coronary artery occlusion. MI or its related syndromes (acute coronary syndrome or unstable angina) usually occurs when an atheromatous plaque in a coronary artery ruptures, and the resulting clot obstructs the injured blood vessel. Perfusion of the muscular tissue that lies downstream from the blocked artery is lost. If blood flow is not restored within a few hours, the heart muscle dies. Synonym: cardiac infarctionAcute MI affects 1.1 million people each year, and approx. 350,000 of them die. The probability of dying from MI is related to the patient's underlying health, whether arrhythmias such as ventricular fibrillation or ventricular tachycardia occur, and how rapidly the patient seeks medical attention and receives appropriate therapies (such as thrombolytic drugs, angioplasty, antiplatelet drugs, beta blockers, and intensive electrocardiographic monitoring). See: illustration; advanced cardiac life support; atherosclerosis; cardiac arrest; sudden death EtiologyProven risk factors for MI are tobacco use, diabetes mellitus, abnormally high cholesterol levels, high blood pressure, gender, advanced age, obesity, physical inactivity, chronic kidney disease, a family history of MI at an early age, and loss of albumin in the urine. Some research suggests that high C reactive protein levels, and other conditions may also lead to increased risk. SymptomsClassic symptoms of MI in men are a gradual onset of pain or pressure, felt most intensely in the center of the chest, radiating into the neck, jaw, shoulders, or arms, and lasting more than a half hour. Pain typically is dull or heavy rather than sharp or stabbing, and often is associated with difficult breathing, nausea, vomiting, and profuse sweating. Clinical presentations, however, vary considerably, and distinct presentations are seen in woman and the elderly, in whom, e.g., unexplained breathlessness is often the primary symptom. Many patients may mistake their symptoms for indigestion, intestinal gas, or muscular aches. About a third of all MIs are clinically silent, and almost half present with atypical symptoms. Often patients suffering MI have had angina pectoris for several weeks before and simply did not recognize it. DiagnosisA compatible history associated either with segment elevation (on a 12-lead electrocardiogram) or with elevated blood levels of cardiac muscle enzymes such as troponins or creatine kinase can establish the diagnosis. An ST-segment elevation of more than 1 mm above baseline in at least two contiguous precordial leads or two adjacent limb leads suggests myocardial injury. Myocardial infarctions with this presentation are known as ST-segment elevation MI (STEMI). This finding usually indicates significant muscle damage in the infarct area, a poorer prognosis, and a higher incidence of complications (arrhythmias, cardiogenic shock) than in a non-ST-segment elevation MI (NSTEMI). The differential diagnosis of chest pain must always be carefully considered because other serious illnesses, such as pulmonary embolism, pericarditis, aortic dissection, esophageal rupture, acute cholecystitis, esophagitis, or splenic rupture may mimic MI. TreatmentMyocardial infarction is a medical emergency; diagnosis and treatment should not be delayed. People who experience symptoms suggestive of MI should be taught to call 911 immediately and chew and swallow aspirin. Oxygen is administered at 4 L/min as soon as it is available. History is gathered throughout the first few minutes after admission even as a 12-lead ECG is being done and blood taken for biomarkers. Cardiac troponins may not become elevated until 4 or more hr after symptoms begin. If the patient is hypotensive or in cardiogenic shock, right-sided ECG leads are assessed for a right ventricular (RV) infarct. An intravenous access is established along with continuous cardiac monitoring, and medications (which may include chewed aspirin [162 to 325 mg], heparins, or other medications to inhibit platelet aggregation, nitroglycerin [given SL, sprayed or IV], IV morphine, and beta-blockers) are administered as prescribed. Pain is assessed on a 1 to 10 intensity scale, and morphine 2 to 10 mg administered IV, with incremental doses of 2 to 8 mg every 5 to 15 min until relief is obtained. Beta-blockers (such as metoprolol or atenolol) decrease myocardial oxygen demand, helping to limit the amount of heart muscle damaged. An IV beta-blocker should be given if the patient is hypertensive or has a tachyarrhythmia as long as no contraindications exist. Patients with STEMI who arrive at the hospital within 6 hr of the onset of symptoms are treated with fibrinolytic therapy or percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). The goal for administration of fibrinolytic therapy is 30 min postsymptom onset (door-to-needle); for PCI 90 min (door-to-balloon inflation). Absolute contraindications of fibrinolytic therapy include previous intracranial hemorrhage or ischemic stroke within 3 months ( intracranial malignancy), active bleeding, or bleeding disorders (except menses), significant closed head or facial trauma within 3 months (known structural cerebral vascular lesions), and suspected aortic dissection. Reperfusion is the immediate goal, usually best accomplished with balloon angioplasty and endovascular stent placement, although emergency coronary bypass surgery may be needed in cases when PCI fails. An angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor is administered within 24 hr of a STEMI to suppress the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system and prevent excess fluid retention. ACE inhibitors also prevent conversion of angiotensin I to angiotensin II (a potent vasoconstrictor), thus reducing afterload to help prevent heart failure. In MI complicated by pulmonary edema, diuretics are administered, and dobutamine infusions may be necessary to increase cardiac output. Strict glucose control (maintaining blood sugars below 150 mg/dl, and preferably in the normal range) reduces mortality in acute MI. Hypotension and circulatory collapse frequently occur in patients with significant RV infarctions, and fluid challenge is administered to optimize RV preload. If this is unsuccessful, the patient with an RV infarct will require inotropic support, correction of bradycardia, and measures to achieve atrioventricular synchrony (cardioversion for atrial fibrillation, etc). In patients with ventricular arrhythmias, defibrillation, or cardioversion, lidocaine, vasopressin, or amiodarone infusions, or other drugs, may be necessary. Anemic patients (hematocrit less than 30 or those actively bleeding) benefit from blood (packed red cell) transfusions. With contemporary care, about 95% of patients with acute MI who arrive at the hospital in time will survive. These patients are referred to nutrition therapists to learn how to use low-fat, low-cholesterol diets, and to cardiac rehabilitation programs for exercise training, tobacco cessation, and psychosocial support. Patient careAcute Care: On admission, all diagnostic and treatment procedures are explained briefly to reduce stress and anxiety. Continuous electrocardiographic monitoring is used to identify changes in heart rhythm, rate, and conduction. Location, radiation, quality, severity, and frequency of chest pain are documented and relieved with IV morphine. Bleeding is the most common complication of antiplatelet, anticoagulant, and fibrinolytic therapies. The complete blood count, prothrombin time, and activated partial thromboplastin time are monitored at daily intervals. IV sites are assessed for evidence of bleeding. Fluid balance and pulmonary status are closely monitored for signs of fluid retention and overload. Breath sounds are auscultated for crackles (which may resolve by having the patient cough when caused by atelectasis, or which may indicate pulmonary edema when they do not). Heart sounds are auscultated for S3 or S4 gallops or new heart murmurs. Patient care and other activities should be organized to allow for periods on uninterrupted rest. Stool softeners are prescribed to prevent straining during defecation, which can cause vagal stimulation and slow the heart rate. Antiembolism stockings help to prevent venostasis and deep vein thrombosis. Emotional support is provided to decrease stress and anxiety. Adjustment disorders and depression are often experienced by MI patients, and the patient and family are assisted to deal with these feelings. Stress tests, coronary angiography, cardiac imaging procedures, reperfusion techniques, and other interventions are explained. The patient receives assistance in coping with changes in health status and self-concept. Ambulatory Care: Cardiac rehabilitation begins as soon as the patient is physiologically stable. The goal of cardiac rehabilitation is to have the patient establish a healthy lifestyle that minimizes the risk of another MI. Ambulation is slowly increased, and a low-level treadmill test may be ordered before discharge to determine exercise tolerance and the risk of future heart attacks. Patients are taught not only to measure their pulse but also to assess their response to exercise in terms of fatigue, ease of breathing, and perceived workload. Following discharge, exercise is slowly increased, first while being monitored closely by supervised cardiac rehabilitation, and then more independently. The patient also receives information about a low saturated fat, low cholesterol, low calorie diet, such as the DASH eating plan (Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension), resumption of sexual activity, work, and other activities. The patient is taught about desired and adverse affects of all medications: aspirin therapy is usually prescribed as ongoing antiplatelet therapy (with or without clopidogrel), but patients should be warned about the risk of bleeding and be advised to avoid products containing ibuprofen, which blocks aspirin’s antiplatelet effects. Smoking cessation is an important preventive for future MIs. High blood pressure, obesity, adverse cholesterol levels, and diabetes mellitus also should be carefully managed to help prevent future MIs. Alcohol intake should be limited to 1 drink daily (women), 2 drinks daily (men). Opportunities are created for patients and families to share feelings and receive realistic reassurance about common fears. illustrationplacental infarctionA localized necrotic area caused by abruption. See: abruptio placentaepulmonary infarctionAn infarction in the lung usually resulting from pulmonary embolism that may appear on x-rays as a wedge-shaped infiltrate near the pleura. Immediate therapy includes control of pain, oxygen administered continuously by mask, intravenous heparin (unless the patient has a known blood clotting defect), and treatment of shock or dysrhythmias, if present. silent myocardial infarctionUnrecognized myocardial infarction. The patient may experience difficulty breathing, heartburn, nausea, arm pain, or other atypical symptoms.
MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION: Myocardial infarction as seen on an electrocardiogramMYOCARDIAL INFARCTIONmyocardial infarction Abbreviation: MI
The loss of living heart muscle as a result of coronary artery occlusion. MI or its related syndromes (acute coronary syndrome or unstable angina) usually occurs when an atheromatous plaque in a coronary artery ruptures, and the resulting clot obstructs the injured blood vessel. Perfusion of the muscular tissue that lies downstream from the blocked artery is lost. If blood flow is not restored within a few hours, the heart muscle dies. Synonym: cardiac infarctionAcute MI affects 1.1 million people each year, and approx. 350,000 of them die. The probability of dying from MI is related to the patient's underlying health, whether arrhythmias such as ventricular fibrillation or ventricular tachycardia occur, and how rapidly the patient seeks medical attention and receives appropriate therapies (such as thrombolytic drugs, angioplasty, antiplatelet drugs, beta blockers, and intensive electrocardiographic monitoring). See: illustration; advanced cardiac life support; atherosclerosis; cardiac arrest; sudden death EtiologyProven risk factors for MI are tobacco use, diabetes mellitus, abnormally high cholesterol levels, high blood pressure, gender, advanced age, obesity, physical inactivity, chronic kidney disease, a family history of MI at an early age, and loss of albumin in the urine. Some research suggests that high C reactive protein levels, and other conditions may also lead to increased risk. SymptomsClassic symptoms of MI in men are a gradual onset of pain or pressure, felt most intensely in the center of the chest, radiating into the neck, jaw, shoulders, or arms, and lasting more than a half hour. Pain typically is dull or heavy rather than sharp or stabbing, and often is associated with difficult breathing, nausea, vomiting, and profuse sweating. Clinical presentations, however, vary considerably, and distinct presentations are seen in woman and the elderly, in whom, e.g., unexplained breathlessness is often the primary symptom. Many patients may mistake their symptoms for indigestion, intestinal gas, or muscular aches. About a third of all MIs are clinically silent, and almost half present with atypical symptoms. Often patients suffering MI have had angina pectoris for several weeks before and simply did not recognize it. DiagnosisA compatible history associated either with segment elevation (on a 12-lead electrocardiogram) or with elevated blood levels of cardiac muscle enzymes such as troponins or creatine kinase can establish the diagnosis. An ST-segment elevation of more than 1 mm above baseline in at least two contiguous precordial leads or two adjacent limb leads suggests myocardial injury. Myocardial infarctions with this presentation are known as ST-segment elevation MI (STEMI). This finding usually indicates significant muscle damage in the infarct area, a poorer prognosis, and a higher incidence of complications (arrhythmias, cardiogenic shock) than in a non-ST-segment elevation MI (NSTEMI). The differential diagnosis of chest pain must always be carefully considered because other serious illnesses, such as pulmonary embolism, pericarditis, aortic dissection, esophageal rupture, acute cholecystitis, esophagitis, or splenic rupture may mimic MI. TreatmentMyocardial infarction is a medical emergency; diagnosis and treatment should not be delayed. People who experience symptoms suggestive of MI should be taught to call 911 immediately and chew and swallow aspirin. Oxygen is administered at 4 L/min as soon as it is available. History is gathered throughout the first few minutes after admission even as a 12-lead ECG is being done and blood taken for biomarkers. Cardiac troponins may not become elevated until 4 or more hr after symptoms begin. If the patient is hypotensive or in cardiogenic shock, right-sided ECG leads are assessed for a right ventricular (RV) infarct. An intravenous access is established along with continuous cardiac monitoring, and medications (which may include chewed aspirin [162 to 325 mg], heparins, or other medications to inhibit platelet aggregation, nitroglycerin [given SL, sprayed or IV], IV morphine, and beta-blockers) are administered as prescribed. Pain is assessed on a 1 to 10 intensity scale, and morphine 2 to 10 mg administered IV, with incremental doses of 2 to 8 mg every 5 to 15 min until relief is obtained. Beta-blockers (such as metoprolol or atenolol) decrease myocardial oxygen demand, helping to limit the amount of heart muscle damaged. An IV beta-blocker should be given if the patient is hypertensive or has a tachyarrhythmia as long as no contraindications exist. Patients with STEMI who arrive at the hospital within 6 hr of the onset of symptoms are treated with fibrinolytic therapy or percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). The goal for administration of fibrinolytic therapy is 30 min postsymptom onset (door-to-needle); for PCI 90 min (door-to-balloon inflation). Absolute contraindications of fibrinolytic therapy include previous intracranial hemorrhage or ischemic stroke within 3 months ( intracranial malignancy), active bleeding, or bleeding disorders (except menses), significant closed head or facial trauma within 3 months (known structural cerebral vascular lesions), and suspected aortic dissection. Reperfusion is the immediate goal, usually best accomplished with balloon angioplasty and endovascular stent placement, although emergency coronary bypass surgery may be needed in cases when PCI fails. An angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor is administered within 24 hr of a STEMI to suppress the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system and prevent excess fluid retention. ACE inhibitors also prevent conversion of angiotensin I to angiotensin II (a potent vasoconstrictor), thus reducing afterload to help prevent heart failure. In MI complicated by pulmonary edema, diuretics are administered, and dobutamine infusions may be necessary to increase cardiac output. Strict glucose control (maintaining blood sugars below 150 mg/dl, and preferably in the normal range) reduces mortality in acute MI. Hypotension and circulatory collapse frequently occur in patients with significant RV infarctions, and fluid challenge is administered to optimize RV preload. If this is unsuccessful, the patient with an RV infarct will require inotropic support, correction of bradycardia, and measures to achieve atrioventricular synchrony (cardioversion for atrial fibrillation, etc). In patients with ventricular arrhythmias, defibrillation, or cardioversion, lidocaine, vasopressin, or amiodarone infusions, or other drugs, may be necessary. Anemic patients (hematocrit less than 30 or those actively bleeding) benefit from blood (packed red cell) transfusions. With contemporary care, about 95% of patients with acute MI who arrive at the hospital in time will survive. These patients are referred to nutrition therapists to learn how to use low-fat, low-cholesterol diets, and to cardiac rehabilitation programs for exercise training, tobacco cessation, and psychosocial support. Patient careAcute Care: On admission, all diagnostic and treatment procedures are explained briefly to reduce stress and anxiety. Continuous electrocardiographic monitoring is used to identify changes in heart rhythm, rate, and conduction. Location, radiation, quality, severity, and frequency of chest pain are documented and relieved with IV morphine. Bleeding is the most common complication of antiplatelet, anticoagulant, and fibrinolytic therapies. The complete blood count, prothrombin time, and activated partial thromboplastin time are monitored at daily intervals. IV sites are assessed for evidence of bleeding. Fluid balance and pulmonary status are closely monitored for signs of fluid retention and overload. Breath sounds are auscultated for crackles (which may resolve by having the patient cough when caused by atelectasis, or which may indicate pulmonary edema when they do not). Heart sounds are auscultated for S3 or S4 gallops or new heart murmurs. Patient care and other activities should be organized to allow for periods on uninterrupted rest. Stool softeners are prescribed to prevent straining during defecation, which can cause vagal stimulation and slow the heart rate. Antiembolism stockings help to prevent venostasis and deep vein thrombosis. Emotional support is provided to decrease stress and anxiety. Adjustment disorders and depression are often experienced by MI patients, and the patient and family are assisted to deal with these feelings. Stress tests, coronary angiography, cardiac imaging procedures, reperfusion techniques, and other interventions are explained. The patient receives assistance in coping with changes in health status and self-concept. Ambulatory Care: Cardiac rehabilitation begins as soon as the patient is physiologically stable. The goal of cardiac rehabilitation is to have the patient establish a healthy lifestyle that minimizes the risk of another MI. Ambulation is slowly increased, and a low-level treadmill test may be ordered before discharge to determine exercise tolerance and the risk of future heart attacks. Patients are taught not only to measure their pulse but also to assess their response to exercise in terms of fatigue, ease of breathing, and perceived workload. Following discharge, exercise is slowly increased, first while being monitored closely by supervised cardiac rehabilitation, and then more independently. The patient also receives information about a low saturated fat, low cholesterol, low calorie diet, such as the DASH eating plan (Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension), resumption of sexual activity, work, and other activities. The patient is taught about desired and adverse affects of all medications: aspirin therapy is usually prescribed as ongoing antiplatelet therapy (with or without clopidogrel), but patients should be warned about the risk of bleeding and be advised to avoid products containing ibuprofen, which blocks aspirin’s antiplatelet effects. Smoking cessation is an important preventive for future MIs. High blood pressure, obesity, adverse cholesterol levels, and diabetes mellitus also should be carefully managed to help prevent future MIs. Alcohol intake should be limited to 1 drink daily (women), 2 drinks daily (men). Opportunities are created for patients and families to share feelings and receive realistic reassurance about common fears. illustrationSee also: infarctionMI Abbreviation for myocardial infarction. Patient discussion about MIQ. hola amigos como estan yo estranando al amor de mi via que es monica la amo mchoy la estrano bastante hola soy un tipo muy feliz ya encontre el amor de mi vida nos casamos en diciembre tenemos muchos suenos ,un camino muy largo que recorrer pienso entregarme por completo al amor y dedicarnos el uno para el hotro ,yon amo ami baby estoy muy enamorado ella lo sabe es mi baby te amo mi gatita bebeA. ¿Cuál es la pregunta? Q. What Are the Signs and Symptoms of a Heart Attack? I am 63 years old, suffering from chronic hypertension and diabetes for many years now. I know I'm at a very high risk for developing a heart attack, and I would like to know- what are the signs of having a heart attack?A. The complaint that most patients undergoing a heart attack (or- myocardial infarction) come with to the emergency room is severe sharp chest pain, that may or may not be related to physical activity. This pain can be described as pressure or burning sensation. It often radiates to other places such as the left arm, neck or jaw. Sometimes there are other gastrointestinal complaints such as nausea and vomiting. Sometimes there is even trouble breathing that requires ventilation. This combination of signs and symptoms is a "red flag" and it is advised to be examined by a doctor. More discussions about MILegalSeeMileMI
MI1. ISO 3166-1 alpha-2 code for the Midway Islands before their re-designation as part of the U.S. Minor Outlying Islands. This was the code used in international transactions to and from bank accounts in the territory.
2. ISO 3166-2 geocode for the Midway Islands. This was used as an international standard for shipping to the Midway Islands.
In both cases, the code is obsolete.MI
| Acronym | Definition |
|---|
| MI➣Michigan (US postal abbreviation) | | MI➣Mile | | MI➣Middle Initial | | MI➣Myocardial Infarction (heart attack) | | MI➣Mortgage Insurance | | MI➣More Info | | MI➣Music Industry | | MI➣Mil' (Soviet helicopter designer) | | MI➣Mission Impossible | | MI➣Monkey Island (game) | | MI➣Military Intelligence | | MI➣Malawi | | MI➣Mercer Island (Washington) | | MI➣Merritt Island (Florida) | | MI➣Mariana Islands | | MI➣Misiones (Argentina province, airline code) | | MI➣Miscellaneous (work) Item | | MI➣Market Index | | MI➣Major Issue | | MI➣Marine Institute | | MI➣Market Intelligence | | MI➣Making It | | MI➣Management Information | | MI➣Monsters, Inc. (movie) | | MI➣Motivational Interviewing (counseling/clinical psychology) | | MI➣Mentally Ill | | MI➣Shallow (METAR descriptor) | | MI➣Marine Insurance | | MI➣Mutual Information | | MI➣Multiple Intelligences | | MI➣Manhattan Institute | | MI➣Methylisothiazolinone (preservative) | | MI➣Mare Island (California) | | MI➣Mathematical Institute (various locations) | | MI➣Mathematical Induction | | MI➣Mineral Insulated | | MI➣Medical Inspection | | MI➣Management Interface | | MI➣Milken Institute | | MI➣Master Instructor | | MI➣Minority Institutions | | MI➣Malleable Iron | | MI➣Marginal Income | | MI➣Microscopic Imager | | MI➣MouseInfo (Disney) | | MI➣Medicare Interactive (health care rights information) | | MI➣Minority Interest (accounting) | | MI➣Material Inspection | | MI➣Movement Instructions (US DoD) | | MI➣Machine Intelligence | | MI➣Message Indicator | | MI➣Millennium Institute | | MI➣Master Interface (US Army) | | MI➣Medical Instrumentation | | MI➣Myo-Inositol | | MI➣Minister of Information | | MI➣Multiple Inheritance (objected oriented programming) | | MI➣Mobile Infrastructure | | MI➣Milano - Milan (Lombardia, Italy) | | MI➣Model Identification | | MI➣Microsatellite Instability | | MI➣Model Integration | | MI➣Malaysian Idol (TV series) | | MI➣Mijns Inziens (Dutch) | | MI➣Manual Input | | MI➣Machine Independent | | MI➣Maintenance Item | | MI➣Misión Internacional (Guatemala, license plates) | | MI➣Medically Indigent | | MI➣Metropolitan Institute | | MI➣Mechanical Inspection | | MI➣Memphis Industries (record label) | | MI➣Mobility Impairment | | MI➣Middle Infielder (baseball; 2nd baseman or shortstop) | | MI➣Mobile Infantry (Starship Troopers) | | MI➣Maritime Interdiction | | MI➣Measurement Interval | | MI➣Medical Investigator | | MI➣Main Injector | | MI➣Minor Irrigation (India) | | MI➣Mode Indicator | | MI➣Meat Inspector | | MI➣Mobility International, Inc (Bridgeport, MI) | | MI➣Marine Inspection (US Coast Guard) | | MI➣Master Instruction (computer instruction set) | | MI➣Mission Impact | | MI➣Management Indicator | | MI➣Marching Illini | | MI➣Modular Instruments (National Instruments) | | MI➣Manpower Information | | MI➣Malteser International (Malta) | | MI➣Mark Industries | | MI➣Market Investigation | | MI➣Multibus Interface | | MI➣Mellon Institute (building at Carnegie Mellon University) | | MI➣Monumental Inscription (burial grounds) | | MI➣Militia Immaculatae (Militia of the Immiculata) | | MI➣Master Innholder (UK) | | MI➣Mitral Incompetence (medical) | | MI➣Millennia Institute (Singapore) | | MI➣Molar to Incisor (teeth) | | MI➣Marine Instructor | | MI➣Multiple Instruction Stream | | MI➣Modification Instruction | | MI➣Metal Illumination | | MI➣Manufacturing Instruction | | MI➣Migrante International (activist group) | | MI➣Mechanical Investing | | MI➣Media Immersion | | MI➣Michel Catalog (philatelic catalog) | | MI➣Multi-Installation | | MI➣Manufacturing Inspector | | MI➣Math Investigation (education) | | MI➣Metamerism Index | | MI➣Mica Insulated | | MI➣Membership Interview | | MI➣Marginal Inscription (philately) | | MI➣Morse-Ingersoll (Beloit College Hall) | | MI➣Missed Intercept (combat aviation) | | MI➣Multiple-Instruction-Stream Computer | | MI➣Missile Item | | MI➣Mafic Index (geology) |
MI
Synonyms for MInoun destruction of heart tissue resulting from obstruction of the blood supply to the heart muscleSynonyms- myocardial infarct
- myocardial infarction
Related Words- heart attack
- infarct
- infarction
noun a former British unit of length equivalent to 6,080 feet (1,853.184 meters)Synonyms- Admiralty mile
- geographical mile
- naut mi
- nautical mile
- mile
Related Wordsnoun a unit of length used in navigationSynonyms- air mile
- international nautical mile
- mile
- naut mi
- nautical mile
- knot
Related Wordsnoun a unit of length equal to 1,760 yards or 5,280 feetSynonyms- international mile
- land mile
- mile
- stat mi
- statute mile
Related Words- linear measure
- linear unit
- furlong
- 880 yards
- half mile
- 440 yards
- quarter mile
- league
noun a midwestern state in north central United States in the Great Lakes regionSynonyms- Great Lakes State
- Michigan
- Wolverine State
Related Words- Mackinac Bridge
- middle west
- Midwest
- midwestern United States
- Isle Royal National Park
- U.S.A.
- United States
- United States of America
- US
- USA
- America
- the States
- U.S.
- Alpena
- Ann Arbor
- Detroit
- Motor City
- Motown
- Flint
- Grand Rapids
- Houghton
- Jackson
- capital of Michigan
- Lansing
- Marquette
- Monroe
- Traverse City
- Detroit River
- Grand River
- Lake Saint Clair
- Lake St. Clair
- Lower Peninsula
- Upper Peninsula
noun the government agency in the United Kingdom that is responsible for internal security and counterintelligence on British territorySynonyms- Military Intelligence Section 5
- Security Service
Related Words- international intelligence agency
- Britain
- Great Britain
- U.K.
- UK
- United Kingdom
- United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
noun the government agency in the United Kingdom that is responsible for internal security and counterintelligence overseasSynonyms- Military Intelligence Section 6
- Secret Intelligence Service
Related Words- international intelligence agency
- Britain
- Great Britain
- U.K.
- UK
- United Kingdom
- United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
noun the syllable naming the third (mediant) note of any major scale in solmizationRelated Words |