necessity

ne·ces·si·ty

N0044300 (nə-sĕs′ĭ-tē)n. pl. ne·ces·si·ties 1. a. The condition or quality of being necessary.b. Something necessary: The necessities of life include food, clothing, and shelter.2. a. Something dictated by invariable physical laws.b. The force exerted by circumstance.3. The state or fact of being in need.4. Pressing or urgent need, especially that arising from poverty.Idiom: of necessity As an inevitable consequence; necessarily.

[Middle English necessite, from Old French, from Latin necessitās, from necesse, necessary; see necessary.]

necessity

(nɪˈsɛsɪtɪ) n, pl -ties1. (sometimes plural) something needed for a desired result; prerequisite: necessities of life. 2. a condition or set of circumstances, such as physical laws or social rules, that inevitably requires a certain result: it is a matter of necessity to wear formal clothes when meeting the Queen. 3. the state or quality of being obligatory or unavoidable4. urgent requirement, as in an emergency or misfortune: in time of necessity we must all work together. 5. poverty or want6. rare compulsion through laws of nature; fate7. (Philosophy) philosophy a. a condition, principle, or conclusion that cannot be otherwiseb. the constraining force of physical determinants on all aspects of life. Compare freedom⁸8. (Logic) logic a. the property of being necessaryb. a statement asserting that some property is essential or statement is necessarily truec. the operator that indicates that the expression it modifies is true in all possible worlds. Usual symbol: ☐ or ∟ 9. of necessity inevitably; necessarily

ne•ces•si•ty

(nəˈsɛs ɪ ti)

n., pl. -ties. 1. something necessary or indispensable: food, shelter, and other necessities of life. 2. the fact of being necessary or indispensable; indispensability: the necessity of adequate housing. 3. an imperative requirement or need for something: a necessity for a quick decision. 4. the state or fact of being necessary or inevitable: to face the necessity of testifying in court. 5. an unavoidable need or compulsion to do something: not by choice but by necessity. 6. a state of being in financial need; poverty: a family in dire necessity. 7. Philos. the quality of following inevitably from logical, physical, or moral laws. Idioms: of necessity, inevitably; unavoidably; necessarily. [1325–75; Middle English necessite < Latin necessitās=necess(e) needful + -itās -ity]

Necessity

necessity

noun1. need, demand, requirement, exigency, indispensability, needfulness There is agreement on the necessity of reforms.2. essential, need, necessary, requirement, fundamental, requisite, prerequisite, sine qua non (Latin), desideratum, want Water is a basic necessity of life.3. inevitability, certainty, inexorability, ineluctability, shoo-in (U.S. & Canad.) the ultimate necessity of death4. poverty, need, privation, penury, destitution, extremity, indigence They were reduced to begging through economic necessity.plural noun1. essentials, needs, requirements, fundamentals They sometimes had to struggle to pay for necessities.of necessity necessarily, inevitably, unavoidably, perforce, nolens volens (Latin) The recommendations made in this handbook are, of necessity, fairly general.Quotations
"Necessity is the mother of invention" [Jonathan Swift Gulliver's Travels]
"Necessity never made a good bargain" [Benjamin Franklin Poor Richard's Almanac]
"Necessity is the plea for every infringement of human freedom; it is the argument of tyrants; it is the creed of slaves" [William Pitt speech]
"You make a virtue of necessity" [Saint Jerome Apologeticum adversus Rufinum]
"Give us the luxuries of life, and we will dispense with its necessities" [John Lothrop Motley]Proverbs
"Necessity knows no law"
"Needs must when the devil drives"

necessity

noun1. That which provides a reason or justification:call, cause, ground (often used in plural), justification, occasion, reason, wherefore, why.Idiom: why and wherefore.2. Something indispensable:condition, essential, must, need, precondition, prerequisite, requirement, requisite, sine qua non.3. A condition in which something necessary or desirable is required or wanted:exigence, exigency, need.

Translations

必要性必需品

necessary

(ˈnesisəri) adjective needed; essential. Is it necessary to sign one's name?; I shall do all that is necessary. 必要的，必需的 ˌnecesˈsarily (-ˈse-) adverb必要地necessitate (niˈsesiteit) verb to make necessary. Re-building the castle would necessitate spending a lot of money.使成为必需necessity (niˈsesəti) – plural neˈcessities – noun something needed or essential. Food is one of the necessities of life.必需品

necessity

→ 必要性zhCN

necessity

Related to necessity: certainty

Necessity

A defense asserted by a criminal or civil defendant that he or she had no choice but to break the law.

The necessity defense has long been recognized as Common Law and has also been made part of most states' statutory law. Although no federal statute acknowledges the defense, the Supreme Court has recognized it as part of the common law. The rationale behind the necessity defense is that sometimes, in a particular situation, a technical breach of the law is more advantageous to society than the consequence of strict adherence to the law. The defense is often used successfully in cases that involve a Trespass on property to save a person's life or property. It also has been used, with varying degrees of success, in cases involving more complex questions.

Almost all common-law and statutory definitions of the necessity defense include the following elements: (1) the defendant acted to avoid a significant risk of harm; (2) no adequate lawful means could have been used to escape the harm; and (3) the harm avoided was greater than that caused by breaking the law. Some jurisdictions require in addition that the harm must have been imminent and that the action taken must have been reasonably expected to avoid the imminent danger. All these elements mirror the principles on which the defense of necessity was founded: first, that the highest social value is not always achieved by blind adherence to the law; second, that it is unjust to punish those who technically violate the letter of the law when they are acting to promote or achieve a higher social value than would be served by strict adherence to the law; and third, that it is in society's best interest to promote the greatest good and to encourage people to seek to achieve the greatest good, even if doing so necessitates a technical breach of the law.

The defense of necessity is considered a justification defense, as compared with an excuse defense such as duress. An action that is harmful but praiseworthy is justified, whereas an action that is harmful but ought to be forgiven may be excused. Rather than focusing on the actor's state of mind, as would be done with an excuse defense, the court with a necessity defense focuses on the value of the act. No court has ever accepted a defense of necessity to justify killing a person to protect property.

Most states that have codified the necessity defense make it available only if the defendant's value choice has not been specifically contradicted by the state legislature. For example, in 1993 the Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court rejected the necessity defense of two people who were prosecuted for operating a needle-exchange program that was intended to reduce the transmission of AIDS through the sharing of contaminated hypodermic needles (Massachusetts v. Leno, 415 Mass. 835, 616 N.E.2d 453). Their actions violated a state law prohibiting the distribution of hypodermic needles without a physician's prescription. In rejecting the defense, the court held that the situation posed no clear and imminent danger. The court reasoned that citizens who disagree with the legislature's policy are not without remedy, as they can seek to have the law changed through popular initiative.

The necessity defense has been used with sporadic and very limited success in the area of civil disobedience since the 1970s. The most common circumstances involve public protests against Abortion, Nuclear Power, and Nuclear Weapons. Virtually all abortion protesters who have tried to avail themselves of the defense have lost. The courts have reasoned that because the right to an abortion is constitutionally protected, it cannot simultaneously be a legally recognized harm justifying illegal action. In these cases the courts have also denied the defense on the basis that the criminal act of protest would not stop abortions from occurring; that the harm caused by the act was greater than the harm of abortion; and that legal means of protest, such as demonstrating outside of the clinic rather than entering the clinic or trespassing on its property, were available. Consequently, according to the courts, there was no necessity for the protesters to break the law. In the vast majority of cases in which protesters, trespassing on property, blocked the entrance to nuclear plants, the courts have denied the necessity defense on the grounds that there was no imminent danger and that the trespassing protesters could not reasonably have believed that their actions would halt the manufacture of nuclear materials (see, e.g., State v. Marley, 54 Haw. 450, 509 P.2d 1095 [Haw. 1973]). The defense has also been denied in civil disobedience cases involving protests against U.S. policy abroad, the homeless problem, lack of funding for AIDS research, harmful logging practices, prison conditions, and human and Animal Rights violations.

Necessity has been used successfully by inmates who escape from prison under certain circumstances. In Spakes v. State, 913 S.W.2d 597 (Tex. Crim. App. 1996), the highest criminal court in Texas allowed the jury to be instructed on the necessity defense before deliberating the verdict for an inmate whose three cellmates had planned an escape and threatened to slit his throat if he did not accompany them. The defendant inmate argued that because of the terribly violent crimes of which his cellmates had been convicted (one had bragged about chopping his girlfriend up with an ax), he accompanied them and escaped. Even though he made no attempt to return himself to custody when he was separated from his cellmates, the court still allowed the defense. In contrast, most jurisdictions have held that an escapee must make an attempt to surrender or report to authorities as a condition for asserting the necessity defense. These courts have reasoned that once the immediate threat is no longer present, the action of escape is no longer necessary, and consequently it should end.

necessity

a defence in criminal matters that may mitigate but not exculpate, as in the famous case in which a pair of starving survivors of a ship that had recently sunk ate their fellow survivor, the cabin boy. Although convicted of murder, they were not executed. On this particular factual problem it is worth noting that in the USA it was held in a famous case, that in a shipwreck the core crew should be saved first to pilot the ship. After that, supernumerary seamen are first sacrificed and only then (presumably) the passengers. ‘There is, however, one condition of extremity for which all writers have prescribed the same rule. When the ship is in danger of sinking, but all maintenance is exhausted, and a sacrifice of one person is necessary to appease the hunger of others, the selection is by lot. This mode is reported to as the fairest mode, and, in some sort, as an appeal to God, for the selection of the victim': USv. Holmes 26 Fed. Cas. 360 (1842).

It has been accepted in England that necessity or duress of circumstances is available as a defence to a case of careless driving where the accused was driving away from a road rage attack. In one Scottish case, a driver trying to escape an assault was acquitted of drink driving and the Scottish High Court of Justiciary has now fully recognized this concept outside murder.

NECESSITY. In general, whatever makes the contrary of a thing impossible, whatever may be the cause of such impossibilities,
2. Whatever is done through necessity, is done without any intention, and as the act is done without will, (q.v.) and is compulsory, the agent is not legally responsible. Bac. Max. Reg. 5. Hence the maxim, necessity has no law; indeed necessity is itself a law which cannot be avoided nor infringed. Clef des Lois Rom. h.t.; Dig 10, 3, 10, 1; Com. Dig. Pleader, 3 M 20, 3 M 30.
3. It follows, then, that the acts of a man in violation of law., or to the injury of another, may be justified by necessity, because the actor has no will to do or not to do the thing, he is a mere tool; but, it is conceived, this necessity must be absolute and irresistible, in fact, or so presumed in point of law.
4. The cases which are justified by necessity, may be classed as follows:
I. For the preservation of life; as if two persons are on the same plank, and one must perish, the survivor is justified in having thrown off the other, who was thereby drowned. Bac. Max, Reg. 5.
5.-2. Obedience by a person subject to the power of another; for example, if a wife should commit a larceny with her husband, in this case the law presumes she acted by coercion of her husband, and, being compelled, by necessity, she is justifiable. 1 Russ. Cr. 16, 20; Bac. Max. Reg. 5.
6.-3. Those cases which arise from the act of God, or inevitable accident, or from the act of man, as public enemies. Vide Act of God; Inevitable Accident and also 15 Vin. Ab. 534 Dane's Ab h.t.; 2 Stark. Ev. 713; Marsh. Ins. b. 1, c. 6, s. 3 Jacob's Intr. to. Com. Law. Reg. 74.
7.-4. There is another species of necessity. The actor in these cases is not compelled to do the act whether he will or not, but he has no choice left but to do the act which may be injurious to another, or to lose the total use of his property. For example, when a man's lands are surrounded by those of others, so that he cannot enjoy them without trespassing on his neighbors. The way which is thus obtained, is called a way of necessity. Gale and Whatley on Easements, 71; 11 Co. 52; Hob. 234; 1 Saund. 323, note. See 3 Rawle, R. 495; 3 M'Cord, R. 131; Id. 170; 14 Mass. R. 56; 2 B. & C. 96; 2 Bing. R. 76; 8 T. R. 50; Cro. Jac. 170; 2 Roll. Ab. 60; 3 Kent, Com. 423; 3 Rawle's R. 492; 1 Taunt. R. 279; 8 Taunt. R. 24; ST. R. 50; Ham. N. P. 198; Cro. Jac. 170; 2 Bouv. Inst. n. 1637; and Way.

necessity

ne·ces·si·ty

necessity

ne•ces•si•ty

Necessity

necessity

necessity

necessary

necessity

necessity

bare necessities

necessity is the mother of innovation

necessity is the mother of invention

make a virtue of necessity

of necessity

Necessity knows no law

out of necessity

make a virtue of necessity

Necessity is the mother of invention.

Necessity knows no law.

out of necessity

bare necessities

make a virtue of necessity

necessity is the mother of invention

of necessity

make a virtue of necessity

neˌcessity is the ˌmother of inˈvention

make a ˌvirtue of neˈcessity

of necessity

make a virtue of necessity, to

necessity is the mother of invention

necessity

necessity

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Necessity

Further readings

necessity

necessity

Synonyms for necessity

noun need

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noun essential

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noun inevitability

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noun poverty

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noun essentials

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phrase of necessity

Synonyms

Synonyms for necessity

noun that which provides a reason or justification

Synonyms

noun something indispensable

Synonyms

noun a condition in which something necessary or desirable is required or wanted

Synonyms

Synonyms for necessity

noun the condition of being essential or indispensable

Related Words

noun anything indispensable

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Related Words