organization

or·gan·i·za·tion

O0116300 (ôr′gə-nĭ-zā′shən)n.1. a. The act or process of organizing: The organization of the photos did not take long.b. The state or manner of being organized: The organization of the files could be improved.c. A manner of accomplishing something in an orderly or efficient way: Your project was hampered by your lack of organization.2. a. A group of persons organized for a particular purpose; an association or business.b. The administrative personnel of such a structure: contacted the organization with his complaint.

or′gan·i·za′tion·al adj.or′gan·i·za′tion·al·ly adv.

organization

(ˌɔːɡənaɪˈzeɪʃən) or

organisation

n1. the act of organizing or the state of being organized2. an organized structure or whole3. a business or administrative concern united and constructed for a particular end4. (Government, Politics & Diplomacy) a body of administrative officials, as of a political party, a government department, etc5. order or system; method ˌorganiˈzational, ˌorganiˈsational adj ˌorganiˈzationally, ˌorganiˈsationally adv

or•gan•i•za•tion

(ˌɔr gə nəˈzeɪ ʃən)

n. 1. the act or process of organizing. 2. the state or manner of being organized. 3. something that is organized. 4. organic structure; composition. 5. a group of persons organized for some end or work; association. 6. the administrative personnel or apparatus of a business. 7. the functionaries of a political party along with the offices, committees, etc., that they fill. adj. 8. of or pertaining to an organization. 9. conforming completely to the standards, rules, or demands of an organization, esp. that of one's employer: an organization man. [1375–1425; late Middle English organizacion < Medieval Latin organizātiō=organizā(re) to organize + Latin -tiō -tion] or`gan•i•za′tion•al, adj. or`gan•i•za′tion•al•ly, adv.

Thesaurus

Noun	1.	organization - a group of people who work togetherorganisationsocial group - people sharing some social relationadhocracy - an organization with little or no structure; "the choice between bureaucracy and adhocracy represents a common dilemma"; "the need for informational flexibility can lead to adhocracy"affiliate - a subsidiary or subordinate organization that is affiliated with another organization; "network affiliates"bureaucracy - any organization in which action is obstructed by insistence on unnecessary procedures and red tapeNGO, nongovernmental organization - an organization that is not part of the local or state or federal governmentTammany, Tammany Hall, Tammany Society - a political organization within the Democratic Party in New York City (late 1800's and early 1900's) seeking political control by corruption and bossismfiefdom - an organization that is controlled by a dominant person or groupline of defence, line of defense - any organization whose responsibility it is to defend against something; "police are the major line of defense against crime"line organisation, line organization - the organizational structure of activities contributing directly to the organization's outputassociation - a formal organization of people or groups of people; "he joined the Modern Language Association"polity - a politically organized unitquango, quasi-NGO - a quasi nongovernmental organization; an organization that is financed by the government yet acts independently of the governmentinstitution, establishment - an organization founded and united for a specific purposeenterprise - an organization created for business ventures; "a growing enterprise must have a bold leader"defence force, defense force, defence, defense - an organization of defenders that provides resistance against attack; "he joined the defense against invasion"establishment - any large organizationfire brigade, fire company - a private or temporary organization of individuals equipped to fight firestroupe, company - organization of performers and associated personnel (especially theatrical); "the traveling company all stayed at the same hotel"social unit, unit - an organization regarded as part of a larger social group; "the coach said the offensive unit did a good job"; "after the battle the soldier had trouble rejoining his unit"Peace Corps - a civilian organization sponsored by the United States government; helps people in developing countriespersonnel, force - group of people willing to obey orders; "a public force is necessary to give security to the rights of citizens"labor union, trade union, trades union, union, brotherhood - an organization of employees formed to bargain with the employer; "you have to join the union in order to get a job"musical group, musical organisation, musical organization - an organization of musicians who perform togetherparty, political party - an organization to gain political power; "in 1992 Perot tried to organize a third party at the national level"political machine, machine - a group that controls the activities of a political party; "he was endorsed by the Democratic machine"machine - an intricate organization that accomplishes its goals efficiently; "the war machine"professional organisation, professional organization - an organization of and for professional peoplealignment, alinement, coalition, alliance - an organization of people (or countries) involved in a pact or treatyfederation - an organization formed by merging several groups or partiesquorum - a gathering of the minimal number of members of an organization to conduct businesspecking order, power structure, hierarchy - the organization of people at different ranks in an administrative bodymembership, rank - the body of members of an organization or group; "they polled their membership"; "they found dissension in their own ranks"; "he joined the ranks of the unemployed"delegation, deputation, delegacy, commission, mission - a group of representatives or delegatesGirl Scouts - an organization of young women and girls founded in 1912 for character development and citizenship trainingblue - any organization or party whose uniforms or badges are blue; "the Union army was a vast blue"gray, grey - any organization or party whose uniforms or badges are grey; "the Confederate army was a vast grey"host - any organization that provides resources and facilities for a function or event; "Atlanta was chosen to be host for the Olympic Games"
	2.	organization - an organized structure for arranging or classifying; "he changed the arrangement of the topics"; "the facts were familiar but it was in the organization of them that he was original"; "he tried to understand their system of classification"arrangement, organisation, systemstructure - the complex composition of knowledge as elements and their combinations; "his lectures have no structure"classification system - a system for classifying thingscontrivance - an artificial or unnatural or obviously contrived arrangement of details or parts etc.; "the plot contained too many improbable contrivances to be believable"coordinate system, frame of reference, reference frame, reference system - a system that uses coordinates to establish positiondata structure - (computer science) the organization of data (and its storage allocations in a computer)design, plan - an arrangement scheme; "the awkward design of the keyboard made operation difficult"; "it was an excellent design for living"; "a plan for seating guests"distribution, statistical distribution - (statistics) an arrangement of values of a variable showing their observed or theoretical frequency of occurrencegenetic map - graphical representation of the arrangement of genes on a chromosomekinship system - (anthropology) the system of social relationships that constitute kinship in a particular culture, including the terminology that is used and the reciprocal obligations that are entailedlattice - an arrangement of points or particles or objects in a regular periodic pattern in 2 or 3 dimensionsliving arrangement - an arrangement to allow people (or ideas) to coexistontology - (computer science) a rigorous and exhaustive organization of some knowledge domain that is usually hierarchical and contains all the relevant entities and their relationscalendar - a system of timekeeping that defines the beginning and length and divisions of the year
	3.	organization - the persons (or committees or departments etc.) who make up a body for the purpose of administering something; "he claims that the present administration is corrupt"; "the governance of an association is responsible to its members"; "he quickly became recognized as a member of the establishment"governance, governing body, organisation, administration, brass, establishmentbody - a group of persons associated by some common tie or occupation and regarded as an entity; "the whole body filed out of the auditorium"; "the student body"; "administrative body"authorities, government, regime - the organization that is the governing authority of a political unit; "the government reduced taxes"; "the matter was referred to higher authorities"Curia - (Roman Catholic Church) the central administration governing the Roman Catholic Churchtop brass - the most important persons in a governing bodyexecutive - persons who administer the lawjudiciary, bench - persons who administer justicecounty council - the elected governing body of a countygovernment officials, officialdom - people elected or appointed to administer a governmentpecking order, power structure, hierarchy - the organization of people at different ranks in an administrative bodymanagement - those in charge of running a businessadvisory board, planning board - a board appointed to advise the chief administrator
	4.	organization - the act of organizing a business or an activity related to a business; "he was brought in to supervise the organization of a new department"organisationadministration, disposal - a method of tending to or managing the affairs of a some group of people (especially the group's business affairs)nonprofit, nonprofit organization, not-for-profit - an organization chartered for other than profit-making activitiesrationalisation, rationalization - the organization of a business according to scientific principles of management in order to increase efficiencyreorganisation, reorganization, shakeup, shake-up - the imposition of a new organization; organizing differently (often involving extensive and drastic changes); "a committee was appointed to oversee the reorganization of the curriculum"; "top officials were forced out in the cabinet shakeup"self-organisation, self-organization - organizing yourself (especially organizing your own labor union)syndication - organizing into or administering as a syndicate
	5.	organization - an ordered manner; orderliness by virtue of being methodical and well organized; "his compulsive organization was not an endearing quality"; "we can't do it unless we establish some system around here"organisation, systemmethodicalness, orderliness - the quality of appreciating method and system
	6.	organization - the activity or result of distributing or disposing persons or things properly or methodically; "his organization of the work force was very efficient"organisationactivity - any specific behavior; "they avoided all recreational activity"randomisation, randomization - a deliberately haphazard arrangement of observations so as to simulate chancesystematisation, systematization, rationalisation, rationalization - systematic organization; the act of organizing something according to a system or a rationaleordering, order - the act of putting things in a sequential arrangement; "there were mistakes in the ordering of items on the list"itemisation, itemization, listing - the act of making a list of itemsterritorialisation, territorialization - the act of organizing as a territory
	7.	organization - the act of forming or establishing something; "the constitution of a PTA group last year"; "it was the establishment of his reputation"; "he still remembers the organization of the club"establishment, constitution, formation, organisationcommencement, start, beginning - the act of starting something; "he was responsible for the beginning of negotiations"unionisation, unionization - act of forming labor unions; "the issue underlying the strike was unionization"collectivisation, collectivization - the organization of a nation or economy on the basis of collectivismcommunisation, communization - the organization of a nation of the basis of communismfederation - the act of constituting a political unity out of a number of separate states or colonies or provinces so that each member retains the management of its internal affairscolonisation, colonization, settlement - the act of colonizing; the establishment of colonies; "the British colonization of America"

organization

noun1. group, company, party, body, concern, league, association, band, institution, gathering, circle, corporation, federation, outfit (informal), faction, consortium, syndicate, combine, congregation, confederation Most of the funds are provided by voluntary organizations.2. management, running, planning, making, control, operation, handling, structuring, administration, direction, regulation, construction, organizing, supervision, governance, formulation, coordination, methodology, superintendence the work that goes into the organization of this event3. structure, grouping, plan, system, form, design, method, pattern, make-up, arrangement, construction, constitution, format, formation, framework, composition, chemistry, configuration, conformation, interrelation of parts the internal organization of the department

Economic organizations and treaties

ACAS or Advisory, Conciliation, and Arbitration Service, Bretton Woods System, CACM or Central American Common Market, CAP or Common Agricultural Policy, CARICOM or Caribbean Community and Common Market, CARIFTA or Caribbean Free Trade Area, CBI or Confederation of British Industry, COMECON or Council for Mutual Economic Assistance, ECO or European Coal Organization, ECOSOC or Economic and Social Council, ECOWAS or Economic Community Of West African States, ECSC or European Coal and Steel Community, EEA or European Economic Area, EFTA or European Free Trade association, EMS or European Monetary System, EMU or European Monetary Union, EU or European Union, European Bank for Reconstruction and Development, European Investment Bank, European Monetary Cooperation Fund, European Regional Development Fund, GATT or General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade, Group of 7 or G7, IFC or International Finance Corporation, ILO or International Labour Organization, IMF or International Monetary Fund, LAFTA or Latin American Free Trade Association, Lomé agreements, Maastricht Treaty, Monopolies and Mergers Commission, NAFTA or New Zealand and Australia Free Trade Agreement, NAFTA or North American Free Trade Agreement, NEDC or National Economic Development Council, OECD or Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, Office of Fair Trading, OPEC or Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries, Single European Market Act, Treaty of Rome, TUC or Trades Union Congress, UNCTAD or United Nations Conference on Trade and Development, UNIDO or United Nations Industrial Development Organization, World Bank or International Bank for Reconstruction and Development, WTO or World Trade Organization

organization

noun1. The act of founding or establishing:constitution, creation, establishment, foundation, institution, origination, start-up.2. A way or condition of being arranged:arrangement, categorization, classification, deployment, disposal, disposition, distribution, formation, grouping, layout, lineup, order, placement, sequence.3. Systematic arrangement and design:method, order, orderliness, pattern, plan, system, systematization, systemization.4. A group of people united in a relationship and having some interest, activity, or purpose in common:association, club, confederation, congress, federation, fellowship, fraternity, guild, league, order, society, sorority, union.5. An association, especially of nations for a common cause:alliance, Anschluss, bloc, cartel, coalition, confederacy, confederation, federation, league, union.

Translations

组织

organize,

organise

(ˈoːgənaiz) verb1. to arrange or prepare (something), usually requiring some time or effort. They organized a conference.组织2. to make into a society etc. He organized the workers into a trade union.使...组织起来ˈorganizer, ˈorganiser noun组织者ˌorganiˈzation, ˌorganiˈsation noun1. a group of people working together for a purpose. a business organization. 组织，团体 2. the act of organizing. Efficiency depends on the organization of one's work. 组织（指动作） 3. the state of being organized. This report lacks organization. 组织（指状态） ˈorganized, ˈorganised adjective1. efficient. She's a very organized person.有组织性的2. well-arranged. an organized report.组织得有条理的3. having been planned. an organized protest.有组织的

organization

→ 组织zhCN

organization

, organisation a body of administrative officials, as of a political party, a government department, etc.

Organization

An arrangement of elements or interdependent parts with varied functions into a coherent and functioning entity.

centralized organization

Spaces gathered around or coming together at a large or dominant central area.

clustered organization

Spaces that are grouped, collected, or gathered closely together and related by proximity to each other.

embedded organization

A space incorporated as an integrated and essential part of a larger space.

grid-based organization

Spaces that are organized with reference to a rectangular system of lines and coordinates.

interlocking organization

Two spaces interwoven or fit into each other so as to form an area of common space.

linear organization

Spaces that are extended, arranged, or linked along a line, path, or gallery.

linked organization

Two spaces that are joined or connected by a third intervening space.

radial organization

Spaces arranged like radii or rays from a central space or core.

organization

a type of collectivity established for the pursuit of specific aims or goals, characterized by a formal structure of rules, authority relations, a division of labour and limited membership or admission. The term is used mainly to refer to large-scale or ‘complex organizations’ which pervade all aspects of social life in modern society, e.g. business enterprises, schools, hospitals, churches, prisons, the military, political parties, trade unions, etc. Such organizations involve patterns of social relationships which differ from other social groups such as the family, peer groups, and neighbourhoods which are largely spontaneous, unplanned or informal (compare PRIMARY GROUP). Forms of association in organizations tend to occupy only a segment of a person's life (with the notable exception of TOTAL ORGANIZATIONS).
any purposeful arrangement of social activity or set of activities (compare SOCIAL STRUCTURE). Organization in this sense implies active control over human relations for specific ends. For example, the organization of work involves specifying the allocation and coordination of tasks, patterns of authority, forms of recruitment and employment relationships.

Although organization and BUREAUCRACY are frequently treated as synonymous, this is inappropriate, since while all modern bureaucracies are organizations, not all organizations are bureaucracies. WEBER, for example, was careful to distinguish organization (Verband) from bureaucracy since the former could include patterns of domination other than the ‘legal-rational’ type characteristic of modern bureaucracy. See also AUTHORITY.

The fundamental problem in defining organization in sense l concerns the specification of‘organizational goals’. To state that organizations have goals either reifies the collective concept ‘organization’ or assumes that the goals of an organization are identical to those defined by the power holders at the apex of the organization (see FUNCTIONALISM). Clearly, organizations, as such, have no goals. Rather, groups and individuals within organizations may hold a variety of different and competing goals. Organizational controllers may attempt to establish over-arching goals for the organization through selection, training, rewards and punishments, and the perpetuation of an ‘organization culture’, but the nature and extent of compliance by subordinates and the degree of cooperation and conflict within an organization can only be established by empirical research. This issue is reflected in the distinction between formal and informal organization. The former refers to the ‘official’ hierarchy and lines of authority, with their spans of control, as first described by formal theorists of organization and scientific management; the latter refers to the ways in which official rules are negotiated or subverted through the informal practices of subordinates as in the early Hawthorne experiments. See HUMAN RELATIONS SCHOOL

There is, in fact, no generally accepted definition of organization; its meaning varies in terms of the different theoretical approaches to organization in the literature (see ORGANIZATION THEORY).

Organization

(1) The internal ordering and coordination of interactions of more or less differentiated and autonomous parts of a whole caused by the structure of the whole. (2) The totality of processes or actions leading to the formation and refinement of relationships among parts of a whole. (3) An association of people working together to achieve a certain program or goal and acting according to definite procedures and rules.

The concept of organization is applied to biological, social, and some technical objects, usually in association with the concepts of structure and system; in this case, the concept of system describes those phenomena whose more concrete characteristics, which generally pertain to the internal regularities of the system, are expressed in the concepts of structure and organization. The concept of structure usually refers to what is relatively constant and static in a system, that is, to the composition of the system’s parts and to the ways in which the parts are linked together. The concept of organization, on the other hand, refers to the dynamics of a system, that is, to the functioning, behavior, and interaction of the parts.

Two aspects of organization are distinguished: order and direction. Order is defined quantitatively as the inverse of the entropy of the system and is expressed in units of information called bits. The direction of organization characterizes the correspondence or lack of correspondence between the system and its environment, the viability of the particular type of organization from the point of view of maintaining normal system functioning, the organization’s adaptability to the environment, and so on.

Because the degree of order of a system is usually higher than the degree of order of the environment, there must be special mechanisms that make it possible to maintain and perfect the organization of the system under conditions of random influences by the environment. These mechanisms can be both inside and outside the system. In the former case, the system is called self-organizing. Self-organization is achieved by external and internal feedback; negative feedback serves to maintain organization, and positive feedback makes it possible to increase organization. Hierarchy, that is, the presence of a number of coordinated levels, is an essential characteristic of complex organizations.

Problems of organization have been an object of scientific inquiry since ancient times, but usually the independent role of the processes of organization was not recognized. Only in the early 20th century was it demonstrated in biology and psychology that objects that differ significantly in composition may exhibit similar characteristics because of similar modes of organization. Indeed, not only the parts but also the ways they are organized determine the properties of the whole. The broad diversity of organizational processes and forms stimulated attempts to construct a general theory of organization. One of the first such conceptions was tectology, the universal science of organization, formulated (1913) and developed by A. A. Bogdanov, who gave a general description of the highly diverse processes involved in the emergence and disintegration of organization. Later, the generalized approach to problems of organization was used in cybernetics and in general systems theory, both of which have influenced all scientific disciplines that study complex systems. This approach has not yet led to the construction of a general theory of organization in the strict sense of the word, but it has been an important stimulant to the study of the organization of specific objects, especially in biology and the social sciences.

In biology, a focus on problems of organization has made it possible to take an important step toward overcoming the antitheses between vitalism, which attempts to explain the specific features of life by the action of nonmaterial factors, and mechanism, which completely denies the existence of these specific characteristics. The concept of organization has made possible a rational explanation of the integrity and qualitative uniqueness of biological objects, because both these qualities depend upon the workings of the varied interconnections that permeate all levels of life. Moreover, once the importance of organization in living systems was recognized, a leading role in the search for knowledge about the nature of life was assigned to the study of interconnections and interactions among parts that ensure the dynamic stability of biological objects under conditions of a variable environment.

With the penetration of information theory ideas and methods into biology it became possible to interpret the phenomena of biological organization as processes of cybernetic control based on information exchanges among elements of different systems. Another line of development in ideas about biological organization is linked to the expansion of the boundaries of biological knowledge through the study of suborganismic phenomena such as subcellular (molecular and submolecular) structures and the study of such supraorganismic factors as population and biological community.

This broadening of biological research has raised the question of the organization of living nature as a whole. The notion of a hierarchy of levels of organization of living matter was a direct expression of this expanded approach to the problem. Although the issue has not yet been finally decided, ordinarily the following major levels of organization are distinguished: the cell, the organism, the population, the community, and the biosphere. Because none of these levels can objectively be considered primary and because organization is universally important, biologists were forced to renounce earlier ideas of the primacy of any one level, such as the organism or, more recently, the biological species. The problem of the interrelationship of different levels of organization is one of the central problems in contemporary theoretical biology. Yet another important general biological problem involves the nascent synthesis of the theory of organization and the theory of evolution.

The concept of social organization in the broad sense characterizes the ways that the actions of individuals and social groups are ordered and regulated. The various mechanisms of social organization that encompass all levels and spheres of relationships among people perform an integrative function and ensure control of individual actions by the social system. These mechanisms (1) create conditions and prerequisites for participation in social relations by means of socialization and individual assimilation of prevailing norms and values in the given social system and (2) are expected to influence the individual through social checks and a system of sanctions so that the individual’s actions do not exceed what is permissible in the given system.

In the narrower sense, a social organization is a relatively autonomous group of people who are oriented toward a predetermined goal requiring joint and coordinated action. A typical feature of such developed organization is the presence of specialized personnel trained in administration.

Social relations are regulated by traditional norms, which emerge and function spontaneously. The rise of capitalism leads to a breakdown of these norms, and this process of disintegration intensifies with the transition to state monopoly capitalism. Gradually, new and more or less consciously constructed types of organization emerge. A very important measure of this process is rapid growth in the number and size of various organizations that thoroughly regulate the life of the individual and mediate interpersonal contacts. While the development of large organizations is an objective need created by present-day social production, it comes into contradiction with that element of society which is based on private ownership. The growing role of organization under capitalism leads to a situation where the competitive struggle taking place at the level of giant organizations has especially devastating social and economic consequences. Increasing division of labor, growing technological complexity, concentration of production and formation of large organizations, and exploitation of the working people, which is also intensifying and taking on ever more refined forms, are accompanied by significant growth in the number of administrative personnel, the appearance of many new functions, and a sharp rise in demands for efficiency in the organizational work of administrative personnel.

The first research in social organization in bourgeois social science was extremely practical and normative; its goal was to rationalize organizational and managerial activity. F. Taylor (USA, 1911) originated the study of optimal methods of distributing administrative functions and responsibility among elements of the administrative apparatus. Praising the rational aspects of Taylor’s conception, V. I. Lenin showed that Taylor’s ideas also served as a means of strengthening the ruthless system of extracting profit for the capitalists (see Poln. sobr. soch., 5th ed., vol. 23, pp. 18–19 and vol. 36, pp. 189–190). Leninist methodology makes it possible to evaluate all later capitalist conceptions of organization as well. The German sociologist M. Weber proposed an ideal model of bureaucracy, a maximally rationalized system of control and management, and formulated the principles on which relations in such a system must be based. Weber’s studies emphasized the formal aspects of social organization: the necessity for a systematic code of rules and restrictions governing relations among workers that would be embodied in explicit written instructions.

In the late 1930’s C. Barnard, F. Roethlisberger, and W. Dickson established the effect of informal, personal relations among workers on efficiency and productivity. Arising spontaneously through direct contacts among workers, this type of informal association is an inevitable and essential supplement to formal organization. The doctrine of “human relations” as a mode of managerial behavior toward subordinates grew out of these studies, which brought out the social-psychological aspect of the problem. This doctrine was yet another means of intensifying exploitation, but it also increased the efficiency of industrial management.

In the postwar period the range of problems dealt with in research on social organization has steadily expanded. Current research focuses on such topics as flows of information used in decision-making, mechanisms for proposing, adopting, and changing goals, and discrepancies between an organization’s actual and stated goals. Other research subjects include identification of criteria for the efficiency of nonprofit organizations, problems of conflict and change within an organization, and motivational analysis of managerial personnel. The latest trends in the field of social organization in the capitalist countries are related to the widespread introduction of computer technology and new methods of data processing and decision-making, such as computer modeling, linear and dynamic programming, the theory of games and decisions, and systems analysis. These trends are also associated with the creation of special-purpose organizations formed to implement particular social programs, carry out scientific and technical research, or perform specialized tasks for the military.

Bourgeois sociologists, such as W. Whyte and D. Riesman, have analyzed how the modern organization contributes to the alienation of individuals, while H. Marcuse, his Frankfurt school colleagues, and other ideologists of the “new left” have been especially critical of the effects of organization. This criticism does reveal many of the true contradictions of bourgeois organization as a whole; however, it remains abstract because it lacks a class analysis and ignores the fundamental differences between capitalist and socialist forms of organization.

The problems of social organization acquired a fundamentally new and very broad significance in the theory of Marxism-Leninism and in the practice of the socialist revolution and building a socialist and communist society. K. Marx and F. Engels stressed that socialism inevitably replaces capitalism precisely because of its superiority in organizing social production; the very idea of the hegemony of the proletariat is based on the conclusion that the proletariat surpasses all other classes and strata because it is the most highly organized class.

The Leninist theory of socialist revolution and the building of socialism stresses the problems of organization; V. I. Lenin demonstrated the validity of the doctrine of the proletarian party as the highest form of political organization of the working people. Lenin considered the organization of production and all social life on the basis of socialist principles to be one of the main tasks that the dictatorship of the proletariat would carry out under party leadership. Lenin also gave thorough treatment to such fundamental theoretical concerns of organization and administration as the principles of democratic centralism, one-man management in party and state leadership, monitoring the activity of the administrative apparatus, and combating bureaucratic tendencies.

Lenin’s ideas have been further elaborated in the theory and practice of the CPSU, which always proceeds from the assumption that the very nature of socialist society requires the maximum organization and planned transformation of all aspects of social life. Broad steps to perfect the management of the economy and to foster social development and the activities of trade unions, the Komsomol, and other mass organizations and production collectives in socialist society serve this end. Based on the unity of the fundamental interests of the people and on conscious principles, socialist organization by no means suppresses the personality; rather it is an essential condition for the free and comprehensive development of the human personality.

REFERENCES

Lenin, V. I. “Velikii pochin.” Poln. sobr. soch., 5th ed., vol. 39.
Lenin, V. I. “Kak organizovat’ sorevnovanie.” Ibid., vol. 35.
Lenin, V. I. “Kak nam reorganizovat’ Rabkrin.” Ibid., vol. 45.
Lenin, V. I. “Luchshe men’she, da luchshe.” Ibid.
Bogdanov, A. A. Vseobshchaia organizatsionnaia nauka (tektologiia), 3rd ed., parts 1–3. Leningrad-Moscow, 1925–29.
Organizatsiia i upravlenie. Moscow, 1968.
Sistemnye issledovaniia: Ezhegodnik—7970.
SShA: Sovremennye metody upravleniia. Moscow, 1971.
Gvishiani, D. M. Organizatsiia i upravlenie, 2d ed., Moscow, 1972.
Razvitie kontseptsii strukturnykh urovnei v biologii: Sb. st. Moscow, 1972.
Takhtadzhian, A. L. “Tektologiia: istoriia i problemy.” In Sistemnye issledovaniia: Ezhegodnik—1971. Moscow, 1972.
Khailov, K. M. “K evoliutsii teoreticheskogo myshleniia v biologii: ot monotsentrizma k politsentrizmu.” Ibid. Moscow, 1973.
Modern Organization Theory. Edited by M. Haire. New York, 1959.
Etzioni, A. A Comparative Analysis of Complex Organizations: On Power, Involvement, and Their Correlates. Glencoe, Ill., 1961.
Whyte, W. H. The Organization Man. New York, 1963.
Handbook of Organizations. Edited by J. March. Chicago, Ill., 1965.
March, J. G., and H. A. Simon. Organizations, 6th ed. New York, 1965.
Blau, P. M., and W. R. Scott. Formal Organizations. London, 1966.
Bennis, W. G. Changing Organizations. New York, 1966.
Likert, R. The Human Organization. New York, 1967.
Hodge, B. J., and H. J. Johnson. Management and Organizational Behavior. New York, 1970.

B. G. IUDIN

organization

An umbrella term for any company or association.

organization

or·gan·i·za·tion

organization

organisation

or•gan•i•za•tion

organization

Economic organizations and treaties

organization

organize,

organise

organization

organization

organization

Organization

centralized organization

clustered organization

embedded organization

grid-based organization

interlocking organization

linear organization

linked organization

radial organization

organization

Organization

REFERENCES

organization

organization

organization

or·ga·ni·za·tion

organization

or·ga·ni·za·tion

or·ga·ni·za·tion

Patient discussion about organization

Organization

Organization

organization

organization

organization

organization

Synonyms for organization

noun group

Synonyms

noun management

Synonyms

noun structure

Synonyms

Synonyms for organization

noun the act of founding or establishing

Synonyms

noun a way or condition of being arranged

Synonyms

noun systematic arrangement and design

Synonyms

noun a group of people united in a relationship and having some interest, activity, or purpose in common

Synonyms

noun an association, especially of nations for a common cause

Synonyms

Synonyms for organization

noun a group of people who work together

Synonyms

Related Words

noun an organized structure for arranging or classifying

Synonyms

Related Words

noun the persons (or committees or departments etc.) who make up a body for the purpose of administering something

Synonyms

Related Words

noun the act of organizing a business or an activity related to a business

Synonyms

Related Words

noun an ordered manner

Synonyms

Related Words

noun the activity or result of distributing or disposing persons or things properly or methodically

Synonyms

Related Words

noun the act of forming or establishing something

Synonyms

Related Words