| 单词 | nitrogen fixation | |||
| 释义 | nitrogen fixationnitrogen fixationnitrogen fixationni′trogen fixa`tionn. nitrogen fixationnitrogen fixation
nitrogen fixationnitrogen fixationNitrogen Fixationthe process of binding molecular atmospheric nitrogen (N2) and converting it to nitrogenous compounds. Nitrogen fixation is accomplished by nitrogen-fixing microorganisms, including Rhizobia and other microorganisms (bacteria, actinomycetes, yeasts, fungi, and blue-green algae) that inhabit the soil, freshwater bodies, seas, and oceans. Nitrogen fixation is a very important biological process, playing a large role in the nitrogen cycle in nature and enriching the soil and ponds with bound nitrogen. The atmosphere covering 1 hectare (ha) of ground contains over 70,000 tons of free nitrogen, and it is only as a result of nitrogen fixation that a portion of this becomes available to higher plants. Free-living nitrogen-fixing bacteria bind several tens of kilograms of nitrogen per ha per year. Blue-green algae in rice fields bind up to 200 kg per ha per year. The overall increase in nitrogen (in above-ground organs and postharvest residues) with legume culture is 57.5–335 kg per ha per year. The quantity of nitrogen carried into the soil by legumes because of the activity of Rhizobia amounts to 100–250 kg per ha in a season. Naturally, this process has great significance for the improvement of soil and for increasing the yield of agricultural crops. It is for this purpose that legume seeds are mixed with Rhizobium preparations before sowing, legumes are used as predecessors to cereal grains in crop rotation, corn is sown with clover, vetch is sown with oats, and so forth. Research on the mechanism of nitrogen fixation is very important. As far back as 1894, S. N. Vinogradskii suggested that ammonia was formed as a result of nitrogen fixation. This proposition has been confirmed by contemporary research methods, including the use of a heavy isotope of nitrogen (N15). A. N. Bakh assumed in 1934 that nitrogen fixation is a result of the conjugative effect of oxidation-reduction enzymes. It has been established that the reduction of molecular nitrogen (N2) to ammonia (NH3) occurs with the participation of an enzyme system containing iron, molybdenum, and magnesium and functioning as a carrier of electrons to the N2. Nitrogen-fixing enzyme systems catalyze the reduction of N2 in the presence of an energy source—adenosine triphosphate (ATP)—and a reducing agent—for example, molecular hydrogen (H2), or a hydrosulfite (Na2S2O4). Thus, nitrogen fixation does not require oxygen in the proper sense and is a reductive process. REFERENCESKretovich, V. L., and B. I. Liubimov. “Biokhimiia fiksatsii azota.” Priroda, 1964, no. 12. Pages 14–21.Mishustin, E. N., and V. K. Shi’ nikova. Biologicheskaia fiksatsiia atmosfernogo azota. Moscow, 1968. V. L. KREMOVICH and V. I. LIUBIMOV nitrogen fixation[′nī·trə·jən ‚fik¦sā·shən]nitrogen fixationni·tro·gen fix·a·tionnitrogen fixationnitrogen fixationthe utilization of atmospheric nitrogen in the synthesis of AMINO ACIDS by some bacteria. Such bacteria can be free-living (e.g. Azotobacter, an aerobe; Clostridium, an obligate anaerobe) while others (e.g. Rhizobium) live in association with plants, occupying swellings in the root called root nodules. The latter relationship is one of SYMBIOSIS, in that the plant gains nutrients and thus can live in nitrogen-poor soils, while the nitrogen-fixer obtains a supply of carbohydrates from the plant. The nitrogen is reduced to ammonia in the microbes by action of the enzyme nitrogenase: N2 + 3 H2 → 2 NH3, the ammonia then reacting with keto acids to form amino acids.nitrogen fixation
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nitrogen fixation - the assimilation of atmospheric nitrogen by soil bacteria and its release for plant use on the death of the bacteria