right to silence

the idea that a person should not be able to incriminate himself simply by saying nothing at all. In England and Wales the right has been known for some time, even although there was no constitutional provision. The history is not as might be expected. Originally all witnesses could be interrogated, and although this was stopped in the 17th century, the accused was denied the right to give evidence in his own defence. This was changed by the Criminal Evidence Act 1898. In the 20th century the position was arrived at first under the Judges' Rules of 1912 and latterly under the Police and Criminal Evidence Act 1984 that a suspect had to be cautioned that he need not answer any questions put to him. However, in terms of the Criminal Justice and Public Order Act 1994 (similar to the Criminal Evidence (Northern Ireland) Order 1988), courts are permitted to comment on a failure to give evidence. As a result, the caution given to suspects has been changed to warn the suspect of this fact. It has been held that the Northern Ireland rules did not infringe the EUROPEAN CONVENTION ON HUMAN RIGHTS albeit the Convention has been interpreted in the past to the effect that the right to silence is an inherent part of the protection available under Article 6 of the Convention. The right has been further reinforced in the UK by the Human Rights Act 1998.

In Scotland, the history is similar, and the principle has been described as sacred and inviolable. There are no statutory measures such as exist in England, but the common law caution administered warns suspects of their right and a detained person must be warned that he need only give his name and address. So far as comment to the jury is concerned, the Scots courts have always been able to comment but subject to restraint and only in special and appropriate circumstances. Since 1995 the prosecutor has been able to comment.

In the USA, the use of the Fifth and Fourteenth Amendments have long given constitutional protection to citizens - a person does not have to answer a question if, truly answered, it would tend to incriminate him. Being a constitutional provision, the right is more general and of wide influence in matters outside the actual courtroom. Suspects have to be cautioned and informed of their right. See EXCLUSIONARY RULE.

单词	right to silence
释义	right to silence right to silence the idea that a person should not be able to incriminate himself simply by saying nothing at all. In England and Wales the right has been known for some time, even although there was no constitutional provision. The history is not as might be expected. Originally all witnesses could be interrogated, and although this was stopped in the 17th century, the accused was denied the right to give evidence in his own defence. This was changed by the Criminal Evidence Act 1898. In the 20th century the position was arrived at first under the Judges' Rules of 1912 and latterly under the Police and Criminal Evidence Act 1984 that a suspect had to be cautioned that he need not answer any questions put to him. However, in terms of the Criminal Justice and Public Order Act 1994 (similar to the Criminal Evidence (Northern Ireland) Order 1988), courts are permitted to comment on a failure to give evidence. As a result, the caution given to suspects has been changed to warn the suspect of this fact. It has been held that the Northern Ireland rules did not infringe the EUROPEAN CONVENTION ON HUMAN RIGHTS albeit the Convention has been interpreted in the past to the effect that the right to silence is an inherent part of the protection available under Article 6 of the Convention. The right has been further reinforced in the UK by the Human Rights Act 1998. In Scotland, the history is similar, and the principle has been described as sacred and inviolable. There are no statutory measures such as exist in England, but the common law caution administered warns suspects of their right and a detained person must be warned that he need only give his name and address. So far as comment to the jury is concerned, the Scots courts have always been able to comment but subject to restraint and only in special and appropriate circumstances. Since 1995 the prosecutor has been able to comment. In the USA, the use of the Fifth and Fourteenth Amendments have long given constitutional protection to citizens - a person does not have to answer a question if, truly answered, it would tend to incriminate him. Being a constitutional provision, the right is more general and of wide influence in matters outside the actual courtroom. Suspects have to be cautioned and informed of their right. See EXCLUSIONARY RULE.
随便看	enhancing conus contingency capabilities enhancing education through technology enhancing neuro imaging genetics through meta-analysis enhancing quality of informed consent enhancing recovery in coronary heart disease enhancing student employability coordination team enhancing teachers' ability in inclusion enhancing the capacity of election practitioners enhancing the development impact of remittances enhancive enhancively enharbor enharden enharmonic enharmonical enharmonically enharmonically equivalent enharmonic equivalence enharmonic equivalency enharmonic equivalent enharmonic interval enharmonic modulation enharmonics en-hazor enhba