system

sys·tem

S0974600 (sĭs′təm)n.1. A group of interacting, interrelated, or interdependent elements forming a complex whole, especially:a. An organism as a whole, especially with regard to its vital processes or functions: The animal's entire system seems to be affected by the disease.b. A group of physiologically or anatomically related organs or parts: the excretory system; a root system.c. A group of interacting mechanical or electrical components: the building's heating system.d. A network of structures and channels, as for communication, travel, or distribution: a highway system.e. A network of related computer software, hardware, and data transmission devices.2. a. An organized set of interrelated ideas or principles: Kant's philosophical system.b. A social, economic, or political organizational form: the feudal system.3. a. An arrangement or configuration of classification or measurement: the taxonomic system; the metric system.b. An organized and coordinated method; a procedure: We have an efficient system for processing returned merchandise. See Synonyms at method.4. a. A naturally occurring group of objects or phenomena: a cave system; a weather system.b. Geology A set of rock strata grouped by geologic time period and divided into series.5. Harmonious interaction or order: a restaurant kitchen that was completely without system.6. The prevailing social order; the establishment. Used with the: You can't beat the system.

[Late Latin systēma, systēmat-, from Greek sustēma, from sunistanai, to combine : sun-, syn- + histanai, set up, establish; see stā- in Indo-European roots.]

system

(ˈsɪstəm) n1. a group or combination of interrelated, interdependent, or interacting elements forming a collective entity; a methodical or coordinated assemblage of parts, facts, concepts, etc: a system of currency; the Copernican system. 2. any scheme of classification or arrangement: a chronological system. 3. a network of communications, transportation, or distribution4. a method or complex of methods: he has a perfect system at roulette. 5. orderliness; an ordered manner6. (Sociology) the system (often capital) society seen as an environment exploiting, restricting, and repressing individuals7. (Physiology) an organism considered as a functioning entity8. (Physiology) any of various bodily parts or structures that are anatomically or physiologically related: the digestive system. 9. one's physiological or psychological constitution: get it out of your system. 10. (Electronics) any assembly of electronic, electrical, or mechanical components with interdependent functions, usually forming a self-contained unit: a brake system. 11. (Astronomy) a group of celestial bodies that are associated as a result of natural laws, esp gravitational attraction: the solar system. 12. (Chemistry) chem a sample of matter in which there are one or more substances in one or more phases. See also phase rule13. a point of view or doctrine used to interpret a branch of knowledge14. (Minerals) mineralogy one of a group of divisions into which crystals may be placed on the basis of the lengths and inclinations of their axes. Also called: crystal system 15. (Geological Science) geology a stratigraphical unit for the rock strata formed during a period of geological time. It can be subdivided into series[C17: from French système, from Late Latin systēma, from Greek sustēma, from syn- + histanai to cause to stand] ˈsystemless adj

sys•tem

(ˈsɪs təm)

n. 1. an assemblage or combination of things or parts forming a complex or unitary whole. 2. any assemblage or set of correlated members. 3. an ordered and comprehensive assemblage of facts, principles, doctrines, or the like in a particular field. 4. a coordinated body of methods or a scheme or plan of procedure; organizational scheme: a system of government. 5. any formulated, regular, or special method or plan of procedure. 6. a. an assemblage of organs or related tissues concerned with the same function: the digestive system. b. the entire human or animal body considered as a functioning unit: an ingredient toxic to the system. 7. a. a number of heavenly bodies associated and acting together according to certain natural laws, as the solar system. b. a hypothesis or theory of the characteristics of heavenly bodies by which their phenomena, motions, changes, etc., are explained: the Copernican system. 8. one's psychological makeup, esp. with reference to desires or preoccupations: to get something out of one's system. 9. a method or scheme of classification: the Linnaean system. 10. (sometimes cap.) the prevailing structure or organization of society, business, or politics or of society in general; establishment (usu. prec. by the): to work within the system. 11. a major division of rocks comprising sedimentary deposits and igneous masses formed during a single geologic period. 12. Physical Chem. a combination of two or more phases, each of which consists of one or more substances, that is attaining or is in equilibrium. 13. a working combination of computer hardware, software, and data communications devices. [1610–20; < Late Latin systēma < Greek sýstēma=systē-, variant s. of synistánai to combine, organize (syn- syn- + histánai to stand) + -ma, n. suffix of result]

sys·tem

(sĭs′təm) A group of elements or parts that function together to form a complex whole. For example, the bones, joints, and other structures making up the skeleton of an animal form its skeletal system. A weather system is made up of the different masses of warmer and cooler air that are present in a region, along with any winds, clouds, and rain or snow that they produce.

System

an assembly of things arranged in a series that conforms to a plan.Examples: system of beacons, 1868; of botany; of communications; of deceit, 1781; of iniquity, 1663; of logic, 1699; of philosophy; of railways; of rocks, 1830; of truths, 1845; of telegraph wires, 1855.

system

1. The rocks formed during a geological period.2. A group of organs that function together to perform specific functions, e.g. the digestive system.

Thesaurus

Noun	1.	system - instrumentality that combines interrelated interacting artifacts designed to work as a coherent entity; "he bought a new stereo system"; "the system consists of a motor and a small computer"audio system, sound system - a system of electronic equipment for recording or reproducing soundcommunication system - a system for communicatingADP system, ADPS, automatic data processing system, computer system, computing system - a system of one or more computers and associated software with common storagecontainment - (physics) a system designed to prevent the accidental release of radioactive material from a reactorcontrol system - a system for controlling the operation of another systemdata system, information system - system consisting of the network of all communication channels used within an organizationdrainage system - a system of watercourses or drains for carrying off excess waterexhaust system, exhaust - system consisting of the parts of an engine through which burned gases or steam are dischargedEDS, explosive detection system - a rapid automatic system to detect plastic explosives in passengers' luggage using X-ray technology and computers; designed for use in airportsETD, explosive trace detection - a system for screening luggage in airports; an agent passes a swab around or inside luggage and then runs the swab through a machine that can detect trace amounts of explosivesguidance device, guidance system - a system of equipment for automatically guiding the path of a vehicle (especially a missile)assemblage, hookup - a system of components assembled together for a particular purposeinertial guidance system, inertial navigation system - a system to control a plane or spacecraft; uses inertial forcesinfrastructure, substructure - the basic structure or features of a system or organizationinstrumentation, instrumentality - an artifact (or system of artifacts) that is instrumental in accomplishing some endlockage - a system of locks in a canal or waterwaylabyrinth, maze - complex system of paths or tunnels in which it is easy to get lostmechanical system - a system of elements that interact on mechanical principlesmodule - a self-contained component (unit or item) that is used in combination with other componentsnavigational system - a system that provides information useful in determining the position and course of a ship or aircraftelectronic network, network - (electronics) a system of interconnected electronic components or circuitsnetwork - a system of intersecting lines or channels; "a railroad network"; "a network of canals"propulsion system - a system that provides a propelling or driving forceresonator - any system that resonatesscaffolding, staging - a system of scaffoldssecurity system - (computing) a system that enforces boundaries between computer networksselsyn, synchro - a system consisting of a generator and a motor so connected that the motor will assume the same relative position as the generator; the generator and the motor are synchronizedshipboard system - a system designed to work as a coherent entity on board a naval shipsolar thermal system - a system that converts sunlight into heatsprinkler system - a system for extinguishing fires; water from a network of overhead pipes is released through nozzles that open automatically with the rise in temperaturesynchromesh - an automotive system for shifting gears in which the gears revolve at the same speed and so shift smoothly
	2.	system - a group of independent but interrelated elements comprising a unified whole; "a vast system of production and distribution and consumption keep the country going"schemegroup, grouping - any number of entities (members) considered as a unitlanguage system - a system of linguistic units or elements used in a particular languagejudicatory, judicial system, judiciary, judicature - the system of law courts that administer justice and constitute the judicial branch of governmenteconomic system, economy - the system of production and distribution and consumptionecosystem - a system formed by the interaction of a community of organisms with their physical environmenthierarchy - a series of ordered groupings of people or things within a system; "put honesty first in her hierarchy of values"social organisation, social organization, social structure, social system, structure - the people in a society considered as a system organized by a characteristic pattern of relationships; "the social organization of England and America is very different"; "sociologists have studied the changing structure of the family"dragnet - a system of coordinated measures for apprehending (criminals or other individuals); "caught in the police dragnet"machinery - a system of means and activities whereby a social institution functions; "the complex machinery of negotiation"; "the machinery of command labored and brought forth an order"network, web - an interconnected system of things or people; "he owned a network of shops"; "retirement meant dropping out of a whole network of people who had been part of my life"; "tangled in a web of cloth"nonlinear system - a system whose performance cannot be described by equations of the first degreesubsystem - a system that is part of some larger systemorganism - a system considered analogous in structure or function to a living body; "the social organism"syntax - a systematic orderly arrangementbody - a collection of particulars considered as a system; "a body of law"; "a body of doctrine"; "a body of precedents"shebang - an entire system; used in the phrase `the whole shebang'solar system - the sun with the celestial bodies that revolve around it in its gravitational fieldwater system - a river and all of its tributariesroot system, rootage - a developed system of roots
	3.	system - (physical chemistry) a sample of matter in which substances in different phases are in equilibrium; "in a static system oil cannot be replaced by water on a surface"; "a system generating hydrogen peroxide"matter - that which has mass and occupies space; "physicists study both the nature of matter and the forces which govern it"physical chemistry - the branch of chemistry dealing with the physical properties of chemical substances
	4.	system - a complex of methods or rules governing behavior; "they have to operate under a system they oppose"; "that language has a complex system for indicating gender"system of rulesmethod - a way of doing something, especially a systematic way; implies an orderly logical arrangement (usually in steps)accounting - a system that provides quantitative information about financesdiscipline - a system of rules of conduct or method of practice; "he quickly learned the discipline of prison routine"; "for such a plan to work requires discipline";frame of reference, frame - a system of assumptions and standards that sanction behavior and give it meaninggambling system - a system of rules for placing bets that is believed to lead to winning; "he has a perfect gambling system at roulette"government - (government) the system or form by which a community or other political unit is governed; "tyrannical government"honor system - a system of conduct in which participants are trusted not to take unfair advantage of others; "the students are on the honor system"logical system, system of logic, logic - a system of reasoningmerit system - the system of employing and promoting civil servants on the basis of abilitypoint system - a system of evaluation based on awarding points according to rulesspoils system - the system of employing and promoting civil servants who are friends and supporters of the group in powerorganon - a system of principles for philosophic or scientific investigations; an instrument for acquiring knowledgeprogram, programme - a system of projects or services intended to meet a public need; "he proposed an elaborate program of public works"; "working mothers rely on the day care program"theosophy - a system of belief based on mystical insight into the nature of God and the soulanthroposophy - a system of beliefs and practices based on the philosophy of Rudolf Steiner; it claims to integrate the practical and psychological in child-centered educationlogic - the system of operations performed by a computer that underlies the machine's representation of logical operationstheological system, theology - a particular system or school of religious beliefs and teachings; "Jewish theology"; "Roman Catholic theology"ethical code, ethic - a system of principles governing morality and acceptable conduct
	5.	system - an organized structure for arranging or classifying; "he changed the arrangement of the topics"; "the facts were familiar but it was in the organization of them that he was original"; "he tried to understand their system of classification"organization, arrangement, organisationstructure - the complex composition of knowledge as elements and their combinations; "his lectures have no structure"classification system - a system for classifying thingscontrivance - an artificial or unnatural or obviously contrived arrangement of details or parts etc.; "the plot contained too many improbable contrivances to be believable"coordinate system, frame of reference, reference frame, reference system - a system that uses coordinates to establish positiondata structure - (computer science) the organization of data (and its storage allocations in a computer)design, plan - an arrangement scheme; "the awkward design of the keyboard made operation difficult"; "it was an excellent design for living"; "a plan for seating guests"distribution, statistical distribution - (statistics) an arrangement of values of a variable showing their observed or theoretical frequency of occurrencegenetic map - graphical representation of the arrangement of genes on a chromosomekinship system - (anthropology) the system of social relationships that constitute kinship in a particular culture, including the terminology that is used and the reciprocal obligations that are entailedlattice - an arrangement of points or particles or objects in a regular periodic pattern in 2 or 3 dimensionsliving arrangement - an arrangement to allow people (or ideas) to coexistontology - (computer science) a rigorous and exhaustive organization of some knowledge domain that is usually hierarchical and contains all the relevant entities and their relationscalendar - a system of timekeeping that defines the beginning and length and divisions of the year
	6.	system - a group of physiologically or anatomically related organs or parts; "the body has a system of organs for digestion"body part - any part of an organism such as an organ or extremityarticulatory system - the system of joints in the bodydigestive system, gastrointestinal system, systema alimentarium, systema digestorium - the system that makes food absorbable into the bodyendocrine system - the system of glands that produce endocrine secretions that help to control bodily metabolic activityvenous blood system, venation - (zoology) the system of venous blood vessels in an animalimmune system - a system (including the thymus and bone marrow and lymphoid tissues) that protects the body from foreign substances and pathogenic organisms by producing the immune responseintegumentary system - the skin and its appendagesRES, reticuloendothelial system - a widely distributed system consisting of all the cells able to ingest bacteria or colloidal particles etc, except for certain white blood cellsmononuclear phagocyte system, MPS, system of macrophages - a widely distributed system of free and fixed macrophages derived from bone marrowmuscle system, muscular structure, musculature - the muscular system of an organismmusculoskeletal system - the system of muscles and tendons and ligaments and bones and joints and associated tissues that move the body and maintain its formnervous system, systema nervosum - the sensory and control apparatus consisting of a network of nerve cellscentral nervous system, CNS, systema nervosum centrale - the portion of the vertebrate nervous system consisting of the brain and spinal cordperipheral nervous system, systema nervosum periphericum - the section of the nervous system lying outside the brain and spinal cordgenital system, reproductive system - organs and tissues involved in the production and maturation of gametes and in their union and subsequent development as offspringapparatus urogenitalis, genitourinary apparatus, genitourinary system, systema urogenitale, urinary apparatus, urinary system, urogenital apparatus, urogenital system - the system that includes all organs involved in reproduction and in the formation and voidance of urinerespiratory system, systema respiratorium - the system for taking in oxygen and giving off carbon dioxide; in terrestrial animals this is accomplished by breathingsensory system - the body's system of sense organstract - a system of body parts that together serve some particular purposevascular system - the vessels and tissue that carry or circulate fluids such as blood or lymph or sap through the body of an animal or plantskeletal system, systema skeletale, skeleton, frame - the hard structure (bones and cartilages) that provides a frame for the body of an animal
	7.	system - a procedure or process for obtaining an objective; "they had to devise a system that did not depend on cooperation"plan of action - a plan for actively doing somethingcredit system - a system for allowing people to purchase things on creditlegal system - a system for interpreting and enforcing the lawspricing system - a system for setting prices on goods or servicespromotion system - a system for advancing participants to higher-status positions
	8.	system - the living body considered as made up of interdependent components forming a unified whole; "exercise helped him get the alcohol out of his system"live body - the body of a living animal or person
	9.	system - an ordered manner; orderliness by virtue of being methodical and well organized; "his compulsive organization was not an endearing quality"; "we can't do it unless we establish some system around here"organisation, organizationmethodicalness, orderliness - the quality of appreciating method and system

system

noun1. arrangement, structure, organization, scheme, combination, classification, coordination, setup (informal) a multi-party system of government2. network, organization, web, grid, set of channels a news channel on a local cable system3. method, practice, technique, procedure, routine, theory, usage, methodology, frame of reference, modus operandi, fixed order the decimal system of metric weights and measures4. establishment, the authorities, established order, the system, ruling class, the powers that be, institutionalized authority He wants to be a tough rebel who bucks the system.

system

noun1. An organized array of individual elements and parts forming and working as a unit:entity, integral, sum, totality, whole.2. A usually large entity composed of interconnected parts:complex.3. Systematic arrangement and design:method, order, orderliness, organization, pattern, plan, systematization, systemization.4. The approach used to do something:fashion, manner, method, mode, modus operandi, style, way, wise.

Translations

系统规律身体体制体系

system

(ˈsistəm) noun1. an arrangement of many parts that work together. a railway system; the solar system; the digestive system. 系统，体系 2. a person's body. Take a walk every day – it's good for the system!身体3. a way of organizing something according to certain ideas, principles etc. a system of government/education.体制4. a plan or method. What is your system for washing the dishes?方法5. the quality of being efficient and methodical. Your work lacks system. 条理，规律 ˌsysteˈmatic (-ˈmӕtik) adjective有系统的ˌsysteˈmatically adverb 系统地，体系地

system

→ 系统zhCN

There's something wrong with the electrical system (US)
There is something wrong with the electrics (UK) → 电气回路出故障了

system

1. an organism considered as a functioning entity 2. any of various bodily parts or structures that are anatomically or physiologically related 3. any assembly of electronic, electrical, or mechanical components with interdependent functions, usually forming a self-contained unit 4. Astron a group of celestial bodies that are associated as a result of natural laws, esp gravitational attraction 5. Chem a sample of matter in which there are one or more substances in one or more phases 6. Mineralogy one of a group of divisions into which crystals may be placed on the basis of the lengths and inclinations of their axes 7. Geology a stratigraphical unit for the rock strata formed during a period of geological time. It can be subdivided into series

system

(in a loose general sense) any area of organized social provision (e.g. the ‘educational system’ or the ‘transport system’).
any set or group of interrelated elements or parts where a change in one part would affect some or all of the others parts (e.g. the solar system).
any set or group of elements or parts (e.g. an organism or a machine) organized for a definite purpose and in relation to an external environment. Such systems may be natural or man-made, and may be taken to include SOCIAL SYSTEMS. Hence a SOCIETY or a social ORGANIZATION may be deemed a system in this sense.

A system such as the solar system, which is little changed by its external environment, is referred to as a closed system; those, such as organisms or societies, which sustain themselves in response to changes in their environment are referred to as open systems (see also HOMEOSTASIS).

Although controversial, the concept in sense 3 has been important in social theory, which has often treated social relations, groups or societies as a set of interrelated parts which FUNCTION so as to maintain their boundaries with their wider environment. See also FUNCTIONALISM, PARSONS, FUNCTIONAL(IST) EXPLANATION, ORGANIC ANALOGY, TELEOLOGY, SYSTEMS THEORY, CYBERNETICS.

System

a set of elements linked and related to one another and forming a definite unity or whole. In the mid-20th century, after a long historical evolution, the concept of system emerged as a key philosophical, methodological, and specialized scientific concept. In contemporary science and technology, the problems of studying and designing systems of various kinds are dealt with in the framework of the systems approach, general systems theory, various specialized systems theories, and in fields such as cybernetics, systems engineering, and systems analysis.

The earliest notions of system appeared in classical philosophy, which viewed systems ontologically in terms of the orderliness and wholeness of being. The classical Greek philosophers and scientists—Euclid, Plato, Aristotle, and the Stoics, for example—elaborated the idea of the systematic nature of knowledge through the axiomatic formulation of logic and geometry. Notions about the systematic nature of being, borrowed from the ancients, were developed further in the ontological and systematic conceptions of Spinoza and Leibniz and in the scientific systematics of the 17th and 18th centuries, which sought a natural, rather than a teleological, account of the systematic nature of the world, as in Linnaeus’ classifications. In modern philosophy and science, the concept of system has been used in the study of scientific knowledge itself; here, a broad spectrum of proposed solutions has emerged, ranging from the denial that scientific and theoretical knowledge is systematic (Condillac) to the first attempts to lay a philosophical basis for the logical-deductive nature of knowledge systems (J. H. Lambert).

The principles of the systematic nature of knowledge were further elaborated in classical German philosophy. According to Kant, scientific knowledge constitutes a system whose whole is greater than the sum of its parts. Schelling and Hegel regarded the systematic nature of knowledge as an important requirement of dialectical thought. In the bourgeois philosophy of the second half of the 19th century and the 20th century, although an idealist solution to the fundamental question of philosophy has generally prevailed, certain problems in the study of systems have been posed and, in some cases, solved— especially problems concerning the specific nature of theoretical knowledge considered as a system (neo-Kantianism), the special properties of the whole (holism and Gestalt psychology), and the methods for constructing logical and formalized systems (neopositivism).

The general philosophical basis for the study of systems lies in the principles of materialist dialectics, for example, in the principle of the universal relationship of all things and in the principles of development and contradiction. The works of Marx, Engels, and Lenin contain a vast store of material on the philosophical methodology for studying systems, that is, complex objects (see).

Since the mid-19th century, advances such as the Darwinian theory of evolution, the theory of relativity, quantum physics, and structural linguistics have been very important in helping the concept of system penetrate various fields of concrete scientific knowledge. The problem of formulating a rigorous definition of system and working out operational methods for analyzing systems has come to the fore. Intensive research along these lines began only in the 1940’s and 1950’s, although many concrete scientific principles for analyzing systems had already been formulated, for example, in the tectology of A. A. Bogdanov, the works of V. I. Vernadskii, and the praxeology of T. Kotarbiñski. L. von Bertalanffy’s program for the formulation of a “general systems theory,” proposed in the late 1940’s, was an early attempt at a general analysis of the problems of systems. In the 1950’s and 1960’s, supplementing this program, which was closely allied with the development of cybernetics, a number of general systems conceptions and definitions were propounded in the USA, the USSR, Poland, Great Britain, Canada, and elsewhere.

In defining the concept of system, it is necessary to keep in mind the extremely close interdependence between it and concepts such as wholeness, structure, connection, element, relation, and subsystem. Since the concept of system has an extremely broad range of application, that is, since every object can for all practical purposes be regarded as a system, an adequate understanding of the concept presupposes the formulation of an entire family of related definitions, both substantive and formal. Only within the framework of such a family of definitions can basic systems principles be expressed.

The basic systems principles are several. According to the idea of wholeness, for example, the properties of a system cannot in principle be reduced to the sum of the properties of its component elements, the properties of the whole cannot be deduced from the properties of its component elements, and each element, property, and relation in a system is dependent on factors such as its place and function within the whole. According to the idea of structurality, a system can be described by determining its structure, that is, the network of relations and connections in the system; moreover, the behavior of a system is determined by the behavior of its individual elements and the properties of its structure. According to the idea of interdependence between a system and its environment, a system generates and manifests its properties as it interacts with the environment, in so doing acting as the principal active component in the process of interaction. According to the idea of hierarchy, each component of a system can in turn be regarded as a system, and the system being studied in any given case is itself a component of a larger system. According to the idea of a multiplicity of descriptions for each system, every system is in principle integrated, and an adequate understanding of the system therefore requires the construction of a set of different models, each of which describes only a certain aspect of the system.

If the concept of system is to be fully clear, the various types of systems must be distinguished, and the laws governing a system’s structure, behavior, functioning, and development must be described by suitable specialized systems theories. Several classifications of systems have been proposed, each based on a different approach.

On the most general level, a system can be either material or abstract. A material system—an integral aggregation of physical objects—can in turn be either a nonorganic system, such as physical, geological, and chemical, or a living system, which includes simple biological systems and highly complex biological objects, such as the organism, the species, and the ecosystem. A special class of material living systems is constituted by social systems, which are extremely varied in type and form, ranging from the simplest social units to the socioeconomic structure of a society as a whole.

An abstract system is the product of human thought. It too can be of various types: for example, concepts, hypotheses, theories, and the regular succession of scientific theories are all special systems. Abstract systems also include scientific knowledge about systems of various types, as formulated, for example, in general systems theory and various specialized systems theories. In the 20th century, science has devoted much attention to the study of language as a system (linguistic systems); as this research has been synthesized, a general theory of signs, or semiotics, has arisen. The task of providing a foundation for mathematics and logic has led to intensive work on the structure and nature of formalized logical systems (metalogic and metamathematics). The results of such research have been widely applied in fields such as cybernetics and computer technology.

A system can also be either static or dynamic. A static system remains changeless over time, for example, gas in a bounded volume in a state of equilibrium. A dynamic system changes over time, for example, a living organism. If the values of a system’s variables are known at a given moment in time and if the state of that system can thereby be established for any subsequent or preceding moment, the system is said to exhibit complete determinism. In a probabilistic (stochastic) system, if the values of the variables at a given moment are known, only the probability of the distribution of the values at subsequent moments in time can be predicted.

A system may also be a closed system or an open system, depending on the relation between it and its environment. It is closed if matter cannot pass through its boundaries and it can exchange only energy with its surroundings. It is open if both matter and energy can pass through its boundaries. According to the second law of thermodynamics, every closed system ultimately reaches a state of equilibrium, in which all macroscopic values in the system remain unchanged and all macroscopic processes cease—a state of maximum entropy and minimum free energy. In an open system the stationary state is dynamic equilibrium, in which all macroscopic values remain unchanged but macroscopic processes of input and output of matter continue without interruption. The behavior of such classes of systems is described by differential equations, the formulation of which falls within the purview of mathematical systems theory.

The contemporary scientific and technological revolution has made it necessary to develop and construct automatic control systems for national economies, for example, in industry and transport, and automatic data-gathering and data-processing systems on a national scale. The theoretical bases for solving such problems are developed in theories of hierarchical and multilevel systems, purposive systems (those whose functioning aims at attaining certain goals), and self-organizing systems (those capable of changing their own organization and structure). The complexity, the stochasticity, the multiplicity of components, and other important features in contemporary technical systems have required the development of theories of man-machine systems, integrated systems, systems engineering, and systems analysis.

As the study of systems has moved forward in the 20th century, the tasks and functions of the various forms of theoretical analysis of systems problems have become more clearly defined. The basic task of specialized systems theories is to formulate a concrete scientific knowledge of the various types and aspects of systems; the main problems of general systems theory center on the logical and methodological principles of systems research and on the formulation of a metatheory for analyzing system’s within the framework of this range of problems, it is essential to establish the methodological conditions for, and limitations on, the application of systems methods. Among the limitations are systems paradoxes, for example, the paradox of hierarchy: any given system can be described only if it can be described as an element in a larger system, but it can be so described only if the larger system itself can be described as a system. The solution to this and similar paradoxes is to use the method of successive approximations, which allows one to operate with incomplete and deliberately limited systems concepts and thereby gradually gain a better understanding of the system being studied. Analysis of the methodological conditions in which systems methods can be used shows the relativity invariably incurred in describing a given system at a given time and the necessity of using the entire stock of systems research methods, both substantive and formal, in analyzing any given system.

REFERENCE

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Zadeh, L. A., and E. Polak. System Theory. New York, 1969.
Trends in General Systems Theory. Edited by G. J. Klir. New York, 1972.
Laszlo, E. Introduction to Systems Philosophy. New York, 1972.
Unity Through Diversity, vols. 1–2. Edited by W. Gray and N. D. Rizzo. New York, 1973.
(See also references under and .)

V. N. SADOVSKII

system

[′sis·təm] (electronics) A combination of two or more sets generally physically separated when in operation, and such other assemblies, subassemblies, and parts necessary to perform an operational function or functions. (engineering) A combination of several pieces of equipment integrated to perform a specific function; thus a fire control system may include a tracking radar, computer, and gun. (geology) A major time-stratigraphic unit of worldwide significance, representing the basic unit of Phanerozic rocks. A group of related structures, such as joints. A chronostratigraphic unit, below erathem and above series. (physics) A region in space or a portion of matter that has a certain amount of one or more substances, ordered in one or more phases. (science and technology) A method of organizing entities or terms; in particular, organizing such entities into a larger aggregate.

system

In building construction, prefabricated assemblies, components, and parts which are combined into single integrated units utilizing industrialized production techniques.

system

(1)The supervisor program or operating system on acomputer.

system

(2)The entire computer system, including input/output devices,the supervisor program or operating system and possiblyother software.

system

(3)Any large program.

system

(4)Any method or algorithm.

system

(1) A group of related components that interact to perform a task.

(2) A "computer system" is made up of the CPU, operating system and peripheral devices. All desktop computers, laptop computers, network servers, minicomputers and mainframes are computer systems. Most references to "computer" imply the "computer system." See computer system.

(3) An "information system" is a business application made up of the database, the data entry, update, query and report programs as well as manual and machine procedures. Order processing systems, payroll systems, inventory systems and accounts payable systems are examples of "information systems." See information system.

(4) "The system" often refers to the operating system, the master control program that runs the computer. See operating system.

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System

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all systems (are) go

beat the system

buck the system

get (something) out of (one's) system

it's all systems go

out of (one's) system

All systems (are) go.

get something out of one's system

all systems go

out of one's system

get something out of your system

it's all systems go

beat the system

all systems go

get something out of your system

get something out of your ˈsystem

all systems ˈgo (for something)

All systems are go

all systems go

system

system

system

System

REFERENCE

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Synonyms for system

noun arrangement

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noun network

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noun method

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noun establishment

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Synonyms for system

noun an organized array of individual elements and parts forming and working as a unit

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noun a usually large entity composed of interconnected parts

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noun systematic arrangement and design

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noun the approach used to do something

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Synonyms for system

noun instrumentality that combines interrelated interacting artifacts designed to work as a coherent entity

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noun a group of independent but interrelated elements comprising a unified whole

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noun (physical chemistry) a sample of matter in which substances in different phases are in equilibrium

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noun a complex of methods or rules governing behavior

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noun an organized structure for arranging or classifying

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noun a group of physiologically or anatomically related organs or parts

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noun a procedure or process for obtaining an objective