| 单词 | topical | |||||||||
| 释义 | topicaltop·i·calT0271800 (tŏp′ĭ-kəl)topical(ˈtɒpɪkəl)top•i•cal(ˈtɒp ɪ kəl)adj.
topicaltopicaladjectivetopic(ˈtopik) nountopical→ 热门的zhCNtopicaltopicaltopicaltopical[top´ĭ-kal]erythromycinerythromycin, ethylsuccinateerythromycin lactobionateerythromycin stearateerythromycin (topical)Pharmacologic class: Macrolide Therapeutic class: Anti-infective Pregnancy risk category B ActionBinds with 50S subunit of susceptible bacterial ribosomes, suppressing protein synthesis in bacterial cells and causing cell death Availabilityerythromycin base Capsules (delayed-release): 250 mg Ointment (ophthalmic): 0.5% Tablets: 250 mg, 500 mg Tablets (delayed-release, enteric-coated): 250 mg, 333 mg, 500 mg Tablets (particles in tablets): 333 mg, 500 mg erythromycin ethylsuccinate Oral suspension: 200 mg/5 ml, 400 mg/5 ml Powder for suspension: 100 mg/2.5 ml, 200 mg/5 ml, 400 mg/5 ml Tablets: 400 mg erythromycin lactobionate Powder for injection: 500 mg, 1 g erythromycin stearate Tablets (film-coated): 250 mg, 500 mg erythromycin (topical) Gel: 2% Ointment: 2% Solution: 2% Swabs: 2% Indications and dosages➣ Pelvic inflammatory disease Adults: 500 mg (base) I.V. q 6 hours for 3 days, then 250 mg (base, estolate, or stearate) or 400 mg (ethylsuccinate) q 6 hours for 7 days ➣ Syphilis Adults: 500 mg (base, estolate, or stearate) P.O. q.i.d. for 14 days ➣ Most upper and lower respiratory tract infections; otitis media; skin infections; Legionnaires' disease Adults: 250 mg P.O. q 6 hours, or 333 mg P.O. q 8 hours, or 500 mg P.O. q 12 hours (base, estolate, or stearate); or 400 mg P.O. q 6 hours or 800 mg P.O. q 12 hours (ethylsuccinate); or 250 to 500 mg I.V. (up to 1 g) q 6 hours (gluceptate or lactobionate) Children: 30 to 50 mg/kg/day (base, estolate, ethylsuccinate, or lactobionate) I.V. or P.O., in divided doses q 6 hours when giving I.V. and q 6 to 8 hours when giving P.O. Maximum dosage is 2 g/day for base or estolate, 3.2 g/day for ethylsuccinate, and 4 g/day for lactobionate. ➣ Intestinal amebiasis Adults: 250 mg (base, estolate, or stearate) or 400 mg (ethylsuccinate) P.O. q 6 hours for 10 to 14 days Children: 30 to 50 mg/kg/day (base, estolate, ethylsuccinate, or stearate) P.O. in divided doses over 10 to 14 days ➣ Prophylaxis of ophthalmia neonatorum caused by Neisseria gonorrhoeae or Chlamydia trachomatis Neonates: 0.5- to 1-cm ribbon of ointment into each lower conjunctival sac once ➣ Treatment of conjunctivitis of the newborn caused by susceptible organisms Neonates: 50 mg/kg/day (ethylsuccinate) P.O. in four divided doses for at least 14 days ➣ Pertussis Children: 40 to 50 mg/kg/day (estolate preferred) P.O. in four divided doses for 14 days ➣ Pneumonia of infancy Infants: 50 mg/kg/day (estolate or ethylsuccinate) P.O. in four divided doses for at least 3 weeks ➣ Acne Adults and children older than age 12: 2% ointment, gel, or solution applied topically b.i.d. Dosage adjustment• Hepatic impairment Off-label uses• Chancroid Contraindications• Hypersensitivity to drug or tartrazine • Concurrent use of astemizole, cisapride, pimozide, or terfenadine • Hepatic impairment (with estolate) • Pregnancy (with estolate) PrecautionsUse cautiously in: • myasthenia gravis • hepatic disease. AdministrationSee Be aware that ventricular arrhythmias and sudden death may occur if drug is given concurrently with potent CYP3A inhibitors (such as clarithromycin, diltiazem, nitroimidazole antifungal agents, protease inhibitors, verapamil, and troleandomycin). • Give erythromycin ethylsuccinate and delayed-release products without regard to meals, but avoid giving with grapefruit juice. • Give erythromycin base or stearate 1 hour before or 2 hours after meals for optimal absorption. • Follow label directions to reconstitute drug for I.V. use. For intermittent infusion, infuse each 250 mg in at least 100 ml of normal saline solution over 20 to 60 minutes. Continuous infusion may be given over 6 to 24 hours as directed.  Adverse reactionsCV: torsades de pointes, arrhythmias EENT: ototoxicity GI: nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal pain or cramps Hepatic: hepatic dysfunction, hepatitis Skin: rash Other: increased appetite, aggravation of weakness in myasthenia gravis, allergic reactions, superinfection, phlebitis at I.V. site InteractionsDrug-drug. Alfentanil, alprazolam, bromocriptine, buspirone, carbamazepine, clozapine, cyclosporine, diazepam, disopyramide, ergot alkaloids, felodipine, methylprednisolone, midazolam, tacrolimus, theophylline, triazolam, vinblastine, warfarin: increased blood levels and risk of toxicity from these drugs Clindamycin, lincomycin: antagonism of erythromycin's effects CYP3A inhibitors: increased erythromycin blood level, with risk of ventricular arrhythmias and sudden death Digoxin: increased digoxin blood level HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors: increased risk of myopathy and rhabdomyolysis Hormonal contraceptives: decreased contraceptive efficacy Astemizole, cisapride, pimozide, sparfloxacin, terfenadine: increased risk of serious arrhythmias Rifabutin, rifampin: decreased erythromycin effects, increased risk of adverse GI reactions Theophylline: increased theophylline blood level, decreased erythromycin blood level Drug-diagnostic tests. Alanine aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, aspartate aminotransferase, bilirubin: increased levels Urine catecholamines: false elevations Drug-food. Grapefruit juice: increased erythromycin blood level Patient monitoring• Check temperature, and watch for signs and symptoms of superinfection. • Monitor liver function tests. Watch for signs and symptoms of hepatotoxicity. • Assess patient's hearing for signs of ototoxicity. Patient teaching• Instruct patient to take with 8 oz of water 1 hour before or 2 hours after meals, and to avoid grapefruit juice. • If drug causes GI upset, encourage patient to take it with food. • Tell patient not to swallow chewable tablets whole and not to chew or crush enteric-coated tablets. See Advise patient to immediately report irregular heart beats, unusual tiredness, yellowing of skin or eyes, or signs and symptoms of new infection. • Tell patient he'll undergo periodic blood tests to monitor liver function. • As appropriate, review all other significant and life-threatening adverse reactions and interactions, especially those related to the drugs, tests, and foods mentioned above. top·i·cal(top'i-kăl),topical(tŏp′ĭ-kəl)topicaladjective Local, focal, superficial; referring to a body surfacetop·i·cal(top'i-kăl)topicalPertaining to something, usually medication, applied to a surface on or in the body, rather than taken internally or injected. Examples of topical applications are skin ointments or creams, eye and ear drops or ointments and vaginal pessaries.Topicaltop·i·cal(top'i-kăl)Patient discussion about topicalQ. Your topic-manager: Did you have today a little crisis like me? As some of you already know, I use at the moment and since 3 months no medications anymore, but I told you also, that I have at home my little pharmacy for "just in case". Two days ago I slept not at all during the whole night. There was an emergency case from USA - a member from another topic. The dear lady was in panic, it seemed so during the chat. So I called her and she was thankful 12h later. Today I had a little panic-attack too. I have an urgent letter to write and also a document to prepare. In fact I would be able to do both things in the same time and so my body starts to feel a stress. My heart feels like a very hot big potato, my head is warm too and I can't concentrate me for just one subject. What have I done today to fix that? Q. I need help with a delicate topic. My neice was diagnoised with Cranial Transannular Where he forehead was once as normal, now it has a forming point in the center to make it look as though her skull is shrinking inward. Please anyone help with any information you may have Q. My son has atopic dermatitis that is treated with topical cream. Is he in a greater risk for other diseases? My 1 year old son has atopic dermatitis. We treat him with topical cream and he is getting better. What kind of a diseases is this? Is he in a greater risk for other diseases because of his skin lesions? topical
Synonyms for topical
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英语词典包含2567994条英英释义在线翻译词条，基本涵盖了全部常用单词的英英翻译及用法，是英语学习的有利工具。
topical - pertaining to the surface of a body part; "a drug for topical (or local) application"; "a topical anesthesia"
topical - of or relating to or arranged by topics; "a detailed record on both a chronological and a topical basis"
topical - of interest at the present time; "a topical reference"; "a topical and timely study of civil liberty"