stuttering

enUK

stuttering

stammering,

speech disorder marked by hesitation and inability to enunciate consonants without spasmodic repetition. Known technically as dysphemia, it has sometimes been attributed to an underlying personality disorder. About half of all those who have speech and voice defects suffer from stuttering or stammering (the terms are used interchangeably). In 65% of people who stutter, there is a family history of the disorder, thus suggesting a genetic link. Studies with twins have also indicated that inheritance has an important role in stuttering; comparing pairs in which at least one twin stuttered, it has been found that identical twins were much more likely to be stutterers than fraternal twins (see multiple birthmultiple birth,
bringing forth of more than one offspring at birth. Although many smaller mammals bear several young at a time, multiple births are relatively uncommon in humans and other primates.
..... Click the link for more information. ). Brain scans of stutterers have found higher than normal activity in brain areas that coordinate conscious movement, suggesting that in people who stutter speech occurs less automatically than it does in most people.

In many instances the speech disturbance appears to be precipitated by such situations as a change of surroundings, the advent of a younger child in the family, or by a family environment in which parents are overly concerned with childhood speech interruptions, which occur normally. Negative reactions to the stuttering frequently create feelings of inadequacy and anxiety, which, in turn, intensify the condition. Parents with young children who stutter have been urged by specialists to help their children develop positive attitudes about themselves and their speech. Older stutterers are taught to understand what processes interfere with fluent speech and to speak without the disruptions caused by tension. Psychiatric treatment and group psychotherapygroup psychotherapy,
a means of changing behavior and emotional patterns, based on the premise that much of human behavior and feeling involves the individual's adaptation and response to other people.
..... Click the link for more information. have been helpful for many.

Bibliography

See M. Jezer, Stuttering: A Life Bound Up in Words (1997).

Stuttering

a complex speech disorder manifested by abnormal speech rhythm, involuntary hesitation, or compulsive repetition of individual sounds and syllables.

Stuttering is generally functional when there are no organic lesions in the speech mechanisms of the central and peripheral nervous systems. In rare cases, it may be caused by organic lesions of the central nervous system (in brain injuries, neuroinfections, and so forth). It appears, as a rule, in young children (two to five years old) at the time when they are forming complete sentences; it is especially common in excitable, nervous children.

Three types of stuttering are distinguished according to the part of the speech apparatus in which periodic spasms occur. The earliest and mildest is the clonic spasm whereby sounds or syllables are repeated (b—b—ball, lo-lo—lo—locomotive). In time it often changes into the more severe tonic spasm when long pauses occur at the beginning or in the middle of a word (b—all, loc—omotive). The third type is mixed stuttering. Sometimes during or before speech, spasms of the muscles of the face or extremities combine with spasms of the speech muscles. These so-called accompanying movements are also involuntary and compulsive.

One of the causes of functional stuttering is excessively high demands placed on children’s speech, such as coercion to repeat incomprehensible and difficult words, to recite difficult verses before strangers, or to read matter not suited to the child’s age and development. Children with under-developed speech often begin to stutter when they do not have a large enough stock of words and grammatical resources to express their thoughts. Physical punishment and fright may bring on stuttering. It can also be acquired as a result of imitation.

Stuttering is usually intensified in school. Children begin to be aware of their shortcomings and new demands are placed on their speech. Stuttering, as a rule, is most severe in youth; it begins to diminish after 30. It is very important to prevent a child from starting to stutter. If he repeats individual sounds or stops suddenly at the beginning or middle of a word, he should be taken to a neuropathologist and logopedist because stuttering generally does not disappear spontaneously but gradually develops into the severe, persistent form. The child’s attention should not be focused on his stuttering nor should he be required to repeat words that are difficult for him; this may make him afraid of his own speech and reinforce the stuttering.

Complete rest (silence) is useful in inhibiting pathological connections (for a month the child speaks in a whisper and only when necessary). During this time he does not read, learn poems or stories, go to the movies or theater, or watch television. Stuttering can be corrected by the child’s practicing logopedic exercises and receiving drugs, physical therapy, and psychotherapy. Since the regulatory influence of the environment is very important, the members of the family must be involved.

Exercises to correct stuttering are always performed in groups because constant speech practice before others is essential. The content and form of the logopedic exercises vary with the age of the stutterers. During the exercises they develop the ability to speak freely without stuttering (from the easiest, simplest forms of speech to complex, general, and detailed communications). A calm family situation and proper attitude toward the stutterer on the part of those around him are necessary to overcome the impediment completely.

In the USSR, the correction of stuttering is centered in special institutions: for preschoolers, in special kindergartens, special groups at very large kindergartens, and out-patient clinics; for schoolchildren, in logopedic rooms in schools, polyclinics, and psychoneurological clinics; and for adolescents and adults, in psychoneurological clinics on an outpatient basis or in special departments of hospitals on an inpatient basis.

Stuttering cannot be overcome without prolonged and systematic effort. Stuttering is considered completely cured when it no longer occurs even in long conversations with strangers.

REFERENCES

Levina, R. E. “K probleme zaikaniia u detei.” Defektologiia, 1969, no. 3.
Cheveleva, N. A. Ispravlenie rechi u zaikaiushchikhsia doshkoVnikov. Moscow, 1965.N. A. CHEVELEVA

stuttering

enUK

Stuttering

Definition

Stuttering is a speech problem characterized by repetitions, pauses, or drawn out syllables, words, and phrases. Stutterers are different than people experiencing normal fluency problems because a stutterer's disfluency is more severe and consistent than that of people who do not stutter.

Description

Normal language development in a child can include a period of disfluency. Children might repeat syllables or words once or twice. Sometimes, children experiencing normal disfluencies hesitate during speech or use fillers, including "um," with frequency. These developmental problems usually happen between one and five years of age. Often, parents are concerned about the disfluency they hear in their children. In fact, about 25% of all children experience speech disfluencies during development concern their parents because of their severity.A child with mild stuttering, however, will repeat sounds more than twice. Parents and teachers often notice the child's facial muscles become tense and he or she might struggle to speak. The child's voice pitch might rise with repetitions, and some children experience occasional periods when airflow or voice stops for seconds at a time. Children with more severe stuttering stutter through more than 10% of their speech. This child exhibits considerable tension and tries to avoid stuttering by using different words. In these children, complete blocks of speech are more common than repetitions or prolongations, during which children lengthen syllables or words.Stuttering usually begins in childhood when the child is developing language skills, and it rarely develops in adulthood with only 1% of the population affected by the disorder. Stuttering does not affect intelligence. Teens often experience more noticeable problems with stuttering as they enter the dating scene and increase their social interactions. Stuttering can severely affect one's life. Often, adults who are concerned about stuttering choose their careers based on the disability.The degree of stuttering is often inconsistent. Stutterers can be fluent in some situations. Many find that they stop stuttering when singing or doing other activities involving speech. Some have good and bad days when it comes to stuttering. On good days, a stutterer might be able to talk fluently using words that usually cause him to repeat, pause or prolongate sounds, syllables, parts of words, entire words, or phrases.

Causes and symptoms

There is no known cause of stuttering. Some believe that it has a physical cause and that it might be related to a breakdown in the neurological system. Stuttering starts early in life and often is inherited. Brain scan research has revealed that there might be abnormalities in the brains of stutterers, while they are stuttering. Myths about why stuttering occurs abound. Some cultures believe that stuttering is caused by emotional problems, tickling an infant too much or because a mother ate improperly during breastfeeding. None have been proven to be true. It is believed that some drugs might induce stuttering-like conditions. These include antidepressants, antihistamines, tranquilizers and selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors.

Diagnosis

Speech and language therapists diagnose stuttering by asking stutterers to read out loud, pronounce specific words, and talk. Some also order hearing tests. The tests will determine whether or not a person needs speech therapy.

Treatment

Researchers don't understand what causes stuttering. However, progress has been made into what contributes to the development of the disability and, therefore, in some cases it can be prevented in childhood with the help of therapy early on. Therapy can help people of all ages suffering from the speech disability. While not an overnight cure, therapy can offer positive results and more fluent speech patterns. The goals of therapy are to reduce stuttering frequency, decrease the tension and struggle of stuttering, become educated about stuttering, and learn to use effective communications skills, such as making eye contact, to further enhance speech. The therapy focuses on helping stutterers to discover easier and different ways of producing sounds and expressing thoughts. The success of therapy depends largely on the stutterer's willingness to work at getting better.The duration of stuttering therapy needed varies among stutterers. Sometimes, it helps stutterers if they have therapy intermittently throughout their lives.Parents, teachers and others can do things to help ease stuttering. These include: talking slowly, but normally, clearly, and in a relaxed manner to a stutterer: answering questions after a pause to encourage a relaxed transaction; trying not to make stuttering worse by getting annoyed by a person's stuttering; giving stutterers reassurance about their stuttering; and encourage the stutterer to talk about his or her stuttering.Electronic fluency aids help some stutterers when used as an adjunct to therapy. Medications, such as antipsychotics and neuroleptics, have been used to treat stuttering with limited success.

Alternative treatment

Some use relaxation techniques to help their stuttering.

Key terms

Antipsychotics — A class of drugs used to treat psychotic or neurotic behavior.Disfluency — An interruption in speech flow.Neuroleptics — Antipsychotic drugs that affect psychomotor activity.

Prognosis

More than three million Americans stutter and four times more males are affected than females. Winston Churchill, Marilyn Monroe, Carly Simon, James Earl Jones and King George VI are among the many people who stuttered but went on to live successful professional lives. Decades of research have yielded no answers to the causes of stuttering; still much has been learned about what contributes to stuttering's development and how to prevent it in children. People who stutter can get better through therapy.

Prevention

New and exciting developments are occurring in researchers' understanding of the genetics of stuttering. Researchers are finding the locations of genes that predispose people to stuttering. While genetic factors will not explain all stuttering, genetics will help to uncover the disability's causes. Speech therapy, especially that performed at a young age, can stop the progression of stuttering.

Resources

Organizations

National Stuttering Foundation of America. 1-(800) 992-9392. http://www.stutteringhelp.org.

Other

The Stuttering Home Page. Minnesota State University, Mankato. 〈http://www.mandato.msus.edu/deprt/comdis/kuster/stutter.html〉."Stuttering." The Nemours Foundation, KidsHealth.org. http://kidshealth.org."What is Stuttering?" Robert W. Quesal, PhD, Professor and Program Director. Communications Sciences and Disorders. Western Illinois University. http://www.wiu.edu.

stuttering

[stut´er-ing] a speech disorder characterized by involuntary hesitation in starting or finishing a sound, such as difficulty in starting words beginning with t, or the inability to get beyond a first letter such as m or s. See also stammering.
Stuttering involves three definitive factors: (1) speech dysfluency" >dysfluency, especially the repetition of parts of words or whole words, prolongation of sounds or words and unduly prolonged pauses; (2) unfavorable reactions of listeners to the speaker's speech defect; and (3) the reactions of the speaker to the listeners' reactions, as well as to the speech problem itself and to the conception of oneself as a person who stutters. Early interventions for stuttering enhance the child's communication skills. Referral to a speech-language pathologist is important in order to determine appropriate treatment.

stut·ter·ing

laliophobia.

stut·ter·ing

(stŭt'ĕr-ing), A phonatory or articulatory disorder, characteristically beginning in childhood, with intense anxiety about the efficiency of oral communications, and characterized by dysfluency: hesitations, repetitions, and prolongations of sounds and syllables, interjections, broken words, circumlocutions, and words produced with excess tension. See: explosive speech, stammering.

stuttering

Medspeak
adjective Referring to an intermittent progression of a disease state, characterised by a staccato pattern of deterioration, as classically occurs in multiple sclerosis or in a stroke-in-evolution.

Speech pathology
noun A defective speech pattern that is more common in men, affecting an estimated 1/100, which is characterised by irregular repetition of syllables, words or phrases; hesitation and interruption of fluent speech; and commonly, a staccato repetition of the first phoneme of a spoken phrase. It may be accompanied by facial grimacing, postural gestures, involuntary grunts or loss of airway control.

Management
Address psychological substrate; reduce stutterer’s stress.

stuttering

Clinical medicine adjective Referring to an intermittent progression of a disease state, characterized by a staccato pattern of deterioration, as classically occurs in multiple sclerosis or in a stroke in evolution Speech pathology noun A defective speech pattern more common in ♂ which affects ± 1/100 characterized by irregular repetition of syllables, words, or phrases, hesitation and interruption of fluent speech, commonly, a staccato repetition of the first phoneme of a spoken phrase; it may be accompanied by facial grimacing, postural gestures, involuntary grunts or loss of airway control Management Bethanechol. See Cluttering.

stut·ter·ing

(stŭt'ĕr-ing) A phonatory or articulatory disorder, characteristically beginning in childhood, sometimes accompanied by intense anxiety about the efficiency of oral communication, characterized by hesitations, repetitions, or prolongations of sounds and syllables, interjections, broken words, circumlocutions, and words produced with excess tension.
See also: dysfluency

stut·ter·ing

(stŭt'ĕr-ing) A phonatory or articulatory disorder, characteristically beginning in childhood, with intense anxiety about the efficiency of oral communications, and characterized by dysfluency.

单词	stuttering
释义	stuttering enUK stut·ter S0828200 (stŭt′ər)intr. & tr.v. stut·tered, stut·ter·ing, stut·ters To speak or utter with a spasmodic repetition or prolongation of sounds.n. The act or habit of stuttering. [Frequentative of dialectal stut, from Middle English stutten.] stut′ter·er n.stut′ter·ing·ly adv. Thesaurus stuttering nounRelated words fear laliophobia stuttering nounA speech impediment marked by involuntary repetitions and pauses:stammer, stammering, stutter. Translations tartamudezbégaiementbalbettio stuttering enUK stuttering or stammering, speech disorder marked by hesitation and inability to enunciate consonants without spasmodic repetition. Known technically as dysphemia, it has sometimes been attributed to an underlying personality disorder. About half of all those who have speech and voice defects suffer from stuttering or stammering (the terms are used interchangeably). In 65% of people who stutter, there is a family history of the disorder, thus suggesting a genetic link. Studies with twins have also indicated that inheritance has an important role in stuttering; comparing pairs in which at least one twin stuttered, it has been found that identical twins were much more likely to be stutterers than fraternal twins (see multiple birthmultiple birth, bringing forth of more than one offspring at birth. Although many smaller mammals bear several young at a time, multiple births are relatively uncommon in humans and other primates. ..... Click the link for more information. ). Brain scans of stutterers have found higher than normal activity in brain areas that coordinate conscious movement, suggesting that in people who stutter speech occurs less automatically than it does in most people. In many instances the speech disturbance appears to be precipitated by such situations as a change of surroundings, the advent of a younger child in the family, or by a family environment in which parents are overly concerned with childhood speech interruptions, which occur normally. Negative reactions to the stuttering frequently create feelings of inadequacy and anxiety, which, in turn, intensify the condition. Parents with young children who stutter have been urged by specialists to help their children develop positive attitudes about themselves and their speech. Older stutterers are taught to understand what processes interfere with fluent speech and to speak without the disruptions caused by tension. Psychiatric treatment and group psychotherapygroup psychotherapy, a means of changing behavior and emotional patterns, based on the premise that much of human behavior and feeling involves the individual's adaptation and response to other people. ..... Click the link for more information. have been helpful for many. Bibliography See M. Jezer, Stuttering: A Life Bound Up in Words (1997). Stuttering a complex speech disorder manifested by abnormal speech rhythm, involuntary hesitation, or compulsive repetition of individual sounds and syllables. Stuttering is generally functional when there are no organic lesions in the speech mechanisms of the central and peripheral nervous systems. In rare cases, it may be caused by organic lesions of the central nervous system (in brain injuries, neuroinfections, and so forth). It appears, as a rule, in young children (two to five years old) at the time when they are forming complete sentences; it is especially common in excitable, nervous children. Three types of stuttering are distinguished according to the part of the speech apparatus in which periodic spasms occur. The earliest and mildest is the clonic spasm whereby sounds or syllables are repeated (b—b—ball, lo-lo—lo—locomotive). In time it often changes into the more severe tonic spasm when long pauses occur at the beginning or in the middle of a word (b—all, loc—omotive). The third type is mixed stuttering. Sometimes during or before speech, spasms of the muscles of the face or extremities combine with spasms of the speech muscles. These so-called accompanying movements are also involuntary and compulsive. One of the causes of functional stuttering is excessively high demands placed on children’s speech, such as coercion to repeat incomprehensible and difficult words, to recite difficult verses before strangers, or to read matter not suited to the child’s age and development. Children with under-developed speech often begin to stutter when they do not have a large enough stock of words and grammatical resources to express their thoughts. Physical punishment and fright may bring on stuttering. It can also be acquired as a result of imitation. Stuttering is usually intensified in school. Children begin to be aware of their shortcomings and new demands are placed on their speech. Stuttering, as a rule, is most severe in youth; it begins to diminish after 30. It is very important to prevent a child from starting to stutter. If he repeats individual sounds or stops suddenly at the beginning or middle of a word, he should be taken to a neuropathologist and logopedist because stuttering generally does not disappear spontaneously but gradually develops into the severe, persistent form. The child’s attention should not be focused on his stuttering nor should he be required to repeat words that are difficult for him; this may make him afraid of his own speech and reinforce the stuttering. Complete rest (silence) is useful in inhibiting pathological connections (for a month the child speaks in a whisper and only when necessary). During this time he does not read, learn poems or stories, go to the movies or theater, or watch television. Stuttering can be corrected by the child’s practicing logopedic exercises and receiving drugs, physical therapy, and psychotherapy. Since the regulatory influence of the environment is very important, the members of the family must be involved. Exercises to correct stuttering are always performed in groups because constant speech practice before others is essential. The content and form of the logopedic exercises vary with the age of the stutterers. During the exercises they develop the ability to speak freely without stuttering (from the easiest, simplest forms of speech to complex, general, and detailed communications). A calm family situation and proper attitude toward the stutterer on the part of those around him are necessary to overcome the impediment completely. In the USSR, the correction of stuttering is centered in special institutions: for preschoolers, in special kindergartens, special groups at very large kindergartens, and out-patient clinics; for schoolchildren, in logopedic rooms in schools, polyclinics, and psychoneurological clinics; and for adolescents and adults, in psychoneurological clinics on an outpatient basis or in special departments of hospitals on an inpatient basis. Stuttering cannot be overcome without prolonged and systematic effort. Stuttering is considered completely cured when it no longer occurs even in long conversations with strangers. REFERENCES Levina, R. E. “K probleme zaikaniia u detei.” Defektologiia, 1969, no. 3. Cheveleva, N. A. Ispravlenie rechi u zaikaiushchikhsia doshkoVnikov. Moscow, 1965.N. A. CHEVELEVA stuttering enUK Stuttering Definition Stuttering is a speech problem characterized by repetitions, pauses, or drawn out syllables, words, and phrases. Stutterers are different than people experiencing normal fluency problems because a stutterer's disfluency is more severe and consistent than that of people who do not stutter. Description Normal language development in a child can include a period of disfluency. Children might repeat syllables or words once or twice. Sometimes, children experiencing normal disfluencies hesitate during speech or use fillers, including "um," with frequency. These developmental problems usually happen between one and five years of age. Often, parents are concerned about the disfluency they hear in their children. In fact, about 25% of all children experience speech disfluencies during development concern their parents because of their severity.A child with mild stuttering, however, will repeat sounds more than twice. Parents and teachers often notice the child's facial muscles become tense and he or she might struggle to speak. The child's voice pitch might rise with repetitions, and some children experience occasional periods when airflow or voice stops for seconds at a time. Children with more severe stuttering stutter through more than 10% of their speech. This child exhibits considerable tension and tries to avoid stuttering by using different words. In these children, complete blocks of speech are more common than repetitions or prolongations, during which children lengthen syllables or words.Stuttering usually begins in childhood when the child is developing language skills, and it rarely develops in adulthood with only 1% of the population affected by the disorder. Stuttering does not affect intelligence. Teens often experience more noticeable problems with stuttering as they enter the dating scene and increase their social interactions. Stuttering can severely affect one's life. Often, adults who are concerned about stuttering choose their careers based on the disability.The degree of stuttering is often inconsistent. Stutterers can be fluent in some situations. Many find that they stop stuttering when singing or doing other activities involving speech. Some have good and bad days when it comes to stuttering. On good days, a stutterer might be able to talk fluently using words that usually cause him to repeat, pause or prolongate sounds, syllables, parts of words, entire words, or phrases. Causes and symptoms There is no known cause of stuttering. Some believe that it has a physical cause and that it might be related to a breakdown in the neurological system. Stuttering starts early in life and often is inherited. Brain scan research has revealed that there might be abnormalities in the brains of stutterers, while they are stuttering. Myths about why stuttering occurs abound. Some cultures believe that stuttering is caused by emotional problems, tickling an infant too much or because a mother ate improperly during breastfeeding. None have been proven to be true. It is believed that some drugs might induce stuttering-like conditions. These include antidepressants, antihistamines, tranquilizers and selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors. Diagnosis Speech and language therapists diagnose stuttering by asking stutterers to read out loud, pronounce specific words, and talk. Some also order hearing tests. The tests will determine whether or not a person needs speech therapy. Treatment Researchers don't understand what causes stuttering. However, progress has been made into what contributes to the development of the disability and, therefore, in some cases it can be prevented in childhood with the help of therapy early on. Therapy can help people of all ages suffering from the speech disability. While not an overnight cure, therapy can offer positive results and more fluent speech patterns. The goals of therapy are to reduce stuttering frequency, decrease the tension and struggle of stuttering, become educated about stuttering, and learn to use effective communications skills, such as making eye contact, to further enhance speech. The therapy focuses on helping stutterers to discover easier and different ways of producing sounds and expressing thoughts. The success of therapy depends largely on the stutterer's willingness to work at getting better.The duration of stuttering therapy needed varies among stutterers. Sometimes, it helps stutterers if they have therapy intermittently throughout their lives.Parents, teachers and others can do things to help ease stuttering. These include: talking slowly, but normally, clearly, and in a relaxed manner to a stutterer: answering questions after a pause to encourage a relaxed transaction; trying not to make stuttering worse by getting annoyed by a person's stuttering; giving stutterers reassurance about their stuttering; and encourage the stutterer to talk about his or her stuttering.Electronic fluency aids help some stutterers when used as an adjunct to therapy. Medications, such as antipsychotics and neuroleptics, have been used to treat stuttering with limited success. Alternative treatment Some use relaxation techniques to help their stuttering. Key terms Antipsychotics — A class of drugs used to treat psychotic or neurotic behavior.Disfluency — An interruption in speech flow.Neuroleptics — Antipsychotic drugs that affect psychomotor activity. Prognosis More than three million Americans stutter and four times more males are affected than females. Winston Churchill, Marilyn Monroe, Carly Simon, James Earl Jones and King George VI are among the many people who stuttered but went on to live successful professional lives. Decades of research have yielded no answers to the causes of stuttering; still much has been learned about what contributes to stuttering's development and how to prevent it in children. People who stutter can get better through therapy. Prevention New and exciting developments are occurring in researchers' understanding of the genetics of stuttering. Researchers are finding the locations of genes that predispose people to stuttering. While genetic factors will not explain all stuttering, genetics will help to uncover the disability's causes. Speech therapy, especially that performed at a young age, can stop the progression of stuttering. Resources Organizations National Stuttering Foundation of America. 1-(800) 992-9392. http://www.stutteringhelp.org. Other The Stuttering Home Page. Minnesota State University, Mankato. 〈http://www.mandato.msus.edu/deprt/comdis/kuster/stutter.html〉."Stuttering." The Nemours Foundation, KidsHealth.org. http://kidshealth.org."What is Stuttering?" Robert W. Quesal, PhD, Professor and Program Director. Communications Sciences and Disorders. Western Illinois University. http://www.wiu.edu. stuttering [stut´er-ing] a speech disorder characterized by involuntary hesitation in starting or finishing a sound, such as difficulty in starting words beginning with t, or the inability to get beyond a first letter such as m or s. See also stammering. Stuttering involves three definitive factors: (1) speech dysfluency" >dysfluency, especially the repetition of parts of words or whole words, prolongation of sounds or words and unduly prolonged pauses; (2) unfavorable reactions of listeners to the speaker's speech defect; and (3) the reactions of the speaker to the listeners' reactions, as well as to the speech problem itself and to the conception of oneself as a person who stutters. Early interventions for stuttering enhance the child's communication skills. Referral to a speech-language pathologist is important in order to determine appropriate treatment. stut·ter·ing laliophobia. stut·ter·ing (stŭt'ĕr-ing), A phonatory or articulatory disorder, characteristically beginning in childhood, with intense anxiety about the efficiency of oral communications, and characterized by dysfluency: hesitations, repetitions, and prolongations of sounds and syllables, interjections, broken words, circumlocutions, and words produced with excess tension. See: explosive speech, stammering. stuttering Medspeak adjective Referring to an intermittent progression of a disease state, characterised by a staccato pattern of deterioration, as classically occurs in multiple sclerosis or in a stroke-in-evolution. Speech pathology noun A defective speech pattern that is more common in men, affecting an estimated 1/100, which is characterised by irregular repetition of syllables, words or phrases; hesitation and interruption of fluent speech; and commonly, a staccato repetition of the first phoneme of a spoken phrase. It may be accompanied by facial grimacing, postural gestures, involuntary grunts or loss of airway control. Management Address psychological substrate; reduce stutterer’s stress. stuttering Clinical medicine adjective Referring to an intermittent progression of a disease state, characterized by a staccato pattern of deterioration, as classically occurs in multiple sclerosis or in a stroke in evolution Speech pathology noun A defective speech pattern more common in ♂ which affects ± 1/100 characterized by irregular repetition of syllables, words, or phrases, hesitation and interruption of fluent speech, commonly, a staccato repetition of the first phoneme of a spoken phrase; it may be accompanied by facial grimacing, postural gestures, involuntary grunts or loss of airway control Management Bethanechol. See Cluttering. stut·ter·ing (stŭt'ĕr-ing) A phonatory or articulatory disorder, characteristically beginning in childhood, sometimes accompanied by intense anxiety about the efficiency of oral communication, characterized by hesitations, repetitions, or prolongations of sounds and syllables, interjections, broken words, circumlocutions, and words produced with excess tension. See also: dysfluency stut·ter·ing (stŭt'ĕr-ing) A phonatory or articulatory disorder, characteristically beginning in childhood, with intense anxiety about the efficiency of oral communications, and characterized by dysfluency. stuttering enUK noun Synonyms for stuttering noun a speech impediment marked by involuntary repetitions and pauses Synonyms stammer stammering stutter
随便看	spondylodymus spondylodynia spondyloepimetaphyseal dysplasia missouri type spondyloepimetaphyseal dysplasia, strudwick type spondyloepimetaphyseal dysplasia with joint laxity spondyloepiphyseal dysplasia spondyloepiphyseal dysplasia congenita spondyloepiphyseal dysplasia, congenital type spondyloepiphyseal dysplasia, omani type spondyloepiphyseal dysplasia tarda with progressive arthropathy spondyloepiphyseal dysplasia tarda, x-linked spondyloepiphyseal dysplasia with congenital joint dislocations spondyloepiphyseal dysplasia with nephrotic syndrome spondyloepiphysial dysplasia spondyloepiphysial dysplasia congenita spondyloepiphysial dysplasia tarda spondylohumerofemoral hypoplasia spondylolisthesis spondylolisthetic spondylolisthetic pelvis spondylolysis spondylolysthesis spondylomalacia spondylometaphyseal dysplasia, kozlowski type spondylopathies

stuttering

stut·ter

stuttering

stuttering

stuttering

stuttering

stammering,

Bibliography

Stuttering

REFERENCES

stuttering

Stuttering

Definition

Description

Causes and symptoms

Diagnosis

Treatment

Alternative treatment

Key terms

Prognosis

Prevention

Resources

Organizations

Other

stuttering

stut·ter·ing

stut·ter·ing

stuttering

stuttering

stut·ter·ing

stut·ter·ing

stuttering

Synonyms for stuttering

noun a speech impediment marked by involuntary repetitions and pauses

Synonyms