von Willebrand disease

Von Willebrand Disease

Definition

Von Willebrand disease is caused by a deficiency or an abnormality in a protein called von Willebrand factor and is characterized by prolonged bleeding.

Description

The Finnish physician Erik von Willebrand was the first to describe von Willebrand disease (VWD). In 1926 Dr. von Willebrand noticed that many male and female members of a large family from the Aland Islands had increased bruising (bleeding into the skin) and prolonged episodes of bleeding. The severity of the bleeding varied between family members and ranged from mild to severe and typically involved the mouth, nose, genital and urinary tracts, and occasionally the intestinal tract. Excessive bleeding during the menstrual period (menorrhagia) was also experienced by some of the women in this family. What differentiated this bleeding disorder from classical hemophilia was that it appeared not to be associated with muscle and joint bleeding and affected people of either sex rather than just men. Dr. von Willebrand named this disorder hereditary pseudohemophilia.Pseudohemophilia, or von Willebrand disease (VWD) as it is now called, occurs when the body does not produce enough of a protein called von Willebrand factor(vWF) or produces abnormal vWF. vWF is involved in the process of blood clotting (coagulation). Blood clotting is necessary to heal an injury to a blood vessel. When a blood vessel is injured, vWF enables blood cells called platelets to bind to the injured area and form a temporary plug to seal the hole and stop the bleeding. vWF is secreted by platelets and by the cells that line the inner wall of the blood vessels (endothelial cells). The platelets release other chemicals called factors in response to a blood vessel injury that are involved in forming a strong permanent clot. vWF binds to and stabilizes factor VIII, one of the factors involved in forming the permanent clot.A deficiency or abnormality in vWF can interfere with the formation of the temporary platelet plug and also affect the normal survival of factor VIII, which can indirectly interfere with the production of the permanent clot. Individuals with VWD, therefore, have difficulty in forming blood clots and as a result they may bleed for longer periods of time. In most cases the bleeding is due to an obvious injury, although it can sometimes occur spontaneously.VWD is classified into three basic types: type 1, type 2, and type 3. The definitions of each type are based on the amount and type of vWF that is produced. Type 1 is the most common and mildest form and results when the body produces slightly decreased amounts of typically normal vWF. Type 2 can be classified into four subtypes (IIA,IIB,IIM, and IIN) and results when the body produces an abnormal type of vWF. Type 3 is the rarest and most severe form and results when the body does not produce any detectable amount of vWF.Approximately one out of 100 people are affected with VWD, making it the most common inherited bleeding disorder (hemophilia). VWD affects people of all ethnic backgrounds. Approximately 70-80% of people with VWD have type 1 and close to 20-30% have type 2. Type 3 is very rare and occurs in fewer than one percent of people with VWD.

Causes and symptoms

The genetics of VWD are complex and involve a gene that produces vWF and is found on the short arm of chromosome 12. Since humans inherit two of each type of chromosome, they inherit two vWF genes. There are different types of changes (mutations) in the vWF gene that can affect the production of vWF. Some types of changes can cause the vWF gene to produce decreased amounts of normal vWF, while other changes can cause the gene to produce abnormal vWF. Most of the gene changes are significant enough that a change in only one vWF gene is sufficient to cause VWD. Some gene mutations cause VWD only if both genes are changed, which often leads to more severe symptoms.Type 1 VWD is called an autosomal dominant condition since it is caused by a change in only one vWF gene. Since type 1 VWD results in only a slight decrease in the amount of vWF produced, the symptoms are often mild and even non-existent in some patients. Most cases of Type 2 VWD are autosomal dominant since they are caused by a change in only one vWF gene that results in the production of an abnormal protein. An autosomal dominant form of VWD can be inherited from either parent or can occur spontaneously in the embryo that is formed when the egg and sperm cells come together during fertilization.Some cases of type 2 VWD and all cases of type 3 VWD are autosomal recessive since they are caused by changes in both vWF genes. A person with an autosomal recessive form of VWD has inherited a changed gene from his or her mother and a changed gene from his or her father. Parents who have a child with an autosomal recessive form of VWD are called carriers, since they each possess one changed vWF gene and one unchanged vWF gene. Many carriers for the autosomal recessive forms of type 2 VWD and type 3 VWD do not have any symptoms, although some people with type 3 VWD are born to parents who have type 1 VWD and may have symptoms. Each child born to parents who are both carriers for VWD has a 25% chance of having VWD, a 50% chance of being a carrier, and a 25% chance of being neither a carrier nor affected with VWD disease. A person with an autosomal dominant form of VWD has a 50% chance of passing the changed gene on to his or her children who may or may not have symptoms.VWD is usually a relatively mild disorder characterized by easy bruising, recurrent nosebleeds, heavy menstrual periods, and extended bleeding after surgeries and invasive dental work. There is a great deal of variability in the severity of symptoms, which can range from clinically insignificant to life-threatening. Even people within the same family who are affected with the same type of VWD may exhibit different symptoms. An individual with VWD may exhibit a range of symptoms over the course of his or her lifetime and may experience an improvement in symptoms with age. The severity of the disease is partially related to the amount and type of vWF that the body produces, but is also influenced by other genetic and non-genetic factors.

Type 1

Type 1, the mildest form of VWD, is usually associated with easy bruising, recurrent nosebleeds, heavy menstrual periods, and prolonged bleeding after surgeries and invasive work. Many people with type 1 VWD do not have any noticeable symptoms or only have prolonged bleeding after surgery or significant trauma. The amount of vWF produced by the body increases during pregnancy, so prolonged bleeding during delivery is uncommon in people with type 1 VWD.

Type 2

People with type 2 VWD usually have symptoms from early childhood and symptoms may even be present at birth. They usually experience prolonged bleeding from cuts, easy bruising, nose bleeds, skin hematomas, and prolonged bleeding from the gums following teeth extraction and minor trauma. More than 50% of women with type 2 VWD experience heavy periods that may require a blood transfusion. Gastrointestinal bleeding is rare but can be life-threatening. Some women with type 2 VWD exhibit prolonged bleeding during delivery.

Type 3

Type 3 VWD can be quite severe and is associated with bruising and bleeding from the mouth, nose, intestinal, genital and urinary tracts. Type 3 is also associated with spontaneous bleeding into the muscles and joints, which can result in joint deformities. Some women with type 3 VWD experience prolonged bleeding during delivery.

Diagnosis

Diagnostic testing

Many people with VWD have mild symptoms or symptoms that can be confused with other bleeding disorders, making it difficult to diagnose VWD on the basis of clinical symptoms. VWD should be suspected in any person with a normal number of platelets in their blood and bleeding from such mucous membranes as the nose, gums and gastrointestinal tract. Testing for an individual with suspected VWD often includes the measurement of:

how long it takes for the bleeding to stop after a tiny cut is made in the skin (the bleeding time)
the amount of vWF (vWF antigen measurement)
the activity of vWF (ristocetin co-factor activity)
the amount of factor VIII (factor VIII antigen measurement)
activity of factor VIII

Many doctors routinely screen women with menorrhagia for VWD, as heavy menstrual bleeding is the most common symptom of the disorder in females.People with type 1 VWD usually have an increased bleeding time but they may have an intermittently normal bleeding time. They also have a decreased amount of vWF, and decreased vWF activity and usually have slightly decreased factor VIII levels and activity. People with type 2 VWD have a prolonged bleeding time, decreased activity of vWF and may have decreased amounts of vWF and factor VIII, and may have decreased factor VIII activity. Type 3 individuals have undetectable amounts of vWF, negligible vWF activity, factor VIII levels of less than 5-10%, and significantly reduced factor VIII activity. The activity of vWF is reduced for all types of VWD, making it the most sensitive means of identifying all three types of VWD. Patients with borderline results should be tested two to three times over a three month period.Once a patient is diagnosed with VWD, further testing such as vWF multimer analysis and ristocetin-induced platelet aggregation (RIPA) may need to be performed to determine the subtype. Multimer analysis evaluates the structure of the vWF, and RIPA measures how much ristocetin is required to cause the clumping of platelets in a blood sample. The vWF multimer analysis is able to differentiate people with a structurally normal vWF (type 1) from people with a structurally abnormal vWF (type 2) and is often able to identify the subtype of patients with type 2 VWD. People with type 1 VWD usually have normal to decreased RIPA concentrations. Depending on the subtype, patients with type 2 VWD either have increased or decreased RIPA. RIPA is usually absent and the multimer analysis shows undetectable vWF in people with type 3 VWD.In some cases DNA testing can be a valuable adjunct to biochemical testing. The detection of gene alteration(s) can confirm a diagnosis and can determine the type and subtype of VWD. It can also help to facilitate prenatal testing and testing of other family members. Unfortunately, as of 2001, many people with VWD possess DNA changes that are not detectable through DNA testing. A person who has a mother, father, or sibling diagnosed with VWD should undergo biochemical testing for VWD. If the relative with VWD possesses a detectable gene change, then DNA testing should also be considered.

Prenatal testing

If one parent has been diagnosed with an autosomal dominant form of VWD or both parents are carriers for an autosomal recessive form of VWD, then prenatal testing can be considered. If the parent with an autosomal dominant form of VWD possesses a detectable gene change or both parents who are carriers for an autosomal recessive form of VWD possess detectable mutations, then DNA testing of their fetus would be available. DNA testing can be performed through amniocentesis or chorionic villus sampling. If the DNA change in the parent(s) is unknown then prenatal testing can sometimes be performed through biochemical testing of blood obtained from the fetal umbilical cord, which is less accurate and is associated with a higher risk of pregnancy loss.

Treatment

VWD is most commonly treated by replacement of vWF through the administration of blood products that contain vWF or through treatment with desmopressin (DDAVP, 1-deamino-8-D-arginine vasopressin). DDAVP functions by increasing the amount of factor VIII and vWF in the bloodstream. Treatment with blood products or DDAVP may be started in response to uncontrollable bleeding or may be administered prior to procedures such as surgeries or dental work. The type of treatment chosen depends on the type of VWD and a patient's response to a preliminary treatment trial.

Treatment with desmopressin

DDAVP is the most common treatment for people with type 1 VWD. About 80% of people with type 1 VWD respond to DDAVP therapy. Treatment with DDAVP can also be used to treat some people with type 2 VWD. Patients with Type 2B VWD should not be treated with this medication since DDAVP can induce dangerous platelet clumping. Type 3 VWD should not be treated with DDAVP since this medication does not increase the level of vWF in type 3 patients. DDAVP should only be used in people who have been shown to be responsive through a pre-treatment trial transfusion with this medication.DDAVP can be administered intravenously or through a nasal inhaler. DDAVP has relatively few side effects although some people may experience facial flushing, tingling sensations, and headaches after treatment with this medication. Often treatment with this medication is only required prior to invasive surgeries or dental procedures.

Treatment with blood products

Patients who are unable to tolerate or are unresponsive to drug-based treatments are treated with concentrated factor VIII obtained from blood products. Not all factor VIII concentrates can be used since some do not contain enough vWF. The concentrate is treated to kill most viruses, although caution should be used since not all types of viruses are destroyed. If the factor VIII concentrates are unable to manage a severe bleeding episode, then blood products called cryoprecipitates, which contain concentrated amounts of vWF, or platelet concentrates should be considered. Caution should be used when treating with these blood products since they are not treated to kill viruses.

Other treatments and precautions

Medications called fibrinolytic inhibitors can be helpful in the control of intestinal, mouth, and nose bleeding. Estrogens such as are found in oral contraceptives increase the synthesis of vWF and can sometimes be used in the long-term treatment of women with mild to moderate VWD. Estrogens are also sometimes used prior to surgery in women with type 1 VWD. Some topical agents are available to treat nose and mouth bleeds.Endometrial ablation, or the removal of the lining of the uterus by means of electrocautery or other thermal methods, is sometimes recommended as a treatment for menorrhagia associated with VWD. This procedure appears to be successful in lowering the amount of bleeding that these women experience during their menstrual periods.Patients with VWD should avoid taking aspirin, ibuprofen, or other NSAIDs, which can increase their susceptibility to bleeding. They should also inform their dentist of their diagnosis, as many routine dental procedures can cause bleeding from the gums. People with severe forms of VWD should avoid activities that increase their risk of injury such as contact sports.Patients with type 3 VWD living in the United States may wish to contact one of the 146 federally funded Hemophilia Treatment Centers (HTCs) for advice about prophylactic treatment and general follow-up.

Prognosis

The prognosis for VWD disease is generally fairly good and most individuals have a normal lifespan. The prognosis can depend, however on accurate diagnosis and appropriate medical treatment.

Key terms

Amniocentesis — A procedure performed at 16-18 weeks of pregnancy in which a needle is inserted through a woman's abdomen into her uterus to draw out a small sample of the amniotic fluid from around the baby. Either the fluid itself or cells from the fluid can be used for a variety of tests to obtain information about genetic disorders and other medical conditions in the fetus.Autosomal dominant — A pattern of genetic inheritance where only one abnormal gene is needed to display the trait or disease.Autosomal recessive — A pattern of genetic inheritance where two abnormal genes are needed to display the trait or disease.Biochemical testing — Measuring the amount or activity of a particular enzyme or protein in a sample of blood or urine or other tissue from the body.Carrier — A person who possesses a gene for an abnormal trait without showing signs of the disorder. The person may pass the abnormal gene on to offspring.Chorionic villus sampling (CVS) — A procedure used for prenatal diagnosis at 10-12 weeks gestation. Under ultrasound guidance a needle is inserted either through the mother's vagina or abdominal wall and a sample of cells is collected from around the early embryo. These cells are then tested for chromosome abnormalities or other genetic diseases.Chromosome — A microscopic thread-like structure found within each cell of the body and consists of a complex of proteins and DNA. Humans have 46 chromosomes arranged into 23 pairs. Changes in either the total number of chromosomes or their shape and size (structure) may lead to physical or mental abnormalities.Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) — The genetic material in cells that holds the inherited instructions for growth, development, and cellular functioning.Desmopressin (DDAVP) — A drug used in the treatment of von Willebrand's disease.Diagnostic testing — Testing performed to determine if someone is affected with a particular disease.DNA testing — Analysis of DNA (the genetic component of cells) in order to determine changes in genes that may indicate a specific disorder.Endothelial cells — The cells lining the inner walls of the blood vessels.Factor VIII — A protein involved in blood clotting that requires vWF for stability and long-term survival in the bloodstream.Gene — A building block of inheritance, which contains the instructions for the production of a particular protein, and is made up of a molecular sequence found on a section of DNA. Each gene is found on a precise location on a chromosome.Menorrhagia — Excessively heavy menstrual flow with cycles of normal length. It is also called hypermenorrhea.Mutation — A permanent change in the genetic material that may alter a trait or characteristic of an individual, or manifest as disease, and can be transmitted to offspring.Platelets — Small disc-shaped structures that circulate in the blood stream and participate in blood clotting.Prenatal testing — Testing for a disease such as a genetic condition in an unborn baby.Protein — Important building blocks of the body, composed of amino acids, involved in the formation of body structures and controlling the basic functions of the human body.Skin hematoma — Blood from a broken blood vessel that has accumulated under the skin.von Willebrand factor (vWF) — A protein found in the blood that is involved in the process of blood clotting.

Resources

Books

Beers, Mark H., MD, and Robert Berkow, MD, editors. "Menstrual Abnormalities and Abnormal Uterine Bleeding." Section 18, Chapter 235. In The Merck Manual of Diagnosis and Therapy. Whitehouse Station, NJ: Merck Research Laboratories, 2004.Beers, Mark H., MD, and Robert Berkow, MD, editors. "Platelet Disorders." Section 11, Chapter 133. In The Merck Manual of Diagnosis and Therapy. Whitehouse Station, NJ: Merck Research Laboratories, 2004.

Periodicals

Hilbert, L., A. B. Federici, L. Baronciani, et al. "A New Candidate Mutation, G1629R, in a Patient with Type 2A von Willebrand's Disease: Basic Mechanisms and Clinical Implications." Haematologica 89 (September 2004): 1128-1133.Pollak, Eleanor S., MD, and Steven Stein, MD. "von Willebrand Disease." eMedicine August 18, 2004. http://www.emedicine.com/med/topic2392.htm.Rubin, G., M. Wortman, and P. A. Kouides. "Endometrial Ablation for von Willebrand Disease-Related Menorrhagia—Experience with Seven Cases." Haemophilia 10 (September 2004): 477-482.Shankar, M., C. A. Lee, C. A. Sabin, et al. "von Willebrand Disease in Women with Menorrhagia: A Systematic Review." BJOG 111 (July 2004): 734-740.Sumner, M., and J. Williams. "Type 3 von Willebrand Disease: Assessment of Complications and Approaches to Treatment—Results of a Patient and Hemophilia Treatment Center Survey in the United States." Haemophilia 10 (July 2004): 360-366.

Organizations

American Society of Hematology (ASH). 1900 M Street, NW, Suite 200, Washington, DC 20036. (202) 776-0544. Fax: (202) 776-0545. H http://www.hematology.org.National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI) Health Information Center, P. O. Box 30105, Bethesda, MD 20824-0105. (301) 592-8573. Fax: (240) 629-3246. http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov.National Hemophilia Foundation. Soho Building, 110 Greene Street, Suite 406, New York, NY 10012. (212) 219-8180. http://www.hemophilia.org/home.htm.

Other

National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI) Fact Sheet. "What Is von Willebrand Disease?" http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/dci/Diseases/vWD/vWD_WhatIs.html.

von Wil·le·brand dis·ease

(von vil'ĕn-brahnd), [MIM*193400] a hemorrhagic diathesis characterized by tendency to bleed primarily from mucous membranes, prolonged bleeding time, normal platelet count, normal clot retraction, partial and variable deficiency of factor VIIIR, and possibly a morphologic defect of platelets; autosomal dominant inheritance with reduced penetrance and variable expressivity, caused by mutation in the von Willebrand factor gene (VWF) on 12p. Type III von Willebrand disease is a more severe disorder with markedly reduced factor VIIIR levels. There is a recessive version of this disease [MIM*277480], which has the remarkable property that it represents a mutation at the same locus as the dominant form.

von Willebrand disease

(vŏn wĭl′ə-brănd′, fôn vĭl′ə-bränt′)n. A usually genetic bleeding disorder caused a deficiency or an abnormality of a clotting factor that affects platelet adhesion.

von Willebrand disease

Hematology A hereditary bleeding disorder caused by moderate-to-severe factor VIII deficiency and low-levels of factor VIII-related antigen–substances needed for coagulation Clinical Most are mild; bleeding may follow surgery or a tooth extraction; it is exacerbated by aspirin and NSAIDs; coagulation parameters may improve during pregnancy.

von Wil·le·brand dis·ease

(fahn vil'ĕ-brahnt di-zēz') A hemorrhagic diathesis characterized by a tendency to bleed primarily from mucous membranes, prolonged bleeding time, normal platelet count, normal clot retraction, partial and variable deficiency of factor VIIIR, and possibly a morphologic defect of platelets; autosomal dominant inheritance with reduced penetrance and variable expressivity, caused by mutation in the von Willebrand factor gene (VWF) on 12p. Type III von Willebrand disease is a more severe disorder with markedly reduced factor VIIIR levels. A recessive version of this disease has a remarkable property in that it represents a mutation at the same locus as the dominant form.

von Willebrand,

Erik Adolph, Finnish physician, 1870-1949. von Willebrand disease - a hemorrhagic diathesis characterized by the tendency to bleed primarily from mucous membranes.

von Wil·le·brand dis·ease

(fahn vil'ĕ-brahnt di-zēz') [MIM*193400] Hemorrhagic diathesis characterized by tendency to bleed primarily from mucous membranes (i.e., oral), prolonged bleeding time, normal platelet count, normal clot retraction, partial and variable deficiency of factor VIIIR.

单词	von willebrand disease
释义	von Willebrand disease von Wil·le·brand disease V0146750 (vŏn wĭl′ə-brănd′, fôn vĭl′ə-bränt′)n. A usually genetic bleeding disorder caused a deficiency or an abnormality of a clotting factor that affects platelet adhesion. [After Erik Adolf von Willebrand (1870-1949), Finnish physician.] von Willebrand disease Von Willebrand Disease Definition Von Willebrand disease is caused by a deficiency or an abnormality in a protein called von Willebrand factor and is characterized by prolonged bleeding. Description The Finnish physician Erik von Willebrand was the first to describe von Willebrand disease (VWD). In 1926 Dr. von Willebrand noticed that many male and female members of a large family from the Aland Islands had increased bruising (bleeding into the skin) and prolonged episodes of bleeding. The severity of the bleeding varied between family members and ranged from mild to severe and typically involved the mouth, nose, genital and urinary tracts, and occasionally the intestinal tract. Excessive bleeding during the menstrual period (menorrhagia) was also experienced by some of the women in this family. What differentiated this bleeding disorder from classical hemophilia was that it appeared not to be associated with muscle and joint bleeding and affected people of either sex rather than just men. Dr. von Willebrand named this disorder hereditary pseudohemophilia.Pseudohemophilia, or von Willebrand disease (VWD) as it is now called, occurs when the body does not produce enough of a protein called von Willebrand factor(vWF) or produces abnormal vWF. vWF is involved in the process of blood clotting (coagulation). Blood clotting is necessary to heal an injury to a blood vessel. When a blood vessel is injured, vWF enables blood cells called platelets to bind to the injured area and form a temporary plug to seal the hole and stop the bleeding. vWF is secreted by platelets and by the cells that line the inner wall of the blood vessels (endothelial cells). The platelets release other chemicals called factors in response to a blood vessel injury that are involved in forming a strong permanent clot. vWF binds to and stabilizes factor VIII, one of the factors involved in forming the permanent clot.A deficiency or abnormality in vWF can interfere with the formation of the temporary platelet plug and also affect the normal survival of factor VIII, which can indirectly interfere with the production of the permanent clot. Individuals with VWD, therefore, have difficulty in forming blood clots and as a result they may bleed for longer periods of time. In most cases the bleeding is due to an obvious injury, although it can sometimes occur spontaneously.VWD is classified into three basic types: type 1, type 2, and type 3. The definitions of each type are based on the amount and type of vWF that is produced. Type 1 is the most common and mildest form and results when the body produces slightly decreased amounts of typically normal vWF. Type 2 can be classified into four subtypes (IIA,IIB,IIM, and IIN) and results when the body produces an abnormal type of vWF. Type 3 is the rarest and most severe form and results when the body does not produce any detectable amount of vWF.Approximately one out of 100 people are affected with VWD, making it the most common inherited bleeding disorder (hemophilia). VWD affects people of all ethnic backgrounds. Approximately 70-80% of people with VWD have type 1 and close to 20-30% have type 2. Type 3 is very rare and occurs in fewer than one percent of people with VWD. Causes and symptoms The genetics of VWD are complex and involve a gene that produces vWF and is found on the short arm of chromosome 12. Since humans inherit two of each type of chromosome, they inherit two vWF genes. There are different types of changes (mutations) in the vWF gene that can affect the production of vWF. Some types of changes can cause the vWF gene to produce decreased amounts of normal vWF, while other changes can cause the gene to produce abnormal vWF. Most of the gene changes are significant enough that a change in only one vWF gene is sufficient to cause VWD. Some gene mutations cause VWD only if both genes are changed, which often leads to more severe symptoms.Type 1 VWD is called an autosomal dominant condition since it is caused by a change in only one vWF gene. Since type 1 VWD results in only a slight decrease in the amount of vWF produced, the symptoms are often mild and even non-existent in some patients. Most cases of Type 2 VWD are autosomal dominant since they are caused by a change in only one vWF gene that results in the production of an abnormal protein. An autosomal dominant form of VWD can be inherited from either parent or can occur spontaneously in the embryo that is formed when the egg and sperm cells come together during fertilization.Some cases of type 2 VWD and all cases of type 3 VWD are autosomal recessive since they are caused by changes in both vWF genes. A person with an autosomal recessive form of VWD has inherited a changed gene from his or her mother and a changed gene from his or her father. Parents who have a child with an autosomal recessive form of VWD are called carriers, since they each possess one changed vWF gene and one unchanged vWF gene. Many carriers for the autosomal recessive forms of type 2 VWD and type 3 VWD do not have any symptoms, although some people with type 3 VWD are born to parents who have type 1 VWD and may have symptoms. Each child born to parents who are both carriers for VWD has a 25% chance of having VWD, a 50% chance of being a carrier, and a 25% chance of being neither a carrier nor affected with VWD disease. A person with an autosomal dominant form of VWD has a 50% chance of passing the changed gene on to his or her children who may or may not have symptoms.VWD is usually a relatively mild disorder characterized by easy bruising, recurrent nosebleeds, heavy menstrual periods, and extended bleeding after surgeries and invasive dental work. There is a great deal of variability in the severity of symptoms, which can range from clinically insignificant to life-threatening. Even people within the same family who are affected with the same type of VWD may exhibit different symptoms. An individual with VWD may exhibit a range of symptoms over the course of his or her lifetime and may experience an improvement in symptoms with age. The severity of the disease is partially related to the amount and type of vWF that the body produces, but is also influenced by other genetic and non-genetic factors. Type 1 Type 1, the mildest form of VWD, is usually associated with easy bruising, recurrent nosebleeds, heavy menstrual periods, and prolonged bleeding after surgeries and invasive work. Many people with type 1 VWD do not have any noticeable symptoms or only have prolonged bleeding after surgery or significant trauma. The amount of vWF produced by the body increases during pregnancy, so prolonged bleeding during delivery is uncommon in people with type 1 VWD. Type 2 People with type 2 VWD usually have symptoms from early childhood and symptoms may even be present at birth. They usually experience prolonged bleeding from cuts, easy bruising, nose bleeds, skin hematomas, and prolonged bleeding from the gums following teeth extraction and minor trauma. More than 50% of women with type 2 VWD experience heavy periods that may require a blood transfusion. Gastrointestinal bleeding is rare but can be life-threatening. Some women with type 2 VWD exhibit prolonged bleeding during delivery. Type 3 Type 3 VWD can be quite severe and is associated with bruising and bleeding from the mouth, nose, intestinal, genital and urinary tracts. Type 3 is also associated with spontaneous bleeding into the muscles and joints, which can result in joint deformities. Some women with type 3 VWD experience prolonged bleeding during delivery. Diagnosis Diagnostic testing Many people with VWD have mild symptoms or symptoms that can be confused with other bleeding disorders, making it difficult to diagnose VWD on the basis of clinical symptoms. VWD should be suspected in any person with a normal number of platelets in their blood and bleeding from such mucous membranes as the nose, gums and gastrointestinal tract. Testing for an individual with suspected VWD often includes the measurement of: how long it takes for the bleeding to stop after a tiny cut is made in the skin (the bleeding time) the amount of vWF (vWF antigen measurement) the activity of vWF (ristocetin co-factor activity) the amount of factor VIII (factor VIII antigen measurement) activity of factor VIII Many doctors routinely screen women with menorrhagia for VWD, as heavy menstrual bleeding is the most common symptom of the disorder in females.People with type 1 VWD usually have an increased bleeding time but they may have an intermittently normal bleeding time. They also have a decreased amount of vWF, and decreased vWF activity and usually have slightly decreased factor VIII levels and activity. People with type 2 VWD have a prolonged bleeding time, decreased activity of vWF and may have decreased amounts of vWF and factor VIII, and may have decreased factor VIII activity. Type 3 individuals have undetectable amounts of vWF, negligible vWF activity, factor VIII levels of less than 5-10%, and significantly reduced factor VIII activity. The activity of vWF is reduced for all types of VWD, making it the most sensitive means of identifying all three types of VWD. Patients with borderline results should be tested two to three times over a three month period.Once a patient is diagnosed with VWD, further testing such as vWF multimer analysis and ristocetin-induced platelet aggregation (RIPA) may need to be performed to determine the subtype. Multimer analysis evaluates the structure of the vWF, and RIPA measures how much ristocetin is required to cause the clumping of platelets in a blood sample. The vWF multimer analysis is able to differentiate people with a structurally normal vWF (type 1) from people with a structurally abnormal vWF (type 2) and is often able to identify the subtype of patients with type 2 VWD. People with type 1 VWD usually have normal to decreased RIPA concentrations. Depending on the subtype, patients with type 2 VWD either have increased or decreased RIPA. RIPA is usually absent and the multimer analysis shows undetectable vWF in people with type 3 VWD.In some cases DNA testing can be a valuable adjunct to biochemical testing. The detection of gene alteration(s) can confirm a diagnosis and can determine the type and subtype of VWD. It can also help to facilitate prenatal testing and testing of other family members. Unfortunately, as of 2001, many people with VWD possess DNA changes that are not detectable through DNA testing. A person who has a mother, father, or sibling diagnosed with VWD should undergo biochemical testing for VWD. If the relative with VWD possesses a detectable gene change, then DNA testing should also be considered. Prenatal testing If one parent has been diagnosed with an autosomal dominant form of VWD or both parents are carriers for an autosomal recessive form of VWD, then prenatal testing can be considered. If the parent with an autosomal dominant form of VWD possesses a detectable gene change or both parents who are carriers for an autosomal recessive form of VWD possess detectable mutations, then DNA testing of their fetus would be available. DNA testing can be performed through amniocentesis or chorionic villus sampling. If the DNA change in the parent(s) is unknown then prenatal testing can sometimes be performed through biochemical testing of blood obtained from the fetal umbilical cord, which is less accurate and is associated with a higher risk of pregnancy loss. Treatment VWD is most commonly treated by replacement of vWF through the administration of blood products that contain vWF or through treatment with desmopressin (DDAVP, 1-deamino-8-D-arginine vasopressin). DDAVP functions by increasing the amount of factor VIII and vWF in the bloodstream. Treatment with blood products or DDAVP may be started in response to uncontrollable bleeding or may be administered prior to procedures such as surgeries or dental work. The type of treatment chosen depends on the type of VWD and a patient's response to a preliminary treatment trial. Treatment with desmopressin DDAVP is the most common treatment for people with type 1 VWD. About 80% of people with type 1 VWD respond to DDAVP therapy. Treatment with DDAVP can also be used to treat some people with type 2 VWD. Patients with Type 2B VWD should not be treated with this medication since DDAVP can induce dangerous platelet clumping. Type 3 VWD should not be treated with DDAVP since this medication does not increase the level of vWF in type 3 patients. DDAVP should only be used in people who have been shown to be responsive through a pre-treatment trial transfusion with this medication.DDAVP can be administered intravenously or through a nasal inhaler. DDAVP has relatively few side effects although some people may experience facial flushing, tingling sensations, and headaches after treatment with this medication. Often treatment with this medication is only required prior to invasive surgeries or dental procedures. Treatment with blood products Patients who are unable to tolerate or are unresponsive to drug-based treatments are treated with concentrated factor VIII obtained from blood products. Not all factor VIII concentrates can be used since some do not contain enough vWF. The concentrate is treated to kill most viruses, although caution should be used since not all types of viruses are destroyed. If the factor VIII concentrates are unable to manage a severe bleeding episode, then blood products called cryoprecipitates, which contain concentrated amounts of vWF, or platelet concentrates should be considered. Caution should be used when treating with these blood products since they are not treated to kill viruses. Other treatments and precautions Medications called fibrinolytic inhibitors can be helpful in the control of intestinal, mouth, and nose bleeding. Estrogens such as are found in oral contraceptives increase the synthesis of vWF and can sometimes be used in the long-term treatment of women with mild to moderate VWD. Estrogens are also sometimes used prior to surgery in women with type 1 VWD. Some topical agents are available to treat nose and mouth bleeds.Endometrial ablation, or the removal of the lining of the uterus by means of electrocautery or other thermal methods, is sometimes recommended as a treatment for menorrhagia associated with VWD. This procedure appears to be successful in lowering the amount of bleeding that these women experience during their menstrual periods.Patients with VWD should avoid taking aspirin, ibuprofen, or other NSAIDs, which can increase their susceptibility to bleeding. They should also inform their dentist of their diagnosis, as many routine dental procedures can cause bleeding from the gums. People with severe forms of VWD should avoid activities that increase their risk of injury such as contact sports.Patients with type 3 VWD living in the United States may wish to contact one of the 146 federally funded Hemophilia Treatment Centers (HTCs) for advice about prophylactic treatment and general follow-up. Prognosis The prognosis for VWD disease is generally fairly good and most individuals have a normal lifespan. The prognosis can depend, however on accurate diagnosis and appropriate medical treatment. Key terms Amniocentesis — A procedure performed at 16-18 weeks of pregnancy in which a needle is inserted through a woman's abdomen into her uterus to draw out a small sample of the amniotic fluid from around the baby. Either the fluid itself or cells from the fluid can be used for a variety of tests to obtain information about genetic disorders and other medical conditions in the fetus.Autosomal dominant — A pattern of genetic inheritance where only one abnormal gene is needed to display the trait or disease.Autosomal recessive — A pattern of genetic inheritance where two abnormal genes are needed to display the trait or disease.Biochemical testing — Measuring the amount or activity of a particular enzyme or protein in a sample of blood or urine or other tissue from the body.Carrier — A person who possesses a gene for an abnormal trait without showing signs of the disorder. The person may pass the abnormal gene on to offspring.Chorionic villus sampling (CVS) — A procedure used for prenatal diagnosis at 10-12 weeks gestation. Under ultrasound guidance a needle is inserted either through the mother's vagina or abdominal wall and a sample of cells is collected from around the early embryo. These cells are then tested for chromosome abnormalities or other genetic diseases.Chromosome — A microscopic thread-like structure found within each cell of the body and consists of a complex of proteins and DNA. Humans have 46 chromosomes arranged into 23 pairs. Changes in either the total number of chromosomes or their shape and size (structure) may lead to physical or mental abnormalities.Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) — The genetic material in cells that holds the inherited instructions for growth, development, and cellular functioning.Desmopressin (DDAVP) — A drug used in the treatment of von Willebrand's disease.Diagnostic testing — Testing performed to determine if someone is affected with a particular disease.DNA testing — Analysis of DNA (the genetic component of cells) in order to determine changes in genes that may indicate a specific disorder.Endothelial cells — The cells lining the inner walls of the blood vessels.Factor VIII — A protein involved in blood clotting that requires vWF for stability and long-term survival in the bloodstream.Gene — A building block of inheritance, which contains the instructions for the production of a particular protein, and is made up of a molecular sequence found on a section of DNA. Each gene is found on a precise location on a chromosome.Menorrhagia — Excessively heavy menstrual flow with cycles of normal length. It is also called hypermenorrhea.Mutation — A permanent change in the genetic material that may alter a trait or characteristic of an individual, or manifest as disease, and can be transmitted to offspring.Platelets — Small disc-shaped structures that circulate in the blood stream and participate in blood clotting.Prenatal testing — Testing for a disease such as a genetic condition in an unborn baby.Protein — Important building blocks of the body, composed of amino acids, involved in the formation of body structures and controlling the basic functions of the human body.Skin hematoma — Blood from a broken blood vessel that has accumulated under the skin.von Willebrand factor (vWF) — A protein found in the blood that is involved in the process of blood clotting. Resources Books Beers, Mark H., MD, and Robert Berkow, MD, editors. "Menstrual Abnormalities and Abnormal Uterine Bleeding." Section 18, Chapter 235. In The Merck Manual of Diagnosis and Therapy. Whitehouse Station, NJ: Merck Research Laboratories, 2004.Beers, Mark H., MD, and Robert Berkow, MD, editors. "Platelet Disorders." Section 11, Chapter 133. In The Merck Manual of Diagnosis and Therapy. Whitehouse Station, NJ: Merck Research Laboratories, 2004. Periodicals Hilbert, L., A. B. Federici, L. Baronciani, et al. "A New Candidate Mutation, G1629R, in a Patient with Type 2A von Willebrand's Disease: Basic Mechanisms and Clinical Implications." Haematologica 89 (September 2004): 1128-1133.Pollak, Eleanor S., MD, and Steven Stein, MD. "von Willebrand Disease." eMedicine August 18, 2004. http://www.emedicine.com/med/topic2392.htm.Rubin, G., M. Wortman, and P. A. Kouides. "Endometrial Ablation for von Willebrand Disease-Related Menorrhagia—Experience with Seven Cases." Haemophilia 10 (September 2004): 477-482.Shankar, M., C. A. Lee, C. A. Sabin, et al. "von Willebrand Disease in Women with Menorrhagia: A Systematic Review." BJOG 111 (July 2004): 734-740.Sumner, M., and J. Williams. "Type 3 von Willebrand Disease: Assessment of Complications and Approaches to Treatment—Results of a Patient and Hemophilia Treatment Center Survey in the United States." Haemophilia 10 (July 2004): 360-366. Organizations American Society of Hematology (ASH). 1900 M Street, NW, Suite 200, Washington, DC 20036. (202) 776-0544. Fax: (202) 776-0545. H http://www.hematology.org.National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI) Health Information Center, P. O. Box 30105, Bethesda, MD 20824-0105. (301) 592-8573. Fax: (240) 629-3246. http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov.National Hemophilia Foundation. Soho Building, 110 Greene Street, Suite 406, New York, NY 10012. (212) 219-8180. http://www.hemophilia.org/home.htm. Other National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI) Fact Sheet. "What Is von Willebrand Disease?" http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/dci/Diseases/vWD/vWD_WhatIs.html. von Wil·le·brand dis·ease (von vil'ĕn-brahnd), [MIM193400] a hemorrhagic diathesis characterized by tendency to bleed primarily from mucous membranes, prolonged bleeding time, normal platelet count, normal clot retraction, partial and variable deficiency of factor VIIIR, and possibly a morphologic defect of platelets; autosomal dominant inheritance with reduced penetrance and variable expressivity, caused by mutation in the von Willebrand factor gene (VWF) on 12p. Type III von Willebrand disease is a more severe disorder with markedly reduced factor VIIIR levels. There is a recessive version of this disease [MIM277480], which has the remarkable property that it represents a mutation at the same locus as the dominant form. von Willebrand disease (vŏn wĭl′ə-brănd′, fôn vĭl′ə-bränt′)n. A usually genetic bleeding disorder caused a deficiency or an abnormality of a clotting factor that affects platelet adhesion. von Willebrand disease Hematology A hereditary bleeding disorder caused by moderate-to-severe factor VIII deficiency and low-levels of factor VIII-related antigen–substances needed for coagulation Clinical Most are mild; bleeding may follow surgery or a tooth extraction; it is exacerbated by aspirin and NSAIDs; coagulation parameters may improve during pregnancy. von Wil·le·brand dis·ease (fahn vil'ĕ-brahnt di-zēz') A hemorrhagic diathesis characterized by a tendency to bleed primarily from mucous membranes, prolonged bleeding time, normal platelet count, normal clot retraction, partial and variable deficiency of factor VIIIR, and possibly a morphologic defect of platelets; autosomal dominant inheritance with reduced penetrance and variable expressivity, caused by mutation in the von Willebrand factor gene (VWF) on 12p. Type III von Willebrand disease is a more severe disorder with markedly reduced factor VIIIR levels. A recessive version of this disease has a remarkable property in that it represents a mutation at the same locus as the dominant form. von Willebrand, Erik Adolph, Finnish physician, 1870-1949. von Willebrand disease - a hemorrhagic diathesis characterized by the tendency to bleed primarily from mucous membranes. von Wil·le·brand dis·ease (fahn vil'ĕ-brahnt di-zēz') [MIM*193400] Hemorrhagic diathesis characterized by tendency to bleed primarily from mucous membranes (i.e., oral), prolonged bleeding time, normal platelet count, normal clot retraction, partial and variable deficiency of factor VIIIR. ThesaurusSeevon Willebrand
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von Willebrand disease

von Wil·le·brand disease

von Willebrand disease

Von Willebrand Disease

Definition

Description

Causes and symptoms

Type 1

Type 2

Type 3

Diagnosis

Diagnostic testing

Prenatal testing

Treatment

Treatment with desmopressin

Treatment with blood products

Other treatments and precautions

Prognosis

Key terms

Resources

Books

Periodicals

Organizations

Other

von Wil·le·brand dis·ease

von Willebrand disease

von Willebrand disease

von Wil·le·brand dis·ease

von Willebrand,

von Wil·le·brand dis·ease