| 释义 |
paracentesisenUK
paracentesis (ˌpærəsɛnˈtiːsɪs) n (Surgery) med the surgical puncture of a body cavity in order to draw off excess fluidparacentesisRemoval of fluid from a body cavity for examination or treatment.Thesaurus| Noun | 1. |  paracentesis - centesis of the belly to remove fluid for diagnosisabdominocentesiscentesis - (surgery) the act of puncturing a body cavity or organ with a hollow needle in order to draw out fluid |
Translations
paracentesisenUK
paracentesis[‚par·ə·sen′tē·səs] (medicine) Puncture of the wall of a fluid-filled cavity by means of a hollow needle to draw off the contents. paracentesisenUK
Paracentesis DefinitionParacentesis is a procedure during which fluid from the abdomen is removed through a needle.PurposeThere are two reasons to take fluid out of the abdomen. One is to analyze it. The other is to relieve pressure.Liquid that accumulates in the abdomen is called ascites. Ascites seeps out of organs for several reasons related either to disease in the organ or fluid pressures that are changing.Liver diseaseAll the blood flowing through the intestines passes through the liver on its way back to the heart. When progressive disease such as alcohol damage or hepatitis destroys enough liver tissue, the scarring that results shrinks the liver and constricts the blood flow. Such scarring of the liver is called cirrhosis. Pressure builds up in the intestinal circulation, slowing flow and pushing fluid into the tissues. Slowly the fluid accumulates in areas with the lowest pressure and greatest capacity. The free space around abdominal organs receives most of it. This space is called the peritoneal space because it is enclosed by a thin membrane called the peritoneum. The peritoneum wraps around nearly every organ in the abdomen, providing many folds and spaces for the fluid to gather.InfectionsPeritonitis is an infection of the peritoneum. Infection changes the dynamics of body fluids, causing them to seep into tissues and spaces. Peritonitis can develop in several ways. Many abdominal organs contain germs that do not belong elsewhere in the body. If they spill their contents into the peritoneum, infection is the result. The gall bladder, the stomach, any part of the intestine, and most especially the appendix—all cause peritonitis when they leak or rupture. Tuberculosis can infect many organs in the body; it is not confined to the lungs. Tuberculous peritonitis causes ascites.Other inflammationsPeritoneal fluid is not just produced by infections. The pancreas can cause a massive sterile peritonitis when it leaks its digestive enzymes into the abdomen.CancerAny cancer that begins in or spreads to the abdomen can leak fluid. One particular tumor of the ovary that leaks fluid, the resulting presentation of the disease, is Meigs' syndrome.Kidney diseaseSince the kidneys are intimately involved with the body's fluid balance, diseases of the kidney often cause excessive fluid to accumulate. Nephrosis and nephrotic syndrome are the general terms for diseases that cause the kidneys to retain water and provoke its movement into body tissues and spaces.Heart failureThe ultimate source of fluid pressure in the body is the heart, which generates blood pressure. All other pressures in the body are related to blood pressure. As the heart starts to fail, blood backs up, waiting to be pumped. This increases back pressure upstream, particularly below the heart where gravity is also pulling blood away from the heart. The extra fluid from heart failure is first noticed in the feet and ankles, where gravitational effects are most potent. In the abdomen, the liver swells first, then it and other abdominal organs start to leak.Pleural fluidThe other major body cavity is the chest. The tissue in the chest corresponding to the peritoneum is called the pleura, and the space contained within the pleura, between the ribs and the lungs, is called the pleural space. Fluid is often found in both cavities, and fluid from one cavity can find its way into the other.Fluid that accumulates in the abdomen creates abnormal pressures on organs in the abdomen. Digestion is hindered; blood flow is slowed. Pressure upward on the chest compromises breathing. The kidneys function poorly in the presence of such external pressures and may even fail with tense, massive ascites.DescriptionDuring paracentesis, special needles puncture the abdominal wall, being careful not to hit internal organs. If fluid is needed only for analysis, just a bit is removed. If pressure relief is an additional goal, many quarts may be removed. Rapid removal of large amounts of fluid can cause blood pressure to drop suddenly. For this reason, the physician will often leave a tube in place so that fluid can be removed slowly, giving the circulation time to adapt.A related procedure called culpocentesis removes ascitic fluid from the very bottom of the abdominal cavity through the back of the vagina. This is used mostly to diagnose female genital disorders like ectopic pregnancy that bleed or exude fluid into the peritoneal space.Fluid is sent to the laboratory for testing, where cancer and blood cells can be detected, infections identified, and chemical analysis can direct further investigations.AftercareAn adhesive bandage and perhaps a single stitch close the hole. Nothing more is required.RisksRisks are negligible. It is remotely possible that an organ could be punctured and bleed or that an infection could be introduced.Normal resultsA diagnosis of the cause and/or relief from accumulated fluid pressure are the expected results.Abnormal resultsFluid will continue to accumulate until the cause is corrected. Repeat procedures may be needed.ResourcesBooksGlickman, Robert M. "Abdominal Swelling and Ascites." In Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine, edited by Anthony S. Fauci, et al. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1997.Key termsEctopic pregnancy — A pregnancy occurring outside the womb that often ruptures and requires surgical removal.paracentesis [par″ah-sen-te´sis] surgical puncture" >puncture of a cavity for the aspiration of fluid. adj., adj paracentet´ic.abdominal paracentesis insertion of a trocar through a small incision and into the cavity" >peritoneal cavity to remove ascitic fluids or inject a therapeutic agent. This is most often done to remove excess fluid in a patient with cirrhosis of the liver. Called also abdominocentesis and peritoneocentesis.
Before the procedure the patient is instructed to empty the bladder to reduce the danger of accidental puncture of the bladder. The skin below the umbilicus and overlying the rectus muscle is cleansed with an antiseptic. A local anesthetic is used to anesthetize the skin and underlying tissues at the site of insertion of the trocar. During the procedure the patient may be placed in a sitting position with the feet resting on a foot stool or on the floor. The back and arms should be well supported. The container for collecting the drainage is placed at the patient's feet. As the fluid is being withdrawn the patient is observed for symptoms of fainting or shock.
The amount and character of the fluid obtained are recorded and a specimen is saved if the physician requests laboratory examination of the fluid. After the trocar is removed a sterile dressing is applied to the site. A more permanent procedure for relief of accumulations of excess fluid in the peritoneal cavity is insertion of a shunt" >peritoneovenous shunt. Client position for paracentesis. From Lammon et al., 1995.thoracic paracentesis thoracentesis.par·a·cen·te·sis (par'ă-sen-tē'sis), The passage into a cavity of a trocar and cannula, needle, or other hollow instrument for the purpose of removing fluid; variously designated according to the cavity punctured. Synonym(s): tapping (2) [G. parakentēsis, a tapping for dropsy, fr. para, beside, + kentēsis, puncture] paracentesis Abdominal tap, 'belly' tap, peritoneal fluid analysis Critical care A minimally invasive procedure for differentiating a 'surgical' abdomen–ie, requiring surgery, from a 'non-surgical' abdomen Indications Blunt abdominal trauma, especially with concomitant substance abuse, acute pancreatitis, post-operative peritonitis or peritonitis in children with a 2nd disease; diagnostic paracentesis is performed to determine the cause of ↑ intraabdominal fluids, which is most often due to cirrhosis, but is also caused by carcinoma, inflammation–peritonitis, pancreatitis, ruptured diverticulitis, and abdominal trauma with rupture of organs or blood vessels; the protein level is low in transudates–eg, ascitic fluid and high in exudates–eg, inflammation and malignancy. Cf Thoracentesis. Normal values-paracentesis
Cells RBCs None WBCs < 300/mm3 Enzymes Alk phos 50-250 U/L Amylase 140-400U/L Glucose 70-100 g/dL Protein < 4 0 g/dL Volume Minimal, usually ± 20 ml
par·a·cen·te·sis (par'ă-sen-tē'sis) The passage into a cavity of a trocar and cannula, needle, or other hollow instrument for the purpose of removing fluid; variously designated according to the cavity punctured.
Synonym(s): tapping (2) . [G. parakentēsis, a tapping for dropsy, fr. para, beside, + kentēsis, puncture]paracentesis Surgical puncturing of a body cavity with a needle for the purpose of removing fluid. This may be done either to obtain a sample for diagnostic purposes or to relieve symptoms caused by excessive fluid accumulation.paracentesisenUK
Related to paracentesis: abdominal paracentesisSynonyms for paracentesisnoun centesis of the belly to remove fluid for diagnosisSynonymsRelated Words |