| 单词 | potassium chloride | |||
| 释义 | potassium chloridepotassium chloridepotassium chloridepotas′sium chlo′riden.
potassium chloridepotassium chloride,chemical compound, KCl, a colorless or white, cubic, crystalline compound that closely resembles common salt (sodium chloride). It is soluble in water, alcohol, and alkalies. Potassium chloride occurs pure in nature as the mineral sylvite and is found combined in many minerals and in brines and ocean water. It is recovered (with other compounds) from the brine of Searles Lake in California. It is produced from sylvinite, a sodium chloride–potassium chloride mineral that is mined extensively near Carlsbad, N.Mex., and it is refined by fractional crystallization and by a flotation process. It is also recovered from lake brines in Utah and from ores in Saskatchewan, Canada. The chief use of potassium chloride is in the production of fertilizersfertilizer,organic or inorganic material containing one or more of the nutrients—mainly nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium, and other essential elements required for plant growth. ..... Click the link for more information. ; it is also used in chemical manufacture. For agricultural use it is often called muriate of potash; the concentration of potassium chloride in muriate of potash is expressed as a corresponding concentration of potassium oxide (K2O), i.e., the concentration of potassium oxide that there would be if the potassium were present as its oxide instead of as its chloride. Thus, muriate of potash that contains (typically) 80% or 97% KCl by weight is said to contain 50% or 60% K2O, respectively. Manure salts contain some potassium chloride. Potassium ChlorideKC1, a salt; colorless crystals. Density, 1.989 g/cm3; melting point, 768°C. Solubility, 34.7 g per 100 g H2O at 20°C (56.6 g at 100°C). Potassium chloride occurs in nature as sylvite. Natural sylvinite (a mixture of sylvite, KC1, and halite, NaCl) and the mineral carnallite, KCl⋅MgCl2⋅6H2O, serve as the raw material in the the preparation of potassium chloride. Potassium chloride is used as a potassium fertilizer and as a raw material for the preparation of other potassium salts and potassium hydroxide. In medicine, potassium chloride solutions are used internally or intravenously for conditions accompanied by potassium deficiency (for example, during treatment with certain preparations or after persistent vomiting) and for cases of cardiac arrhythmia. [ll–639–4] potassium chloride[pə′tas·ē·əm ′klȯr‚īd]potassium chloridepotassium(K) [po-tas´e-um]Since most foods contain a good supply of potassium, potassium deficiency (hypokalemia) is unlikely to be caused by an unbalanced diet. Possible causes include cushing's syndrome (due to an adrenal gland disorder) and fanconi's syndrome (the result of a congenital kidney defect). The cause could also be an excessive dose of cortisone, prolonged vomiting or diarrhea, or thiazide diuretics, which are administered for treatment of hypertension. Signs of potassium deficiency can include weakness and lethargy, rapid pulse, nausea, diarrhea, and tingling sensations. If the body absorbs enough potassium but the element is not distributed properly, various disorders may develop. Thus an abnormally low content of potassium in the blood may result in an intermittent temporary paralysis of the muscles, known as paralysis" >familial periodic paralysis. Potassium deficiency can be treated by administration of potassium supplements. There is a large variety of these preparations. Some are liquids, some are powders to be dissolved in liquids, and some are slow-release tablets that dissolve in the intestine. All can cause gastrointestinal irritation. For many persons on diuretic therapy for hypertension, potassium deficiency can be avoided by increasing their consumption of potassium-containing foods, such as bananas, dates, prunes, and raisins, and potassium supplements are not needed. Potassium supplements are never given to patients receiving potassium-sparing diuretics such as amiloride, spironolactone, or triamterene. If the difficulty lies in the body's use of potassium, treatment is concerned with the primary cause of the deficiency.  potassium chloridePharmacologic class: Mineral, electrolyte Therapeutic class: Electrolyte replacement, nutritional supplement Pregnancy risk category C ActionMaintains acid-base balance, isotonicity, and electrophysiologic balance throughout body tissues; crucial to nerve impulse transmission and contraction of cardiac, skeletal, and smooth muscle. Also essential for normal renal function and carbohydrate metabolism. AvailabilityCapsules (extended-release): 8 mEq, 10 mEq Powder for oral solution: 20 mEq, 25 mEq Parenteral injection (concentrate): 2 mEq/ml Parenteral solution: 0.1 mEq/ml, 0.2 mEq/ml, 0.3 mEq/ml, 0.4 mEq/ml Potassium chloride in 5% dextrose injection: 10 mEq/L, 20 mEq/L, 30 mEq/L, 40 mEq/L Potassium chloride in 0.9% sodium chloride injection: 20 mEq/L, 40 mEq/L Potassium chloride in dextrose and lactated Ringer's injection: various strengths Potassium chloride in dextrose and sodium chloride injection: various strengths Solution (oral): 6.7 mEq, 10 mEq, 13.3 mEq, 15 mEq, 20 mEq, 30 mEq, 40 mEq Tablets: 500 mg, 595 mg Tablets (effervescent): 25 mEq, 50 mEq Tablets (extended-release): 8 mEq, 10 mEq, 20 mEq Tablets (extended-release crystals): 10 mEq, 20 mEq Tablets (extended-release, film coated): 8 mEq, 10 mEq Tablets (film-coated): 2.5 mEq, 10 mEq Indications and dosages➣ To prevent potassium depletion Adults: Dosage highly individualized. Usual single dosage is 20 mEq/day P.O. in divided doses. ➣ Potassium depletion; diabetic acidosis; metabolic alkalosis; arrhythmias; periodic paralysis attacks; hyperadren-ocorticism; primary aldosteronism; healing phase of scalds or burns; over-medication with adrenocorticoids, testosterone, or corticotropin Adults: Dosage highly individualized. 40 to 100 mEq/day P.O. in divided doses, not to exceed 20 mEq in a single dose. For serum potassium level above 2.5 mEq/L, 40 mEq/L as additive to I.V. infusion at a maximum rate of 10 mEq/hour; maximum daily dosage is 200 mEq. For serum potassium level less than 2 mEq/L, 80 mEq/L as additive to I.V. infusion at a maximum rate of 40 mEq/hour (with cardiac monitoring); maximum daily dosage is 400 mEq. Children: Dosage highly individualized; give up to 3 mEq/kg or 40 mEq/m2/day as additive to I.V. infusion. Contraindications• Hypersensitivity to tartrazine or alcohol (with some products) • Acute dehydration • Heat cramps • Hyperkalemia • Hyperkalemic familial periodic paralysis • Severe renal impairment • Severe hemolytic reactions • Severe tissue trauma • Untreated Addison's disease • Esophageal compression caused by enlarged left atrium (with wax matrix forms) • Concurrent use of potassium-sparing diuretics, angiotensin-enzyme converting (ACE) inhibitors, or salt substitutes containing potassium PrecautionsUse cautiously in: • cardiac disease, renal impairment, diabetes mellitus, hypomagnesemia • pregnant or breastfeeding patients • children (safety and efficacy not established). AdministrationSee Know that I.V. potassium chloride is a high-alert drug. See Give I.V. form as additive by infusion only. Never give undiluted or by I.V. push or I.M. route. Use peripheral line and infuse at a maximum rate of 40 mEq/hour (with cardiac monitoring). See Dilute in compatible I.V. solution per manufacturer's instructions. Administer slowly to reduce risk of fatal hyperkalemia. See To ensure that potassium is well mixed in compatible solution, don't add potassium to I.V. bottle in hanging position. See Be aware that maximum infusion rate without cardiac monitoring is 20 mEq/hour. Rates above 20 mEq/hour require cardiac monitoring. • Make sure patient is well-hydrated and urinating before starting therapy. • If patient complains of burning with I.V. administration, decrease flow rate. • Give P.O. form with meals and a full glass of water or juice, to minimize GI upset. • Ensure that patient swallows wax-matrix tablets completely, to avoid serious esophageal problems. • Don't give wax matrix tablets to patients who have swallowing problems or possible esophageal compression. • Be aware that potassium preparations aren't interchangeable. • Know that dosages are expressed in mEq of potassium and that potassium chloride contains 13.4 mEq potassium/g.  Adverse reactionsCNS: confusion, unusual fatigue, restlessness, asthenia, flaccid paralysis, paresthesia, absent reflexes CV: ECG changes, hypotension, arrhythmias, heart block, cardiac arrest GI: nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal discomfort, flatulence Metabolic: hyperkalemia Musculoskeletal: weakness and heaviness of legs Respiratory: respiratory paralysis Other: irritation at I.V. site InteractionsDrug-drug. ACE inhibitors, potassium-sparing diuretics, other potassium-containing preparations: increased risk of hyperkalemia Drug-diagnostic tests. Potassium: increased level Drug-food. Salt substitutes containing potassium: increased risk of hyperkalemia Drug-herbs. Dandelion: increased risk of hyperkalemia Licorice: decreased response to potassium Patient monitoring• Monitor renal function, fluid intake and output, and potassium, creatinine, and blood urea nitrogen levels. • Assess vital signs and ECG. Stay alert for arrhythmias. • Monitor neurologic status. Watch for neurologic complications. • Monitor I.V. site for irritation. See Know that potassium is contra-indicated in patients with severe renal impairment and must be used with extreme caution (if at all) in patients with any degree of renal impairment, because of risk of life-threatening hyperkalemia. Patient teaching• Instruct patient to mix and dissolve powder completely in 3 to 8 oz of water or juice. • Tell patient to swallow extended-release capsules whole without crushing or chewing them. • Instruct patient to take oral form with or just after a meal, with a glass of water or fruit juice. • Tell patient to sip diluted liquid form over 5 to 10 minutes. • Advise patient to report nausea, vomiting, confusion, numbness and tingling, unusual fatigue or weakness, or a heavy feeling in legs. • Tell patient to minimize GI upset by eating frequent, small servings of food and drinking plenty of fluids. • Inform patient that although wax matrix form may appear in stool, drug has already been absorbed. • Advise patient not to use salt substitutes. • As appropriate, review all other significant and life-threatening adverse reactions and interactions, especially those related to the drugs, tests, foods, and herbs mentioned above. po·tas·si·um chlo·ridepo·tas·si·um chlo·ride(pŏ-tasē-ŭm klōrīd)potassium chlorideA drug used to treat potassium deficiency. The drug is on the WHO official list. A brand name is Kay-Cee-L.po·tas·si·um chlo·ride(pŏ-tasē-ŭm klōrīd)See KCL potassium chloride
Synonyms for potassium chloride
|
|||
| 随便看 |
|
英语词典包含2567994条英英释义在线翻译词条，基本涵盖了全部常用单词的英英翻译及用法，是英语学习的有利工具。