Parametric arrays

Arrays of sources (or receivers) of sound formed by variation of appropriate parameters of the propagation medium. Normally, these parameters are the local sound speed and the particle velocity which vary because of the presence of large-amplitude pump, or primary, sound waves.

The usual parametric source configuration simply consists of a directional transducer (often a plane piston or planar array) driven at two frequencies near the transducer resonance, forming a dual-frequency sound beam called the primary beam. Because sound-wave propagation is not a completely linear process, signals at new frequencies are formed effectively through the interaction of sound with sound as the beam progresses and are generated along the length of the primary beam. The lowest of these new frequencies is the difference of the two primary frequencies, and so the primary beam acts as an end-fire array of sources at the difference frequency. The effective length of the array will be determined by the attenuation of the primary beam, which occurs either as a result of small-signal absorption or, for sufficiently high primary amplitudes, as a result of nonlinear losses due to the generation of harmonics of the primary frequencies and other intermodulation components, such as the sum-frequency component.

Most applications of parametric sources have been to underwater acoustics, but their use in air, as well as in other media, may be expected. Because the effective length of a parametric source can be made quite long in practice, it is possible to generate highly directional difference-frequency beams, and because the primary amplitude is shaded very gradually along the length of the array, these beams can be made practically side-lobe-free, in contrast to the beams from conventional acoustic sources. As a result, echoes from a parametric source exhibit practically no reverberation, whereas conventional echoes may be obscured by reverberation from reflection of the side lobes. Thus, the parametric source may be expected to be useful in reverberation-limited situations where one desires a narrow beam from a small projector. Such applications include precision fathometry, subbottom profiling, echo ranging, communications, and Doppler navigation logs. In order to obtain the advantages of a parametric source, however, one must be willing to tolerate low efficiency and low search rate. See Sound, Underwater sound

单词	parametric arrays
释义	Parametric arrays Parametric arrays Arrays of sources (or receivers) of sound formed by variation of appropriate parameters of the propagation medium. Normally, these parameters are the local sound speed and the particle velocity which vary because of the presence of large-amplitude pump, or primary, sound waves. The usual parametric source configuration simply consists of a directional transducer (often a plane piston or planar array) driven at two frequencies near the transducer resonance, forming a dual-frequency sound beam called the primary beam. Because sound-wave propagation is not a completely linear process, signals at new frequencies are formed effectively through the interaction of sound with sound as the beam progresses and are generated along the length of the primary beam. The lowest of these new frequencies is the difference of the two primary frequencies, and so the primary beam acts as an end-fire array of sources at the difference frequency. The effective length of the array will be determined by the attenuation of the primary beam, which occurs either as a result of small-signal absorption or, for sufficiently high primary amplitudes, as a result of nonlinear losses due to the generation of harmonics of the primary frequencies and other intermodulation components, such as the sum-frequency component. Most applications of parametric sources have been to underwater acoustics, but their use in air, as well as in other media, may be expected. Because the effective length of a parametric source can be made quite long in practice, it is possible to generate highly directional difference-frequency beams, and because the primary amplitude is shaded very gradually along the length of the array, these beams can be made practically side-lobe-free, in contrast to the beams from conventional acoustic sources. As a result, echoes from a parametric source exhibit practically no reverberation, whereas conventional echoes may be obscured by reverberation from reflection of the side lobes. Thus, the parametric source may be expected to be useful in reverberation-limited situations where one desires a narrow beam from a small projector. Such applications include precision fathometry, subbottom profiling, echo ranging, communications, and Doppler navigation logs. In order to obtain the advantages of a parametric source, however, one must be willing to tolerate low efficiency and low search rate. See Sound, Underwater sound
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