Pareto optimality

Fig. 139 Pareto optimality. The transformation curve or production possibility boundary.

Pareto optimality

the maximization of the economic welfare of the community.

There are three conditions that must hold in order for a Pareto optimum to be attained.

Consider a simplified economy in which there are two goods produced (X and Y) and two consumers (A and B).

optimal distribution of goods between consumers requires that:
MU_YB where MUXA is the MARGINAL UTILITY of good X to consumer A, MUYA is the marginal utility of good Y to consumer A, and so forth. This condition states that the MARGINAL RATE OF SUBSTITUTION between two goods (the ratio of their marginal utilities) must be the same for each consumer. If this were not the case, the consumers could improve their positions by exchanging goods. The consumer who values X highly relative to Y could trade some of his Y to the consumer who values Y highly relative to X. Only when the utility ratios are the same for both consumers is such mutually beneficial trade impossible.

INDIFFERENCE CURVES that show combinations of goods that yield satisfaction to consumers can be used to depict marginal rates of substitution insofar as their slopes reflect these trade-offs.
optimal allocation of inputs in productive uses where two inputs i and j are used in the production of goods X and Y. Optimal utilization of inputs requires that the ratio of the MARGINAL PHYSICAL PRODUCTS of i and j employed in the production of X be the same as the ratio of their marginal physical products in the production of Y. That is:
If this equality is not satisfied, one input is relatively more efficient in the production of one output (and the other input is thus relatively less efficient in the production of the same output). It will thus benefit the community to divert more of the first input into its more efficient use (and to divert the other input from that use). This will permit the community to expand the production of one output at a constant level of resource use. Only when the marginal product ratios are the same can the community not gain by reallocating its inputs among competing uses. Production ISOQUANTS, which show combinations of inputs that produce a given output, can be used to depict MARGINAL RATES OF TECHNICAL SUBSTITUTION insofar as their slopes reflect these trade-offs.
optimal amounts of output (illustrated in Fig. 139, which depicts a transformation curve (PRODUCTION POSSIBILITY BOUNDARY) shows the quantities of goods X and Y that can be produced by utilizing fully the resources of the community). The slope of this transformation curve represents the MARGINAL RATE OF TRANSFORMATION, that is, the ratio of the MARGINAL COST of good X to the marginal cost of good Y. Optimal output for any pair of goods, X and Y, requires that the goods be produced in quantities such that:
that is, the ratio of marginal cost to marginal utility must be the same for each good, so that the last £'s worth of good X generates the same utility as the last £'s worth of good Y, etc. This condition will be satisfied if the slope of the transformation curve (the marginal cost ratio between X and Y) is equal to the marginal utility ratio between X and Y (the marginal rate of substitution). If the ratios were unequal, the community would benefit by producing more of the good that yields the higher marginal utility per unit of marginal cost. The optimal combination of goods is depicted as OX1 ant OY1 in Fig. 139, where the indifference curve (IC) is tangential to the production possibility boundary (PP). It should be noted, however, that Pareto optimality indicates only the optimum allocation of resources for a given pattern of demand, which itself reflects the present PERSONAL. DISTRIBUTION OF INCOME. Any change in the distribution of personal income, say from rich to poor (see REDISTRIBUTION OF INCOME), would change demand patterns for products and lead to a different Pareto optimum.

If all these conditions are met, then it would be impossible to improve the welfare of one or more individuals without simultaneously reducing the welfare of another or others. See EDGEWORTH BOX, WELFARE ECONOMICS.

单词	pareto optimality
释义	Pareto optimality Pareto optimality a theoretical condition of the economy in which the distribution of economic welfare cannot be improved for any one individual without reducing the welfare of one or more other individuals. Thus a ‘Pareto improvement’ occurs when a reallocation of resources renders one or more persons better off. In any situation where more than one optimum is possible, Pareto optimality cannot be established. Pareto optimality Fig. 139 Pareto optimality. The transformation curve or production possibility boundary. Pareto optimality the maximization of the economic welfare of the community. There are three conditions that must hold in order for a Pareto optimum to be attained. Consider a simplified economy in which there are two goods produced (X and Y) and two consumers (A and B). optimal distribution of goods between consumers requires that: MU_YB where MUXA is the MARGINAL UTILITY of good X to consumer A, MUYA is the marginal utility of good Y to consumer A, and so forth. This condition states that the MARGINAL RATE OF SUBSTITUTION between two goods (the ratio of their marginal utilities) must be the same for each consumer. If this were not the case, the consumers could improve their positions by exchanging goods. The consumer who values X highly relative to Y could trade some of his Y to the consumer who values Y highly relative to X. Only when the utility ratios are the same for both consumers is such mutually beneficial trade impossible. INDIFFERENCE CURVES that show combinations of goods that yield satisfaction to consumers can be used to depict marginal rates of substitution insofar as their slopes reflect these trade-offs. optimal allocation of inputs in productive uses where two inputs i and j are used in the production of goods X and Y. Optimal utilization of inputs requires that the ratio of the MARGINAL PHYSICAL PRODUCTS of i and j employed in the production of X be the same as the ratio of their marginal physical products in the production of Y. That is: If this equality is not satisfied, one input is relatively more efficient in the production of one output (and the other input is thus relatively less efficient in the production of the same output). It will thus benefit the community to divert more of the first input into its more efficient use (and to divert the other input from that use). This will permit the community to expand the production of one output at a constant level of resource use. Only when the marginal product ratios are the same can the community not gain by reallocating its inputs among competing uses. Production ISOQUANTS, which show combinations of inputs that produce a given output, can be used to depict MARGINAL RATES OF TECHNICAL SUBSTITUTION insofar as their slopes reflect these trade-offs. optimal amounts of output (illustrated in Fig. 139, which depicts a transformation curve (PRODUCTION POSSIBILITY BOUNDARY) shows the quantities of goods X and Y that can be produced by utilizing fully the resources of the community). The slope of this transformation curve represents the MARGINAL RATE OF TRANSFORMATION, that is, the ratio of the MARGINAL COST of good X to the marginal cost of good Y. Optimal output for any pair of goods, X and Y, requires that the goods be produced in quantities such that: that is, the ratio of marginal cost to marginal utility must be the same for each good, so that the last £'s worth of good X generates the same utility as the last £'s worth of good Y, etc. This condition will be satisfied if the slope of the transformation curve (the marginal cost ratio between X and Y) is equal to the marginal utility ratio between X and Y (the marginal rate of substitution). If the ratios were unequal, the community would benefit by producing more of the good that yields the higher marginal utility per unit of marginal cost. The optimal combination of goods is depicted as OX1 ant OY1 in Fig. 139, where the indifference curve (IC) is tangential to the production possibility boundary (PP). It should be noted, however, that Pareto optimality indicates only the optimum allocation of resources for a given pattern of demand, which itself reflects the present PERSONAL. DISTRIBUTION OF INCOME. Any change in the distribution of personal income, say from rich to poor (see REDISTRIBUTION OF INCOME), would change demand patterns for products and lead to a different Pareto optimum. If all these conditions are met, then it would be impossible to improve the welfare of one or more individuals without simultaneously reducing the welfare of another or others. See EDGEWORTH BOX, WELFARE ECONOMICS.
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