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单词 rape
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rape


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rape 1

R0043300 (rāp)n.1. a. The crime of using force or the threat of force to compel a person to submit to sexual intercourse.b. The crime of using force or threat of force to compel a person to submit to some other sexual penetration.c. Other unlawful sexual intercourse or penetration, as with an unconscious person or person below the age of or incapable of consent.d. An instance of any of these crimes.2. The act of seizing and carrying off by force; abduction: the rape of Europa by Zeus.3. The act of pillaging or plundering: the rape of the city by the invaders.4. Abusive or improper treatment; spoiling or abuse: the rape of the land by polluters.tr.v. raped, rap·ing, rapes 1. To use force or threat of force to compel (another person) to submit to sexual intercourse or other sexual penetration.2. To seize and carry off by force.3. To plunder or pillage.4. To treat improperly; abuse or spoil.
[Middle English, from rapen, to rape, from Old French raper, to abduct, from Latin rapere, to seize; see rep- in Indo-European roots.]
rap′er n.

rape 2

R0043300 (rāp)n. Either of two European plants (Brassica napus or B. rapa) of the mustard family, cultivated as fodder and for their seeds, which yield a valuable oil. Certain varieties of these plants yield canola oil. Also called colza, oilseed rape.
[Middle English, from Old French, from Latin rāpa, pl. of rāpum, turnip.]

rape 3

R0043300 (rāp)n. The refuse of grapes left after the extraction of the juice in winemaking.
[French râpe, grape stalk, pomace, from Old French raspe, from rasper, to scrape (in reference to the scraping of grapes off the stalk in making wine); see rasp.]

rape

(reɪp) n1. (Law) the offence of forcing a person, esp a woman, to submit to sexual intercourse against that person's will. See also statutory rape2. the act of despoiling a country in warfare; rapine3. any violation or abuse: the rape of justice. 4. archaic abduction: the rape of the Sabine women. vb (mainly tr) 5. (Law) to commit rape upon (a person)6. (also intr) to plunder or despoil (a place) in war7. archaic to carry off by force; abduct[C14: from Latin rapere to seize]

rape

(reɪp) n (Plants) a Eurasian plant, Brassica napus, that has bright yellow flowers and is cultivated for its seeds, which yield a useful oil, and as a fodder plant: family Brassicaceae (crucifers). Also called: colza or cole [C14: from Latin rāpum turnip]

rape

(reɪp) n (Brewing) (often plural) the skins and stalks of grapes left after wine-making: used in making vinegar[C17: from French râpe, of Germanic origin; compare Old High German raspōn to scrape together]

rape1

(reɪp)

n., v. raped, rap•ing. n. 1. the unlawful act of forcing a female to have sexual intercourse, as by physical attack or threats. 2. any act of sexual intercourse that is forced upon a person. 3. statutory rape. 4. an act of plunder or despoliation: the rape of the countryside. 5. Archaic. the act of seizing and carrying off by force. v.t. 6. to force to have sexual intercourse. 7. to plunder (a place); despoil. 8. to seize and carry off by force. v.i. 9. to commit rape. [1250–1300; (v.) Middle English rapen < Anglo-French raper < Latin rapere to seize, carry off by force, plunder; (n.) Middle English < Anglo-French ra(a)p(e), derivative of raper] rap′ist, rap′er, n.

rape2

(reɪp)

n. a plant, Brassica napus, of the mustard family, whose leaves are used as fodder, and whose seeds yield rape oil. [1350–1400; Middle English (< Middle French) < Latin rāpum (neuter), rāpa (feminine) turnip; c. Greek rhápys]

rape3

(reɪp)

n. the residue of grapes, after the juice has been extracted, used as a filter in making vinegar. [1590–1600; < French râpe]

rape


Past participle: raped
Gerund: raping
Imperative
rape
rape
Present
I rape
you rape
he/she/it rapes
we rape
you rape
they rape
Preterite
I raped
you raped
he/she/it raped
we raped
you raped
they raped
Present Continuous
I am raping
you are raping
he/she/it is raping
we are raping
you are raping
they are raping
Present Perfect
I have raped
you have raped
he/she/it has raped
we have raped
you have raped
they have raped
Past Continuous
I was raping
you were raping
he/she/it was raping
we were raping
you were raping
they were raping
Past Perfect
I had raped
you had raped
he/she/it had raped
we had raped
you had raped
they had raped
Future
I will rape
you will rape
he/she/it will rape
we will rape
you will rape
they will rape
Future Perfect
I will have raped
you will have raped
he/she/it will have raped
we will have raped
you will have raped
they will have raped
Future Continuous
I will be raping
you will be raping
he/she/it will be raping
we will be raping
you will be raping
they will be raping
Present Perfect Continuous
I have been raping
you have been raping
he/she/it has been raping
we have been raping
you have been raping
they have been raping
Future Perfect Continuous
I will have been raping
you will have been raping
he/she/it will have been raping
we will have been raping
you will have been raping
they will have been raping
Past Perfect Continuous
I had been raping
you had been raping
he/she/it had been raping
we had been raping
you had been raping
they had been raping
Conditional
I would rape
you would rape
he/she/it would rape
we would rape
you would rape
they would rape
Past Conditional
I would have raped
you would have raped
he/she/it would have raped
we would have raped
you would have raped
they would have raped
Thesaurus
Noun1.rape - Eurasian plant cultivated for its seed and as a forage croprape - Eurasian plant cultivated for its seed and as a forage cropBrassica napus, colzaBrassica, genus Brassica - mustards: cabbages; cauliflowers; turnips; etc.mustard - any of several cruciferous plants of the genus Brassicarapeseed - seed of rape plants; source of an edible oil
2.rape - the act of despoiling a country in warfarerapinepillaging, plundering, pillage - the act of stealing valuable things from a place; "the plundering of the Parthenon"; "his plundering of the great authors"
3.rape - the crime of forcing a woman to submit to sexual intercourse against her willravishment, assault, violationdate rape - rape in which the rapist is known to the victim (as when they are on a date together)sex crime, sex offense, sexual abuse, sexual assault - a statutory offense that provides that it is a crime to knowingly cause another person to engage in an unwanted sexual act by force or threat; "most states have replaced the common law definition of rape with statutes defining sexual assault"statutory rape, carnal abuse - sexual intercourse with a person (girl or boy) who has not reached the age of consent (even if both parties participate willingly)
Verb1.rape - force (someone) to have sex against their will; "The woman was raped on her way home at night"ravish, assault, dishonor, dishonour, outrage, violateassail, assault, set on, attack - attack someone physically or emotionally; "The mugger assaulted the woman"; "Nightmares assailed him regularly"gang-rape - rape (someone) successively with several attackers; "The prisoner was gang-raped"
2.rape - destroy and strip of its possession; "The soldiers raped the beautiful country"despoil, plunder, violate, spoilruin, destroy - destroy completely; damage irreparably; "You have ruined my car by pouring sugar in the tank!"; "The tears ruined her make-up"

rape

verb1. sexually assault, violate, abuse, ravish, force, outrage A young woman was brutally raped in her own home.2. pillage, plunder, ransack, despoil, sack, loot, spoliate There is no guarantee that companies will not rape the environment.noun1. sexual assault, violation, ravishment, outrage Ninety per cent of all rapes and violent assaults went unreported.2. plundering, pillage, depredation, despoliation, rapine, spoliation, despoilment, sack the rape of the environment

rape

verb1. To compel (another) to participate in or submit to a sexual act:assault, force, ravish, violate.2. To rob of goods by force, especially in time of war:depredate, despoil, havoc, loot, pillage, plunder, ransack, ravage, sack, spoliate, strip.Archaic: harrow, spoil.
Translations
强奸强奸罪油菜肆意损坏肆意糟蹋

rape

(reip) noun1. the crime of having sexual intercourse with a woman against her will. 強姦罪 强奸罪2. the act of causing great damage, destruction etc to land etc. 嚴重破壞 肆意损坏,肆意糟蹋,蹂躏洗劫 verb1. to force (a woman) to have sexual intercourse against her will. 強姦 强奸2. to cause great damage, destruction etc to (countryside etc). 嚴重破壞 蹂躏,洗劫肆意损坏 ˈrapist noun a man who rapes a woman. 強姦犯 强奸犯

rape

强奸zhCN, 油菜zhCN

rape


Note: This page may contain terms or definitions that are offensive or inappropriate for some readers.

date rape

1. noun Forced sex perpetrated against the victim while on a date or other social outing. The reported number of date rapes is horrific, but it pales in comparison to how many go unreported each year.2. verb To force sex upon someone during the course of a date or other social outing. The survey found that many men who date rape are meticulously conscious about how they go about it.See also: date, rape

rape culture

A society whose widespread views and actions (such as victim blaming and dismissive attitudes toward sexual trauma) have the effect of normalizing rape. A rape culture ignores and thus perpetuates the devastating physical and psychological effects of rape.See also: culture, rape

date rape

Sexual intercourse forced by the victim's social escort. For example, Date rape is much more common on college campuses than was previously realized. This term originated in the 1980s, when awareness of the phenomenon increased exponentially. See also: date, rape

rape


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rape,

name applied to each of the six obsolete territorial divisions (Hastings, Pevensey, Lewes, Bramber, Arundel, and Chichester) into which Sussex, England, is divided.

rape,

in botany, annual herb (Brassica napus) of the family Cruciferae (or Brassicaceae; mustardmustard,
common name for the Cruciferae, or Brassicaceae, a large family chiefly of herbs of north temperate regions. The easily distinguished flowers of the Cruciferae have four petals arranged diagonally ("cruciform") and alternating with the four sepals.
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 family), belonging to the same genus as the cabbage, the mustard plant, and the turnip (which it resembles in appearance). The origin of the rape is uncertain, and it is now known only as a cultivated plant. The seeds have been valued since ancient times for their oil content (30% to 45%). The oil, expressed or extracted by solvents, is used for lubricating, cooking, and illuminating purposes, for fuel, and for the manufacture of soap and synthetic rubber. Canola oil is also obtained from rape and is becoming widely used as a cooking oil because it has none of the deleterious effects of cholesterol and is completely digestible. A cake made of the seed residue is a valuable stock feed and a good nitrogenous fertilizer. Major producing areas include China, India, and Europe; the United States is one of the chief importers of the oil. Rape is also grown for forage, particularly for hogs; it is also sown as a cover crop (e.g., in orchards). Rape seed is used in birdseed mixtures. In North America, the plant is cultivated chiefly for forage—especially in the northern states and in Canada, because it can be grown as a winter-hardy biennial. Other similar species of Brassica are sometimes cultivated, especially in Asia for oil production. Rape is classified in the division MagnoliophytaMagnoliophyta
, division of the plant kingdom consisting of those organisms commonly called the flowering plants, or angiosperms. The angiosperms have leaves, stems, and roots, and vascular, or conducting, tissue (xylem and phloem).
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, class Magnoliopsida, order Capparales (or Brassicales), family Cruciferae (or Brassicaceae).

rape,

in law, the crime of sexual intercourse without the consent of the victim, often through force or threat of violence. The victim is deemed legally incapable of consenting if she or he is known to be mentally incompetent, intoxicated, drugged, or below the age of consentage of consent,
the age at which, according to the law, persons are bound by their words and acts. There are different ages at which one acquires legal capacity to consent to marriage, to choose a guardian, to conclude a contract, and the like.
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 at the time of the rape. Such cases are known as statutory rape, and evidence of consent is not deemed relevant in court. Although the term rape has traditionally applied to the male use of force in sexual relations with females, applicable laws have been revised in many jurisdictions to include possibilities where a male is the victim.

Issues surrounding rape and the law have been fiercely debated for years in the United States, and recent efforts—particularly by feminist groups—have had marked success in expanding victims rightsvictims rights,
rights of victims to have a role in the prosecution of the perpetrators of crimes against them. Nearly all U.S. states have enacted some victims rights legislation.
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. One important reform, which has been in effect in most states in recent years, has been the removal of statutes requiring that rape victims physically resist the attack. Prior to this reform, victims of rape were required to display clear signs of injury in order to prove that they did not consent to sexual relations. Another reform has made marital rape a crime in many circumstances, with South Dakota becoming the first state to institute such law reforms in 1975. In the 1980s, "date rape," or acquaintance rape, became an important issue, particularly on college campuses. Victims of date rape contend that they were raped by an individual with whom they were acquainted. In many such cases, the establishment of guilt becomes difficult, particularly in cases where the victim displays no physical evidence of violence and there is only the testimony of the victim. In international law, rape was designated (2000) a war crimewar crimes,
in international law, violations of the laws of war (see war, laws of). Those accused have been tried by their own military and civilian courts, by those of their enemy, and by expressly established international tribunals.
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 by the Yugoslav tribunal established by the United Nations at The Hague. Rape can cause profound psychological trauma in its victims.

Bibliography

See D. E. Russell, The Politics of Rape (1984); S. Tomaselli and R. Porter, ed., Rape (1986); Z. Adler, Rape on Trial (1987); S. Estrich, Real Rape (1987).

Rape

 

a criminal act of sexual relations between a man and a woman, against the woman’s will and with the use of physical force, threats, or exploitation of the helpless state of the victim. According to Soviet criminal law, sexual relations regarded as rape are considered to have been committed if a helpless state is exploited, that is, when the victim, as a result of her physical or psychological state (physical defects, young age, unconsciousness, disturbed mental activity, or some other abnormal condition), could not understand the nature and significance of the act committed with her or could not offer resistance to the perpetrator, who in turn was aware that the victim was in such a helpless condition.

The law enumerates the following aggravating circumstances: the threat of murder, the threat to cause or the causing of serious bodily injury, or the committing of a rape by an individual who had previously committed such a crime. Especially aggravating circumstances include rapes attended by especially grave consequences; rapes committed by a group of individuals; rapes committed by particularly dangerous recidivists; and the rape of a minor.

A severe punishment has been established for rape—deprivation of freedom from three to seven years. Rapes committed under aggravating circumstances are punished by terms of five to ten years imprisonment. Rapes committed under especially aggravating circumstances can be punished by the deprivation of freedom for a term of eight to 15 years, followed sometimes by exile for a term of two to five years, or they can be punished by the death penalty.


Rape

 

(Brassica napus, including B. napus ssp. oleifera), an annual winter or spring plant of the family Cruciferae. Unknown in the wild state, rape has been cultivated since 4000 B.C. It appeared in Russia in the 19th century. Rape was produced by crossing B. campestris and B. oleracea.

The plant is glaucous throughout. Its stem is 50–150 cm tall. The basal leaves are arranged in a rosette and are covered with very scattered hairs; they are lyrate and pinnately cleft. The stem leaves vary in shape from lyrate (lower ones) to elongate-lanceolate (upper ones). The inflorescence is a raceme. The small flowers are yellow or, less commonly, white. The pods are long (5–10 cm) and narrow (3–4 mm). The fat content is 33–40 percent in the seeds of the spring variety and as much as 40–50 percent in the seeds of the winter variety. There are no pronounced morphological differences between the spring and winter varieties. Winter rape is only slightly winter-hardy and drought resistant.

Rape oil is used in the manufacture of margarine; it is also used by the soap, leather, textile, and metallurgical industries. The oil cake contains about 32 percent protein, 9 percent fat, and 30 percent nonnitrogenous extractive substances. After the removal of harmful glycosides, the oil cake makes a valuable concentrated feed for cattle. Winter rape is an excellent forage plant for all farm animals and yields up to 300 centners of green mass per hectare (ha). Rape that is planted in the autumn is a good early-spring nectar bearer.

The best soils for rape cultivation are deep, patterned clays and loams having a large reserve of nutrient matter and a water-permeable subsoil. The worldwide planting area of rape is about 10 million ha. The plant is raised mainly in India, China, and Canada. In the USSR, winter rape is grown mainly in the forest-steppe zone of the Ukrainian SSR, and spring rape in the northern part of the forest-steppe zone of the Ukrainian SSR. Winter rape that is to be used for animal feed may be grown in almost all the steppe and forest-steppe zones of the USSR. The seed yield is 10–30 centners per ha for winter rape and 8–15 centners per ha for spring rape.

V. P. SHPOTA

What does it mean when you dream about rape?

A dream about rape may symbolize a violent assault on the dreamer’s physical environment or a devastating blow to the person’s financial security.

rape

[rāp] (botany) Brassica napus. A plant of the cabbage family in the order Capparales; the plant does not form a compact head, the leaves are bluish-green, deeply lobed, and curled, and the small flowers produce black seeds; grown for forage.

Rape

Amphissablinded by father Echetus for having been raped by Aechmodius. [Gk. Myth.: Howe, 23]Apemosyneraped by Hermes; killed by brother for immorality. [Gk. Myth.: Zimmerman, 25]Arneblinded by stepfather Desmontes after he learned she had been raped and was pregnant. [Gk. Myth.: Howe, 39]Aziz, Dr.accused of attempted rape but acquitted when his supposed victim realizes she must have been hallucinating. [Br. Lit.: Forster Passage to India in Magill I, 713]Belindaviolated tonsorially. [Br. Lit.: The Rape of the Lock]Caenischanged into a man by Poseidon after he raped her. [Gk. Myth.: Zimmerman, 46]Cassandraraped by Ajax the Less on the night Troy fell. [Gk. Myth.: Brewer Dictionary, 17]Creusaraped by Apollo; bore Janus. [Gk. Myth.: Kravitz, 68]Cunegonderavished in her father’s castle by two Bulgarian soldiers. [Fr. Lit.: Candide]Danaë Zeusraped her, posing as a golden shower. [Gk. Myth.: Kravitz, 74]Drake, Templeprovocative co-ed whose actions invite the rape she both fears and desires. [Am. Lit.: Faulkner Sanctuary]Elvirapeasant girl raped by lusting nobleman. [Span. Lit.: The King, the Greatest Alcalde]Europaseduced by Jupiter as bull; raped when he changes back. [Rom. Lit.: Metamorphoses; Gk. Myth.: Hall, 259]Laviniaraped and mutilated by Demetrius and Chiron. [Br. Lit.: Titus Andronicus]Ledaraped by Zeus in form of swan. [Class. Myth.: Zimmer-man, 149; Rom. Lit.: Metamorphoses; Br. Lit.: Faerie Queene]Lucretiablackmailed into sex by despicable Sextus; commits suicide afterwards. [Rom. Lit.: Fasti; Livy; Br. Lit.: “The Rape of Lucrece”; Art: Hall, 259]Philomelaraped by Tereus, who cut out her tongue to prevent her from revealing the act. [Gk. Myth.: Benét, 783]Tamarraped by her half-brother, Amnon. [O.T.: II Samuel 13:11–14]

rape

1 the offence of forcing a person, esp a woman, to submit to sexual intercourse against that person's will

rape

21. a Eurasian plant, Brassica napus, that has bright yellow flowers and is cultivated for its seeds, which yield a useful oil, and as a fodder plant: family Brassicaceae (crucifers) 2. the skins and stalks of grapes left after wine-making: used in making vinegar

Rape

(dreams)Dreaming about being raped is a nightmare that inflicts fear and anxiety upon recall. Since rape is a brutal and deeply personal violation, it suggests that the dreamer may be feeling robbed of options and negated as a human being. In a dream, as in real life, rape has very little to do with sex. It is about power, control, anger, and other very destructive emotions. In order to understand this dream, you may need to think about the areas of your life that causes you great anxiety and fear. If you are superstitious, take this dream as a warning. Take precautions, protect yourself emotionally and physically, and don’t engage in careless behaviors. If you were a rape victim, the traumatic nature of this experience may cause you to have a dream like this from time to time.

rape


Note: This page may contain terms or definitions that are offensive or inappropriate for some readers.

rape

 [rāp] sexual assault or abuse; sexual intercourse (vaginal or anal penetration) against the will and without the consent of the individual. The crime of rape continues to occur at an alarming rate. Many cases are not reported by victims because of feelings of shame, guilt, embarrassment, or fear. Most rape victims are girls or women, although rape or sexual assault can also occur between men (homosexual rape). 
Immediately after the crime of rape has occurred, victims should be calmed as much as possible and assured that they are safe. Any bleeding wounds, fractures, or other existing injuries should be treated. They should be encouraged to obtain treatment as soon as possible and not to change clothes, bathe, douche, or urinate because that could destroy legal evidence needed to arrest and convict the attacker.
Rape is a physical and psychological emergency, and the victim must be treated with compassion as well as professional competence. The American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists has provided guidelines for the physical care of a rape victim, identifying a twofold purpose for the physical examination: (1) to protect the victim against disease, pregnancy, and psychological trauma, and (2) to aid in the collection of legal evidence that could be used later in court.
Many hospitals have on call a rape counselor who can stay with the victim through emergency treatment and provide guidance and referral to a follow-up program of care. Recovery from rape is a difficult task. Some victims may appear to return to normal rather quickly, when in fact they are using temporary psychological mechanisms such as denial, suppression, and rationalization. Crisis intervention through all phases of the recovery period is a necessary component of the total care of a rape victim. The main purposes of follow-up are to keep channels of communication open to victims, assess their coping skills, to offer support and encouragement in efforts to resume life, and to provide assistance and referral if necessary. Rape is a crime of violence in which the sexual act is secondary to the brutality of the attack.
The American College of Emergency Physicians has published a consensus document called Evaluation and Management of the Sexually Assaulted or Abused Patient. It is available from ACEP Sales and Service, P.O. Box 619911, Dallas TX 75261-9911 or on their web site at http://www.acep.org. They can also be reached by telephone at 1-800-798-1822, ext. 6. A review of informative materials for women who have been raped or sexually assaulted, and practice guidelines for care, is available from the National Violence Against Women Prevention Research Center, whose web site is http://www.vawprevention.org.
acquaintance rape (date rape) rape by someone known to the victim.rape-trauma syndrome 1. a group of symptoms caused by, or that are responses to, rape.2. a nursing diagnosis approved by the North American Nursing Diagnosis Association, defined as a sustained maladaptative response to a forced, violent sexual penetration against the victim's will and consent. It includes an acute phase of disorganization of the victim's lifestyle, followed by a long-term phase of reorganization of lifestyle. Characteristics in the acute phase may include emotional reactions such as anger, humiliation, revenge, and self-blame, and multiple physical symptoms. In the long-term phase the victim must cope with changes in lifestyle that could include moving to another residence, changing telephone number, dealing with recurrent nightmares and phobias, and seeking support from individuals and groups.

There may also be either a compound reaction or a silent reaction. The nursing diagnosis rape trauma syndrome: compound reaction is identified as an acute stress reaction to a rape or attempted rape, experienced along with other major stressors that can include reactivation of symptoms of a previous condition. The victim suffers from the emotional and physiological manifestations listed above and may also resort to reliance on drugs or alcohol and experience reactivated symptoms of preexisting physical or psychiatric illnesses. The nursing diagnosis rape trauma syndrome: silent reaction is identified as a complex stress reaction to a rape in which an individual is unable to describe or discuss the rape. Characteristics can include sudden changes in relationships with men and in sexual behavior, increasing anxiety during interview, silence about the rape incident, and sudden onset of phobic reactions.

rape

(rāp), 1. Sexual intercourse by force, duress, intimidation, or without legal consent (as with a minor). 2. The performance of such an act. [L. rapio, to seize, to drag away]

rape

(rāp)n.1. a. The crime of using force or the threat of force to compel a person to submit to sexual intercourse.b. The crime of using force or threat of force to compel a person to submit to some other sexual penetration.c. Other unlawful sexual intercourse or penetration, as with an unconscious person or person below the age of or incapable of consent.d. An instance of any of these crimes.2. The act of seizing and carrying off by force; abduction: the rape of Europa by Zeus.3. The act of pillaging or plundering: the rape of the city by the invaders.4. Abusive or improper treatment; spoiling or abuse: the rape of the land by polluters.tr.v. raped, raping, rapes 1. To use force or threat of force to compel (another person) to submit to sexual intercourse or other sexual penetration.2. To seize and carry off by force.3. To plunder or pillage.4. To treat improperly; abuse or spoil.
rap′er n.

rape

Forensic medicine An unlawful, nonconsensual act of sexual intercourse carried out by force or other forms of duress. See Date rape, Prison rape, Rape-trauma syndrome, Rohypnol, Spousal rape, Statutory rape.

rape

(rāp) 1. Sexual intercourse by force, duress, intimidation, or without legal consent (as with a minor). 2. The performance of such an act. [L. rapio, to seize, to drag away]

rape

Sexual intercourse with a woman who does not, at the time, consent to it, or who is asleep, and would not have given consent, or unconscious. It is rape if consent was obtained by fraud or threats or if physical force was used to effect intercourse against the woman's will. The man must know that the woman does not consent. It is also rape if the woman is incapable of understanding what she is consenting to. Some degree of vaginal penetration, however slight, is necessary. Marriage is no defence to rape. Rape of a man, by a man, is a defined offence in many American States.

Patient discussion about rape

Q. My friend Lidia was almost raped what can she do? A. Mimi, I agree with both two answers above, and it's great if you can accompany her for a while, show her your full support, so that she can pass through her difficult situation.
Reporting it will be a positive action, but in medical point of view, I will suggest to take her to see a doctor just to check her physical condition, and maybe also some psychiatrist to help her cope that stressful condition. your being a close friend will surely give her a comforting protection.
Good luck!

More discussions about rape

rape


Related to rape: rapped, rappingNote: This page may contain terms or definitions that are offensive or inappropriate for some readers.

Rape

A criminal offense defined in most states as forcible sexual relations with a person against that person's will.

Rape is the commission of unlawful sexual intercourse or unlawful sexual intrusion. Rape laws in the United States have been revised over the years, and they vary from state to state.

Historically, rape was defined as unlawful sexual intercourse with a woman against her will. The essential elements of the crime were sexual penetration, force, and lack of consent. Women who were raped were expected to have physically resisted to the utmost of their powers or their assailant would not be convicted of rape. Additionally, a husband could have sex with his wife against her will without being charged with rape. Beginning in the 1970s, state legislatures and courts expanded and redefined the crime of rape to reflect modern notions of equality and legal propriety.

As of the early 2000s, all states define rape without reference to the sex of the victim and the perpetrator. Though the overwhelming majority of rape victims are women, a woman may be convicted of raping a man, a man may be convicted of raping a man, and a woman may be convicted of raping another woman. Furthermore, a spouse may be convicted of rape if the perpetrator forces the other spouse to have nonconsensual sex. Many states do not punish the rape of a spouse as severely as the rape of a non-spouse.

Many states also have redefined lack of consent. Before the 1970s, many courts viewed the element of force from the standpoint of the victim. A man would not be convicted of rape of a competent woman unless she had demonstrated some physical resistance. In the absence of physical resistance, courts usually held that the sexual act was consensual. In the early 2000s in many states, the prosecution can prove lack of consent by presenting evidence that the victim objected verbally to the sexual penetration or sexual intrusion.

Lack of consent is a necessary element in every rape. But this qualifier does not mean that a person may make sexual contact with a minor or incapacitated person who actually consented. Lack of consent may result from either forcible compulsion by the perpetrator or an incapacity to consent on the part of the victim. Persons who are physically or mentally helpless or who are under a certain age in relation to the perpetrator are deemed legally incapable of consenting to sex.

Most states choose to label the crime of rape as sexual assault. Sexual assault is divided into degrees: first-, second-, third-, and fourth-degree sexual assault. West Virginia provides an illustration of how rape laws are typically written. In West Virginia, a person is guilty of sexual assault in the first degree when that person engages in sexual intercourse or sexual intrusion with another person and either inflicts serious bodily injury upon anyone or employs a deadly weapon in the commission of the act (W. Va. Code § 61-8B-3 [1996]). Additionally, a person age 14 years or older who engages in sexual intercourse or sexual intrusion with another person who is 11 years old or less is guilty of first-degree sexual assault. A person convicted of the crime of first-degree sexual assault in West Virginia faces imprisonment for at least 15 years and not more than 35 years and may be fined from $1,000 to $10,000.

In West Virginia, a person commits sexual assault in the second degree by engaging in sexual intercourse or sexual intrusion with another person without that person's consent, and the lack of consent results from forcible compulsion. Forcible compulsion is (1) physical force that overcomes such earnest resistance as might reasonably be expected under the circumstances; (2) threat or intimidation, either express or implied, placing the victim or another person in fear of death, bodily injury, or Kidnapping; or (3) fear by a person under 16 years of age caused by intimidation by another person who is at least four years older than the victim.

Another way to commit second-degree sexual assault in West Virginia is to engage in sexual intercourse or sexual intrusion with someone who is physically helpless. The punishment for second-degree sexual assault is imprisonment for at least ten years but not more than 25 years and may include a fine of from $1,000 to $10,000.

New Approach to Treating Rape Victims

A woman who has been raped often encounters painful and humiliating procedures when she reports her sexual assault. She is sent to a hospital emergency room where she may wait a long time for a medical examination and the collection of evidence that is needed to convict a suspect. She often has little privacy while she waits. In addition, she is asked to tell her story of sexual assault several times.

The National Victim Center estimates that only 16 percent of rapes in the United States are reported each year. This low reporting rate can be attributed in part to the cold, impersonal reporting process and the rape victim's fear of appearing at the trial of the suspect.

A program called SANE (Sexual Assault Nurse Examiners), established in Tulsa, Oklahoma and several other U.S. cities, seeks to treat the emotional, physical, and legal needs of rape victims with greater consideration and sensitivity. In the SANE program, female nurses are trained to handle the physical examination of the victim and to obtain physical evidence using a sexual offense collection kit. In addition, the nurses are taught to interview the victim about the assault and to keep good records, which are critical to a successful criminal prosecution of the suspect.

Victims are seen in private rooms that are decorated to avoid the look of a sterile, hospital waiting room. The nurse examiner allows the victim to complete the examination at her own pace, in from one to five hours. A police officer is available to transport the evidence to headquarters, but is not allowed in the examining room.

Prosecutors have lauded the SANE program because its nurse examiners are better than emergency-room staff at confirming sexual contact and collecting evidence that shows the encounter was forcible rather than consensual.

SANE also gets credit for encouraging rape victims to agree to testify at the criminal trial of the suspect. It is believed that women who receive insensitive treatment during the initial stages of reporting a sexual assault do not want to proceed with prosecution. Because the SANE program treats victims with sympathy, care, and respect, women who have been examined through the program are more likely to agree to cooperate.

After the success of SANE in several cities and communities, other programs have also evolved. Several communities have developed a Sexual Assault Response Team (SART), which consists of community professionals who work jointly to minimize the trauma to victims of sexual assault when they seek medical or legal assistance. SART response teams coordinate their efforts to reduce the number of questions a victim must answer when law enforcement personnel and prosecutors collect evidence.

Members of a SART unit often consist of personnel from emergency departments and law enforcement offices. The effort is generally on a wider scale than SANE programs, and SANE and SART programs often work in conjunction with one another. Some communities have also developed programs involving Sexual Assault Forensic Examiners (SAFE), which essentially serve the same function as SANE programs.

In 2003, President george w. bush announced an initiative that would enhance the use of DNA Evidence to solve crimes. As part of this proposal, several million dollars would be appropriated to support training and educational materials for doctors and nurses involved in treating sexual assault victims. Included in this initiative is funding for SANE, SAFE, and SART programs.

Further readings

SANE-SART Website. Available online at <www.sane-sart.com> (accessed January 30, 2004).

Cross-references

Assault; Crimes; Sex Offenses; Women's Rights.

Third-degree sexual assault is committed when a person engages in sexual intercourse or sexual intrusion with another person who is mentally defective or mentally incapacitated, or when a person age 16 years or older has sex with a person who is less than 16 years old and is at least four years younger than the defendant. Third-degree sexual assault is punishable in West Virginia by at least one, but no more than five, years in prison and may include a fine of not more than $10,000.

The provisions that refer to the age of the victim and the perpetrator are called Statutory Rape provisions. Statutory rape sections punish the perpetrator without regard to the consent of the victim. Such laws are in place in all states to enforce the generally accepted notions that children are incapable of consenting to sex because of their youth and innocence and that sexual intercourse or intrusion of a child by an older person is socially unacceptable and harmful to the child. The term statutory rape also refers to the sections that punish sex with physically and mentally incapacitated persons, who are similarly unable to consent to sex.

Rape Shield Laws: Can They Be Fair?

Introduced in the 1970s, Shield Laws sought to revolutionize rape trials. By prohibiting the introduction of a rape victim's reputation or sexual history at trial, lawmakers removed one of the age-old stigmas that had prevented the successful prosecution of rapists and had kept women from bringing cases to court. Originally, the laws met with widespread acceptance. Two decades after their adoption by most states and the federal government, however, they have given rise to a debate in which neither side is satisfied with them. Advocates say they have not worked as well as desired. Opponents argue that their effect has been to deny defendants a fair trial. The legal future of these revolutionary laws hinges on a difficult question: how can courts protect victims without curtailing the rights of defendants?

The origin of shield laws is a response to the historical prosecution of rape. Most accusations of rape assert that the victim did not give sexual consent. At Common Law and in the present, the vast majority of rape cases have been tried in state courts before a jury. Traditionally, convictions have been notoriously hard to win. There is usually no evidence on the consent question other than the claims of the parties, making it difficult to prove lack of consent "beyond a reasonable doubt" as required in a criminal case. Hence, at trial, credibility is everything: if the accuser is not believable, the defendant is likely to be acquitted.

Defense attorneys typically challenge the accuser's credibility. For centuries, there was one effective path to such an end: to present evidence of the victim's past sexual behavior to undermine the present allegation. At common law, the victim's past sexual behavior was always considered relevant and admissible at trial. In this way, the law embodied social and moral values that put a high premium on a woman's sexuality. Conventional views of chastity regarded the sexually active woman as being promiscuous, and, in turn, promiscuity was thought to connote dishonesty. To cast doubt on the accuser's word and to show the likelihood of her having consented to sex with the defendant, defense attorneys commonly pursued evidence about her sexual life. If she had sex with men, or so the underlying belief went, how could she have been raped?

To combat these antiquated notions, rape shield laws arose through two significant developments. The sexual revolution of the 1960s dramatically changed social values regarding premarital sexual activity, and feminist legal theory became highly influential a decade later. Feminist critics attacked the premises on which the common-law origins of rape defenses were based. Their argument posed a question that only a generation earlier would have been widely dismissed: why should a woman's sexual history matter at all in relation to her claim of rape? Not only was such evidence irrelevant, they asserted, but harmful. Its use in court discouraged a woman from bringing a charge of rape because, in effect, she would be put on trial. Fearing a public assault on her reputation, a victim had a strong incentive not to report a rape. And when women were willing to undergo a barrage of intrusive questions, they often saw their claims mocked and their violators allowed to go free.

But for political success, passage of the laws required political support. Proponents won this support from conservative lawmakers. Although not generally known for embracing either the sexual revolution or feminist legal theory, these lawmakers backed the laws in state legislatures because they represented a solid law-and-order position. The idea that criminals sometimes improperly escape prosecution through the legal maneuvering of defense attorneys, and that the law should close such loopholes, had become a centerpiece of the conservative legal reform agenda by the 1970s. With this backing, rape shield laws were easily adopted. By the 1990s, all but two states had them.

By the late 1980s, however, some proponents were troubled. Shield laws had not lived up to expectations. Merely providing protections to victims had not been enough to change longstanding social and legal habits. In 1987 the National Organization for Women and twenty-five other groups reported that gender bias against women litigants was still pervasive in courtrooms. As a result, women's testimony was accorded less credibility by judges and attorneys. Also, defense attorneys continued to introduce evidence that the shield laws were designed to bar. They could succeed if the evidence was introduced creatively, chiefly because state laws left judges wide discretion and unclear direction on what to admit as evidence. While seeking to tighten the admission of evidence in general, some shield law proponents wanted the laws strengthened to exclude even more kinds of evidence, such as the type of clothing a victim was wearing at the time of an assault.

In addition to such obstacles, various exceptions weakened rape shield laws. In particular, they provided little or no protection if the victim knew her assailant. Most state statutes allowed the admission of evidence about a past sexual relationship between the accuser and the defendant, and therefore defense attorneys often attempted to persuade juries that there had been such a relationship. Behavior by a woman that was even slightly indicative of a past sexual relationship with her assailant would work against her at trial.

By the 1990s a backlash against the laws developed. Defense attorneys, law professors, and civil liberties activists maintained that the laws were unfair to criminal defendants. They had two main arguments: restrictions on the admission of evidence undermined the defense attorney's goal of providing the best defense, and more significantly, such restrictions deprived the defendant of his Sixth Amendment right to a full defense, including confronting his accuser and presenting witnesses in his favor. Many opponents of shield laws acknowledged that women face traditional obstacles in rape prosecutions but saw the laws as a poor remedy if they denied defendants due process and sent the innocent to jail.

Among leading opponents of shield laws was alan m. dershowitz, the celebrated Harvard law professor and criminal appellate lawyer. Dershowitz unsuccessfully appealed the 1991 rape conviction of former boxing champion Mike Tyson to the U.S. Supreme Court, which refused to hear the case. Dershowitz argued that the trial court had unconstitutionally barred admission of evidence that would have acquitted Tyson: allegations that his accuser, a nineteen-year-old woman, had previously falsely accused another man of rape to avoid angering her father about her sexual activity. Because such evidence related to the victim's past sexual history, it was ruled inadmissible. In the view of Dershowitz and other opponents, such evidence should be allowed because it can reveal an accuser's motive to lie about consensual sex with a defendant. Frustrating these critics is the fact that appellate courts have consistently upheld shield laws, despite finding that some trial courts have applied the laws unconstitutionally.

From early enthusiasm to increasing skepticism, rape shield laws have endured a difficult quarter century since their passage. Their intention was to remove barriers that prevented women from reporting rape and winning convictions. Both proponents and opponents believe reform is needed, yet they disagree on what form it should take. Proponents want to strengthen shield laws to increase protections for women. But opponents counter that the laws are already strongly biased against defendants, depriving them of fundamental liberties.

Cross-references

Dershowitz, Alan Morton; Due Process of Law; Sixth Amendment.

Rape or sexual assault statutes carefully define the type of contact that constitutes rape. In Hawaii, for example, the term sexual penetration is defined as "vaginal intercourse, anal intercourse, fellatio, cunnilingus, analingus, deviate sexual intercourse, or any intrusion of any part of a person's body or of any object into the genital or anal opening of another person's body … however slight." Sexual contact is "any touching of the sexual or other intimate parts of a person … or of the sexual or other intimate parts of the actor by the person, whether directly or through the clothing or other material intended to cover the sexual or other intimate parts" (Haw. Rev. Stat. § 707-700 [1996]).

Most states punish lesser sexual intrusions with statutes on Sexual Abuse. Like sexual assault statutes, sexual abuse statutes are divided into degrees based on the nature of the contact. Sexual abuse consists of nonconsensual sexual contact with another person. Lack of consent is present if the victim is a minor or physically helpless or if the victim was forcibly compelled to consent to the contact. A person convicted of sexual abuse may be fined and sentenced to a term in jail or prison. Because the crime does not involve penetration, the punishment for sexual abuse is less than that authorized for persons convicted of sexual assault.

A few states have eliminated the requirement that a competent adult rape victim physically resist the attacker. Physical resistance in some rape situations presents a greater danger to the victim. The states that have eliminated the physical requirement have found it to be unfair to require physical resistance on the part of the victim if such resistance risks greater injury. In Michigan, for example, force or coercion "includes but is not limited to" several situations, including where the actor coerces the victim through threats of force or violence and the victim believes that the actor can carry out the threats and where the actor physically overcomes the victim through the actual application of physical force (Mich. Comp. Laws Ann. § 750.520a [West 1996]). Nowhere in Michigan's rape statutes is consent based on an analysis of the victim's physical resistance.

The states that have not eliminated physical resistance as a test for lack of consent have declined to do so for fear of convicting an adult who has sex with another adult without the knowledge that he or she is not consenting. Nevertheless, even in a state that has not eliminated the physical resistance requirement for competent adults, if the victim says "No" or otherwise verbally indicates lack of consent, the perpetrator still may be convicted of rape. This point reflects the fact that prosecutors have argued, and appeals courts have agreed, that some amount of force, no matter how slight, should be sufficient to fulfill the forcible compulsion element. The sexual penetration of a competent adult, for example, may be enough force to meet a forcible compulsion requirement, if the victim indicated a lack of consent.

Most states have so-called rape Shield Laws. These laws restrict or prohibit the use of evidence respecting the sexual history of rape victims and the victims of other sexual offenses. Before the enactment of rape shield laws in the 1970s and 1980s, rape trials often focused on the chastity of the victim to determine whether the victim was actually raped. Rape shield laws keep the focus of a rape prosecution on the actions of the defendant rather than the prior actions of the alleged victim.

Further readings

Bachman, Ronet, and Raymond Paternoster. 1993. "A Contemporary Look at the Effects of Rape Law Reform: How Far Have We Really Come?" Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology 84 (fall).

Bopst, Christopher. 1998. "Rape Shield Laws and Prior False Accusations of Rape: The Need for Meaningful Legislative Reform." Journal of Legislation 24 (winter).

Brownmiller, Susan. 1975. Against Our Will: Men, Women, and Rape. New York: Simon & Schuster.

Morgan, Jack M. 1993. "Rape Shields, Criminal Discovery Rules, and the Price We Pay in Pursuit of the Truth." Utah Law Review (spring).

Reddington, Frances P., and Betsy Wright Kreisel, eds. 2003. Sexual Assault: The Victims, the Perpetrators, and the Criminal Justice System. Durham, N.C.: Carolina Academic Press.

Scalo, Rosemary J. 1995. "What Does 'No' Mean in Pennsylvania?—The Pennsylvania Supreme Court's Interpretation of Rape and the Effectiveness of the Legislature's Response." Villanova Law Review 40 (January).

Taslitz, Andrew E. 1999. Rape and the Culture of the Courtroom. New York: New York Univ. Press.

Thornhill, Randy, and Craig T. Palmer. 2000. A Natural History of Rape: Biological Bases of Sexual Coercion. Boston: MIT.

Tilley, Cristina Carmody. 2002. "A Feminist Repudiation of the Rape Shield Laws." Drake Law Review 51 (October).

Wallach, Shawn J. 1997. "Rape Shield Laws: Protecting the Victim at the Expense of the Defendant's Constitutional Rights." New York Law School Journal of Human Rights 97 (winter).

Cross-references

Assault; Child Abuse; Coercion; Domestic Violence; Feminist Jurisprudence; Husband and Wife; Statutory Rape.

rape

1) n. the crime of sexual intercourse (with actual penetration of a woman's vagina with the man's penis) without consent and accomplished through force, threat of violence or intimidation (such as a threat to harm a woman's child, husband or boyfriend). What constitutes lack of consent usually includes saying "no" or being too drunk or drug-influenced for the woman to be able to either resist or consent, but a recent Pennsylvania case ruled that a woman must do more than say "no" on the bizarre theory that "no" does not always mean "don't," but a flirtatious come-on. "Date rape," involves rape by an acquaintance who refuses to stop when told to. Defense attorneys often argue that there had to be physical resistance, but the modern view is that fear of harm and the relative strengths of the man and the woman are obvious deterrents to a woman fighting back. Any sexual intercourse with a child is rape and in most states sexual relations even with consent involving a girl 14 to 18 (with some variation on ages in a few states) is "statutory rape," on the basis that the female is unable to give consent. 2) v. to have sexual intercourse with a female without her consent through force, violence, threat or intimidation, or with a girl under age. Technically, a woman can be charged with rape by assisting a man in the rape of another woman. Dissatisfied with the typical prosecution of rape cases (in which the defense humiliates the accuser, and prosecutors are unable or unwilling to protect the woman from such tactics), women have been suing for civil damages for the physical and emotional damage caused by the rape, although too often the perpetrator has no funds. Protection services for rape victims have been developed by both public and private agencies. On the other side of the coin, there is the concern of law enforcement and prosecutors that women whose advances have been rejected by a man, or who have been caught in the act of consensual sexual intercourse may falsely cry "rape."

rape

in traditional English criminal law, unlawful sexual intercourse with a woman who at the time of the intercourse does not consent to it and where, at the time, the man knows that the woman does not consent to the intercourse or he is reckless as to whether she consents to it. The word ‘unlawful’, which had been thought by many to mean ‘outwith marriage’, was held not to prevent a husband being held to be able to commit rape against his wife, and indeed the House of Lords held in 1991 that the rule laid down for over 150 years that a man could not be guilty of raping his wife no longer applied.

Rape is now very much more widely defined by statute. A person (A) commits an offence if he intentionally penetrates the vagina, anus or mouth of another person (B) with his penis, B does not consent to the penetration, and A does not reasonably believe that B consents. Whether a belief is reasonable is to be determined having regard to all the circumstances, including any steps A has taken to ascertain whether B consents. Where B is under 13 there is a separate analogous offence but consent is no defence at all. (Sexual Offences Act 2003.) Where the penis is not used the offence may be assault by penetration. Where there is no penetration either, see SEXUAL OFFENCE. See also CAUSING SEXUAL ACTIVITY WITHOUT CONSENT.

In Scots criminal law, intercourse with a woman without her consent. The consent of the woman is a defence, and an erroneous belief that the woman was consenting need not be reasonable to exculpate although it must be an honest belief In Scots law it was held in 1989 that a husband can be guilty of raping his wife.

The state of Victoria (Australia) in the Crimes (Sexual Offences Act 1990) expanded rape to include continued intercourse contrary to an instruction to desist. This reflected the law in New Zealand, which had been upheld by the Privy Council in 1984.

RAPE, crim. law. The carnal knowledge of a woman by a man forcibly and unlawfully against her will. In order to ascertain precisely the nature of this offence, this definition will be analysed.
2. Much difficulty has arisen in defining the meaning of carnal knowledge, and different opinions have been entertained some judges having supposed that penetration alone is sufficient, while other's deemed emission as an essential ingredient in the crime. Hawk. b. 1, c. 41, s. 3; 12 Co. 37; 1 Hale, P. C. 628; 2 Chit. Cr. L. 810. But in modern times the better opinion seems to be that both penetration and emission are necessary. 1 East, P. C. 439; 2 Leach, 854. It is, however, to be remarked, that very slight evidence may be sufficient to induce a jury to believe there was emission. Addis. R. 143; 2 So. Car. C. R. 351; 1 Beck's Med. Jur. 140. 4 Chit. Bl. Com. 213, note 8. In Scotland, emission is not requisite. Allis. Prin. 209, 210. See Emission; Penetration.
3. By the term man in this definition is meant a male of the human species, of the age of fourteen years and upwards; for an infant, under fourteen years, is supposed by law incapable of committing this offence. 1 Hale, P. C. 631; 8 C. & P. 738. But not only can an infant under fourteen years, if of sufficient mischievous discretion, but even a woman may be guilty as principals in the second degree. And the husband of a woman may be a principal in the second degree of a rape committed upon his wife, as where he held her while his servant committed the rape. 1 Harg St. Tr. 388.
4. The knowledge of the woman's person must be forcibly and against her will; and if her consent has not been voluntarily and freely given, (when she has the power to consent,) the offence will be complete, nor will any subsequent acquiescence on her part do away the guilt of the ravisher. A consent obtained from a woman by actual violence, by duress or threats of murder, or by the administration of stupefying drugs, is not such a consent as will shield the offender, nor turn his crime into adultery or fornication.
5. The matrimonial consent of the wife cannot be retracted, and, therefore, her husband cannot be guilty of a rape on her as his act is not unlawful. But, as already observed, he may be guilty as principal in the second degree.
6. As a child under ten years of age is incapable in law to give her consent, it follows, that the offence may be committed on such a child whether she consent or not. See Stat. 18 Eliz, c. 7, s. 4. See, as to the possibility of committing a rape, and as to the signs which indicate it, 1 Beck's Med. Jur. ch. 12; Merlin, Rep. mot Viol.; 1 Briand, Med. Leg. 1ere partic, c. 1, p. 66; Biessy, Manuel Medico-Legal, &c. p. 149; Parent Duchatellet, De la Prostitution dans la ville de Paris, c. 3, Sec. 5 Barr. on the Stat. 123; 9 Car. & P. 752 2 Pick. 380; 12 S. & R. 69; 7 Conn. 54 Const. R. 354; 2 Vir. Cas. 235.

RAPE, division of a country. In the English law, this is a district similar to that of a hundred; but oftentimes containing in it more hundreds than one.

RAPE


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