| 释义 |
Prader-Willi syndrome
Pra·der-Wil·li syndrome P5541500 (prä′dər-vĭl′ē)n. A genetic disorder characterized by short stature, intellectual disability, involuntary craving for food with subsequent obesity, behavior and learning problems, and incomplete sexual development.
[After Andrea Prader (1919-2001), Swiss pediatrician and endocrinologist, and Heinrich Willi (1900-1971), Swiss pediatrician.]Prader-Willi syndrome (ˌprɑːdəˈvɪlɪ) n (Medicine) a congenital condition characterized by obsessive eating, obesity, mental retardation, and small genitalia[C20: after Andrea Prader (1919–2001) and Heinrich Willi (1900–71), Swiss paediatricians]
Prader-Willi syndrome
Prader-Willi syndrome[¦präd·ər ¦wil·ē ′sin‚drōm] (medicine) A genetic disorder that is caused by defects on the paternally derived chromosome 15, causing mild mental retardation, neonatal hypotonia, hypogonadism, compulsive overeating, childhood onset obesity, and mild facial dysmorphism. Prader-Willi syndrome
Prader-Willi Syndrome DefinitionPrader-Willi syndrome (PWS) is a genetic condition caused by the absence of chromosomal material from chromosome 15. The genetic basis of PWS is complex. Characteristics of the syndrome include developmental delay, poor muscle tone, short stature, small hands and feet, incomplete sexual development, and unique facial features. Insatiable appetite is a classic feature of PWS. This uncontrollable appetite can lead to health problems and behavior disturbances.DescriptionThe first patients with features of PWS were described by Dr. Prader, Dr. Willi, and Dr. Lambert in 1956. Since that time, the complex genetic basis of PWS has begun to be understood. Initially, scientists found that individuals with PWS have a portion of genetic material deleted (erased) from chromosome 15. In order to have PWS, the genetic material must be deleted from the chromosome 15 received from one's father. If the deletion is on the chromosome 15 inherited from one's mother a different syndrome develops. This was an important discovery. It demonstrated for the first time that the genes inherited from one's mother can be expressed differently than the genes inherited from one's father.Over time, scientists realized that some individuals with PWS do not have genetic material deleted from chromosome 15. Further studies found that these patients inherit both copies of chromosome 15 from their mother. This is not typical. Normally, an individual receives one chromosome 15 from their father and one chromosome 15 from their mother. When a person receives both chromosomes from the same parent it is called "uniparental disomy". "When a person receives both chromosomes from his or her mother it is called "maternal uniparental disomy."Scientists are still discovering other causes of PWS. A small number of patients with PWS have a change (mutation) in the genetic material on the chromosome 15 inherited from their father. This mutation prevents certain genes on chromosome 15 from working properly. PWS develops when these genes do not work normally.Newborns with PWS generally have poor muscle tone, (hypotonia) and do not feed well. This can lead to poor weight gain and failure to thrive. Genitalia can be smaller than normal. Hands and feet are also typically smaller than normal. Some patients with PWS have unique facial characteristics. These unique facial features are typically subtle and detectable only by physicians.As children with PWS age, development is typically slower than normal. Developmental milestones, such as crawling, walking and talking occur later than usual. Developmental delay continues into adulthood for approximately 50% of individuals with PWS. At about one to two years of age, children with PWS develop an uncontrollable, insatiable appetite. Left to their own devices, individuals with PWS will eat until they suffer from life-threatening obesity. The desire to eat can lead to significant behavior problems.The symptoms and features of PWS require life long support and care. If food intake is strictly monitored and various therapies provided, individuals with PWS have a normal life expectancy.PWS affects approximately 1 in 10,000 to 25,000 live births. It is the most common genetic cause of life-threatening obesity. It affects both males and females. PWS can be seen in all races and ethnic groups.Causes and symptomsIn order to comprehend the various causes of PWS, the nature of chromosomes and genes must be well understood. Human beings have 46 chromosomes in the cells of their body. Chromosomes contain genes, which regulate the function and development of the body. An individual's chromosomes are inherited from his/her parents. Each parent normally gives a child 23 chromosomes. A child receives 23 chromosomes from the egg and 23 chromosomes from the sperm.The 46 chromosomes in the human body are divided into pairs based on their physical characteristics. Each pair is assigned a number or a letter. When viewed under a microscope, chromosomes within the same pair appear identical because they contain the same genes.Most chromosomes have a constriction near the center called the centromere. The centromere separates the chromosome into long and short arms. The short arm of a chromosome is called the "p arm." the long arm and is called the "q arm,"Chromosomes in the same pair contain the same genes. However, some genes work differently depending on if they were inherited from the egg or the sperm. Sometimes, genes are silenced when inherited from the mother. Other times, genes are silenced when inherited from the father. When genes in a certain region on a chromosome are silenced, they are said to be "imprinted." Imprinting is a normal process that does not typically cause disease. If normal imprinting is disrupted a genetic disease can develop.Individuals have two complete copies of chromosome 15. One chromosome 15 is inherited from the mother, or "maternal" in origin. The other chromosome 15 is inherited from the father, or is "paternal" in origin.Chromosome 15 contains many different genes. There are several genes found on the q arm of chromosome 15 that are imprinted. A gene called "SNPRN" is an example of one of these genes. It is normally imprinted, or silenced, if inherited from the mother. The imprinting of this group of maternal genes does not typically cause disease. The genes in this region should not be imprinted if paternal in origin. Normal development depends on these paternal genes being present and active. If these genes are deleted, not inherited, or incorrectly imprinted PWS develops.Seventy percent of the cases of PWS are caused when a piece of material is deleted, or erased, from the paternal chromosome 15. This deletion occurs in a specific region on the q arm of chromosome 15. The piece of chromosomal material that is deleted contains genes that must be present for normal development. These paternal genes must be working normally, because the same genes on the chromosome 15 inherited from the mother are imprinted. When these paternal genes are missing, the brain and other parts of the body do not develop as expected. This is what causes the symptoms associated with PWS.In 99% of the cases of PWS the deletion is sporadic. This means that it happens randomly and there is not an apparent cause. It does not run in the family. If a child has PWS due to a sporadic deletion in the paternal chromosome 15, the chance the parents could have another child with PWS is less than 1%. In fewer than 1% of the cases of PWS there is a chromosomal rearrangement in the family which causes the deletion. This chromosomal rearrangement is called a "translocation." If a parent has a translocation the risk of having a child with PWS is higher than 1%.PWS can also develop if a child receives both chromosome 15s from his/her mother. This is seen in approximately 25% of the cases of PWS. "Maternal uniparental disomy". Maternal uniparental disomy for chromosome 15 leads to PWS because the genes on chromosome 15 that should have been inherited from the father are missing, and the genes on both the chromosome 15s inherited from the mother are imprinted.PWS caused by maternal uniparental is sporadic. This means that it occurs randomly and there is not an apparent cause. If a child has PWS due to maternal uniparental disomy the chance the parents could have another child with PWS is less than 1%.Approximately 3-4% of patients with PWS have a change (mutation) in a gene located on the q arm of chromosome 15. This mutation leads to incorrect imprinting. This mutation causes genes inherited from the father to be imprinted or silenced, which should not normally be imprinted. If a child has PWS due to a mutation that changes imprinting, the chance the parents could have another child with PWS is approximately 5%.Infants with PWS have weak muscle tone (hypotonia). This hypotonia causes problems with sucking and eating. Infants with PWS may have problems gaining weight. Some infants with PWS are diagnosed with "failure to thrive" due to slow growth and development. During infancy, babies with PWS may also sleep more than normal and have problems controlling their temperature.Some of the unique physical features associated with PWS can be seen during infancy. Genitalia that is smaller than normal is common. This may be more evident in males with PWS. Hands and feet may also be smaller than average. The unique facial features seen in some patients with PWS may be difficult to detect in infancy. These facial features are very mild and do not cause physical problems.As early as six months, but more commonly at one to two years a compulsive desire to eat develops. This uncontrollable appetite is a classic feature of PWS. Individuals with PWS lack the ability to feel full or satiated. This uncontrollable desire to eat is thought to be related to a difference in the brain, which controls hunger. Over-eating (hyperpahgia), a lack of a desire to exercise, and a slow metabolism places individuals with PWS at high risk for severe obesity. Some individuals with PWS may also have a reduced ability to vomit.Behavior problems are a common feature of PWS. Some behavior problems develop from the desire to eat. Other reported problems include obsessive/compulsive behaviors, depression, and temper tantrums. Individuals with PWS may also pick their own skin (skin picking). This unusual behavior may be due to a reduced pain threshold.Developmental delay, learning disabilities, and mental retardation are associated with PWS. Approximately 50% of individuals with PWS have developmental delay. The remaining 50% are described as having mild mental retardation. The mental retardation can occasionally be more severe. Infants and children with PWS are often delayed in development.Puberty may occur early or late, but it is usually incomplete. In addition to the effects on sexual development and fertility, individuals do not undergo the normal adolescent growth spurt and may be short as adults. Muscles often remain underdeveloped and body fat is increased.DiagnosisDuring infancy the diagnosis of PWS may be suspected if poor muscle tone, feeding problems, small genitalia, or the unique facial features are present. If an infant has these features, testing for PWS should be performed. This testing should also be offered to children and adults who display features commonly seen in PWS (developmental delay, uncontrollable appetite, small genitalia, etc.). There are several different genetic tests that can detect PWS. All of these tests can be performed from a blood sample.Methylation testing detects 99% of the cases of PWS. Methylation testing can detect the absence of the paternal genes that should be normally active on chromosome 15. Although methylation testing can accurately diagnose PWS, it can not determine if the PWS is caused by a deletion, maternal uniparental disomy, or a mutation that disrupts imprinting. This information is important for genetic counseling. Therefore, additional testing should be performed.Chromosome analysis can determine if the PWS is the result of a deletion in the q arm of chromosome 15. Chromosome analysis, also called "karyotyping," involves staining the chromosomes and examining them under a microscope. In some cases the deletion of material from chromosome 15 can be easily seen. In other cases, further testing must be performed. FISH (fluorescence in-situ hybridization) is a special technique that detects small deletions that cause PWS.More specialized DNA testing is required to detect maternal uniparental disomy or a mutation that disrupts imprinting. This DNA testing identifies unique DNA patterns in the mother and father. The unique DNA patterns are then compared with the DNA from the child with PWS.PWS can be detected before birth if the mother undergoes amniocentesis testing or chorionic villus sampling (CVS). This testing is only recommended if the mother or father is known to have a chromosome rearrangement, or if they already have a child with PWS syndrome.TreatmentThere is currently not a cure for PWS. Treatment during infancy includes therapies to improve muscle tone. Some infants with PWS also require special nipples and feeding techniques to improve weight gain.Treatment and management during childhood, adolescence, and adulthood is typically focused on weight control. Strict control of food intake is vital to prevent severe obesity. In many cases food must be made inaccessible. This may involve unconventional measures such as locking the refrigerator or kitchen cabinets. A lifelong restricted-calorie diet and regular exercise program are also suggested. Unfortunately, diet medications have not been shown to significantly prevent obesity in PWS. However, growth hormone therapy has been shown to improve the poor muscle tone and reduced height typically associated with PWS.Special education may be helpful in treating developmental delays and behavior problems. Individuals with PWS typically excel in highly structured environments.PrognosisLife expectancy is normal and the prognosis good, if weight gain is well controlled.Key termsAmniocentesis — A procedure in which a needle is inserted through a pregnant woman's abdomen and into her uterus. Amniotic fluid is then removed from around the fetus and may be used for genetic testing.Centromere — Major constriction in a chromosome.Deletion — Removal of a piece of genetic material.DNA — Deoxyribonucleic acid. Genes are made of sections of DNA.FISH — (flourescence in-situ hybridization) Technique used to detect small deletions or rearrangements in chromosomes.Gene — Segment of DNA that controls the development and function of the body. Genes are contained within chromosomes.Hyperphagia — Over-eating.Hypotonia — Low muscle tone.Imprinting — Process that silences a gene or group of genes. The genes are silenced depending on if they are inherited through the egg or the sperm.Maternal — From one's mother.Maternal uniparental disomy — Chromosome abnormality in which both chromosomes in a pair are inherited from one's mother.Methylation testing — DNA testing that detects if a gene is active or imprinted.Mutation — A change in a gene.Paternal — From one's father.Translocation — Chromosome abnormality in which chromosomes are rearranged and placed together.Uniparental disomy — Chromosome abnormality in which both chromosomes in a pair are inherited from the same parent.ResourcesBooksCouch, Cheryl. My Rag Doll. Couch Publishing, October 2000.PeriodicalsButler, Merlin G. and Travis Thompson. "Prader-WilliSyndrome: Clinical and Genetic Findings." The Endocrinologist 10 (2000): 3S-16S.State, Matthew W., and Elisabeth Dykens. "Genetics of Childhood Disorders: XV. Prader-Willi Syndrome: Genes, Brain and Behavior." J. Am. Acad. Child. Adolesc. Psychiatry 39, no. 6 (June 2000): 797-800.OrganizationsAlliance of Genetic Support Groups. 4301 Connecticut Ave. NW, Suite 404, Washington DC 20008. (202) 966-5557. Fax: (202) 966-8553. http://www.geneticalliance.org.International Prader-Willi Syndrome Organization. 〈http://www.ipwsp.org〉.National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. P.O. Box 8923, New Fairfield, CT 06812. (800) 999-6673. http://www.rarediseases.org.Prader-Willi Foundation. 223 Main Street, Port Washington, NY 11050. (800) 253-7993. http://www.prader-willi.org.Prader-Willi Syndrome Association (USA). 5700 Midnight Pass Rd., Sarasota, FL 34242. (800)926-4797. 〈http://www.pwsusa.org〉.OtherGene Clinics. http://www.geneclinics.org/profiles/pws/details.html.OMIM. 〈http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-port/Omim/dispmim?176270〉.Prader-Willi syndrome [prah´der vil´e] a congenital syndrome consisting of obesity, short stature, lack of muscle tone, hypogonadism, and central nervous system dysfunction. Information and support for families and individuals affected by this syndrome can be obtained from the Prader-Willi Syndrome Association U.S.A., 5700 Midnight Pass Road, Sarasota, FL 34242, telephone (800) 926–4797.Pra·der-Wil·li syn·drome (pră'dĕr vil'ĭ), [MIM*176270] a congenital syndrome characterized by short stature, mental retardation, polyphagia with marked obesity, and sexual infantilism; severe muscular hypotonia and poor responsiveness to external stimuli decrease with age; a small deletion is demonstrable in the paternal-derived chromosome 15q11-13 in many cases; some cases are due to maternal uniparental disomy (that is, both chromosomes 15 are derived from the mother).Prader-Willi syndrome (prä′dər-vĭl′ē)n. A genetic disorder characterized by short stature, intellectual disability, involuntary craving for food with subsequent obesity, behavior and learning problems, and incomplete sexual development.Prader-Willi syndrome Neonatology A complex developmental and neurobehavioral disease with an AD pattern of inheritance, occuring in 1:104 births–US Clinical Dwarfism with small hands and feet, hypotonia, mental retardation, hyperphagia, obesity, DM, hypogonadism ± cryptorchidism. See Angelman syndrome, Oculocutaneous albinism type II. Pra·der-Wil·li syn·drome (prah'dĕr-vē'lē sin'drōm) A congenital syndrome characterized by severe obesity, mental retardation, small hands and feet, and small genitalia. More than 50% of children with this condition are missing a chromosome. Presentation in infancy includes hypotonicity and difficulty with feeding, sucking, and temperature control. Prader-Willi syndrome A genetic disorder caused by a small deletion from the long arm of chromosome 15. At birth the baby is very floppy and initial physical development is very slow. Later in childhood there is a rapid increase in weight and obesity from compulsive eating. Older children may show severe obsessive-compulsive behaviour problems, temper tantrums and stubborn indiscipline. The face is narrow with a thin upper lip and down-turned mouth. The genitalia are underdeveloped, especially in males, and puberty is delayed. (A. Prader and H. Willi are Swiss paediatricians who described the syndrome in 1956. They were anticipated by almost 100 years by Langdon Down (1828–96) who described a case in detail in 1864 and whose syndrome is even better known).Prader, Andrea, Swiss pediatrician, 1919–. Prader-Willi syndrome - a congenital syndrome of unknown etiology characterized by short stature, mental retardation, polyphagia with marked obesity, and sexual infantilism.
Willi, Heinrich, Swiss pediatrician, 1900-1971. Prader-Willi syndrome - see under PraderPra·der-Wil·li syn·drome (prah'dĕr-vē'lē sin'drōm) [MIM*176270] A congenital syndrome characterized by severe obesity, mental retardation, small hands and feet, and small genitalia. AcronymsSeepersonal workstation |