| 单词 | pawnee | ||||||
| 释义 | PawneePaw·neeP0124400 (pô-nē′)Pawnee(pɔːˈniː)Paw•nee(pɔˈni)n., pl. -nees, (esp. collectively) -nee.
PawneePawnee(pônē`), Native North Americans whose language belongs to the Caddoan branch of the Hokan-Siouan linguistic stock (see Native American languagesNative American languages,languages of the native peoples of the Western Hemisphere and their descendants. A number of the Native American languages that were spoken at the time of the European arrival in the New World in the late 15th cent. ..... Click the link for more information. ). At one time the Pawnee lived in what is now Texas, but by 1541, when Coronado visited Quivira, they seem to have been settled in the valley of the Platte River in S Nebraska. By the early 18th cent. the Pawnee had divided into four groups: the Skidi (or Wolf), the Grand, the Republican, and the Tapage (or Noisy). They then numbered some 10,000. By the time French traders settled (c.1750) among them, the Pawnee had extended their territory to the Republican River in N Kansas and the Niobrara River in N Nebraska. In 1806, Spanish soldiers visited the Pawnee just before the arrival of the expedition of Zebulon M. Pike. In material culture the Pawnee resembled other Native Americans of the Plains area but they had an elaborate set of myths and rituals. Their supreme god was Tirawa (the sun), who with Mother Earth conceived Morning Star. Morning Star was the rising and dying god of vegetation. The Pawnee periodically sacrificed a young woman to Morning Star. This custom, one of the few examples of human sacrifice N of Mexico, was, however, ended by the great Pawnee chief Pitalesharo (b. c.1797). The Pawnee were hostile to the Sioux and the Cheyenne, although friendly toward the Oto. They were fierce fighters, but they never warred against the United States, even when treated unjustly by the government. In fact, the Pawnee provided scouts for the U.S. army in the Indian warsIndian wars, BibliographySee R. Linton, The Sacrifice to the Morning Star by the Skidi Pawnee (1922); W. Wedel, An Introduction to Pawnee Archeology (1936); G. Weltfish, The Lost Universe (1965); G. E. Hyde, The Pawnee Indians (rev. ed. 1973). Pawneea confederacy of four North American Indian tribes that speak Caddo, a language of the Iroquois-Caddoan family. The Pawnee numbered approximately 10,000 between the 16th and 18th centuries, occupying a vast territory that extended from what is now Nebraska to Texas. Their economy was based primarily on buffalo hunting and farming. Settlers began seizing Pawnee lands in 1800, and the Pawnee were moved to reservations in Oklahoma in 1876. Today there are fewer than 1,200 Pawnee, of whom approximately two-thirds are half-breeds. PawneePAWNEE. He who receives a pawn or pledge. Pawnee
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