Venera probes

(ven -ĕ-ră) (Venus probes) A series of Soviet probes to Venus, first launched in 1961. Veneras 1–3 were unsuccessful. Veneras 4–8 ejected capsules into Venus' atmosphere to measure the atmospheric temperature, pressure, and composition. The Venera 4 capsule transmitted for 94 minutes on Oct. 18 1967 during its parachute descent, while the capsules from Veneras 5 and 6 returned data for 53 and 51 minutes on May 16 and 17 1969 respectively; all were crushed by the atmospheric pressure before they reached the surface. The capsule from Venera 7 did survive to reach the surface on Dec. 15 1970, becoming the first human-made object to land on another planet. The Venera 7 capsule returned data for 23 minutes, indicating a temperature of 750 K and a pressure of 90 bar on the Venusian surface. Venera 8's capsule returned data from the surface for 50 minutes on July 22 1972.

A new generation of Venera probes traveled to Venus from 1975. Veneras 9 and 10 each consisted of a lander and an orbiter through which signals from the lander were relayed to Earth. On Oct. 22 1975, Venera 9's lander sent the first photograph from the surface of another planet, showing sharp angular rocks near the probe. Another panorama one day later from the Venera 10 lander revealed an apparently older more eroded landscape. The landers operated for 53 and 65 minutes respectively on the Venusian surface.

Veneras 11 and 12 reached Venus on Dec. 25 and Dec. 21 1978 respectively, and landers were sent to the surface. As they descended they transmitted information concerning the atmosphere to the two spacecraft, and continued relaying for about 100 minutes from the surface. No photographs were released. Veneras 13 and 14 reached Venus on Mar. 2 and Mar. 5 1982 and landers were sent to the surface. Colored panoramas were taken of the landing sites and soil analyses made, and this information, together with atmospheric data, was relayed back to the spacecraft.

Veneras 15 and 16 went into orbit around Venus on Oct. 11 and Oct. 16 1983. They studied the atmosphere and using radar mapped the mountains, craters, and other features on the N hemisphere of the planet's surface, to within about 20° of the equator and with a resolution of a few kilometers. See also Venus.

单词	venera probes
释义	Venera probes Venera probes (ven -ĕ-ră) (Venus probes) A series of Soviet probes to Venus, first launched in 1961. Veneras 1–3 were unsuccessful. Veneras 4–8 ejected capsules into Venus' atmosphere to measure the atmospheric temperature, pressure, and composition. The Venera 4 capsule transmitted for 94 minutes on Oct. 18 1967 during its parachute descent, while the capsules from Veneras 5 and 6 returned data for 53 and 51 minutes on May 16 and 17 1969 respectively; all were crushed by the atmospheric pressure before they reached the surface. The capsule from Venera 7 did survive to reach the surface on Dec. 15 1970, becoming the first human-made object to land on another planet. The Venera 7 capsule returned data for 23 minutes, indicating a temperature of 750 K and a pressure of 90 bar on the Venusian surface. Venera 8's capsule returned data from the surface for 50 minutes on July 22 1972. A new generation of Venera probes traveled to Venus from 1975. Veneras 9 and 10 each consisted of a lander and an orbiter through which signals from the lander were relayed to Earth. On Oct. 22 1975, Venera 9's lander sent the first photograph from the surface of another planet, showing sharp angular rocks near the probe. Another panorama one day later from the Venera 10 lander revealed an apparently older more eroded landscape. The landers operated for 53 and 65 minutes respectively on the Venusian surface. Veneras 11 and 12 reached Venus on Dec. 25 and Dec. 21 1978 respectively, and landers were sent to the surface. As they descended they transmitted information concerning the atmosphere to the two spacecraft, and continued relaying for about 100 minutes from the surface. No photographs were released. Veneras 13 and 14 reached Venus on Mar. 2 and Mar. 5 1982 and landers were sent to the surface. Colored panoramas were taken of the landing sites and soil analyses made, and this information, together with atmospheric data, was relayed back to the spacecraft. Veneras 15 and 16 went into orbit around Venus on Oct. 11 and Oct. 16 1983. They studied the atmosphere and using radar mapped the mountains, craters, and other features on the N hemisphere of the planet's surface, to within about 20° of the equator and with a resolution of a few kilometers. See also Venus.
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