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单词 rune
释义

rune


rune 1

R0347000 (ro͞on)n.1. a. Any of the characters in several alphabets used by ancient Germanic peoples from the 3rd to the 13th century.b. A similar character in another alphabet, sometimes believed to have magic powers.2. A poem or incantation of mysterious significance, especially a magic charm.
[Old Norse or Old English rūn.]Word History: Among early peoples writing was a serious thing, full of magical power. In its only reference to writing, the Iliad calls it "baneful signs." The Germanic peoples used a runic alphabet as their form of writing, using it to identify combs or helmets, make calendars, encode secret messages, and mark funeral monuments. Runes were also employed in casting spells, as to gain a kiss from a sweetheart or to make an enemy's gut burst. In casting a spell the writing of the runes was accompanied by a mumbled or chanted prayer or curse, also called a rune, to make the magic work. These two meanings also appear in Old English rūn, the ancestor of our word. The direct descendants of Old English rūn are the archaic verb round, "whisper, talk in secret," and the obsolete noun roun, "whispering, secret talk." The use of the word to refer to inscribed runic characters was revived by Danish writers who adopted it from Old Norse toward the end of the 1600s and used it in discussions of Germanic antiquities.

rune 2

R0347000 (ro͞on)n. A Finnish poem or section of a poem.
[Finnish runo, of Germanic origin.]

rune

(ruːn) n1. (Letters of the Alphabet (Foreign)) any of the characters of an ancient Germanic alphabet, derived from the Roman alphabet, in use, esp in Scandinavia, from the 3rd century ad to the end of the Middle Ages. Each character was believed to have a magical significance2. (Literary & Literary Critical Terms) any obscure piece of writing using mysterious symbols3. (Poetry) a kind of Finnish poem or a stanza in such a poem[Old English rūn, from Old Norse rūn secret; related to Old Saxon, Old High German, Gothic runa] ˈrunic adj

rune1

(run)

n. 1. any of the characters of certain ancient alphabets of Germanic languages, esp. of Scandinavia and Britain, from about the 3rd to 13th centuries. 2. something written or inscribed in such characters. 3. something secret or mysterious, as an aphorism with mystical meaning. [1675–85; < Old Norse rūn a secret, writing, rune; c. Old English rūn (Middle English rune, obsolete E roun). compare round2] ru′nic, adj.

rune2

(run)

n. Literary. a poem, song, or verse. [1865–70; < Finnish runo poem, canto < Scandinavian. See rune1]

rune

- An ancient alphabet letter, it is from Old English run, "secret, mystery."See also related terms for mystery.
Thesaurus
Noun1.rune - any character from an ancient Germanic alphabet used in Scandinavia from the 3rd century to the Middle Agesrune - any character from an ancient Germanic alphabet used in Scandinavia from the 3rd century to the Middle Ages; "each rune had its own magical significance"runic lettergrapheme, graphic symbol, character - a written symbol that is used to represent speech; "the Greek alphabet has 24 characters"thorn - a Germanic character of runic origin
Translations

IdiomsSeeread the runes

Rune


rune

1. any of the characters of an ancient Germanic alphabet, derived from the Roman alphabet, in use, esp in Scandinavia, from the 3rd century ad to the end of the Middle Ages. Each character was believed to have a magical significance 2. any obscure piece of writing using mysterious symbols 3. a kind of Finnish poem or a stanza in such a poem

Rune

 

a character of the oldest Germanic alphabet, a writing system used from the second century to the late Middle Ages. Runes, which were cut on or carved into stone, metal, wood, or bone, were used in Scandinavia, Iceland, Greenland, England, northern Europe, northern Prichernomor’e, Staraia Ladoga, and Novgorod. An inscription on a spearhead found in Øvre Stabu, Norway, dating to approximately A.D. 200, is the oldest runic inscription known.

The composition of the alphabet and the shape of the runes changed in the course of time. Two varieties of runic writing are distinguished: an early runic alphabet, called futhark, and a later runic alphabet, or Danish runes (see Figure 1). The former contained 24 runes, and the latter consisted of 16. The later runic alphabet, a consistent simplification and modification of futhark, gradually replaced futhark and became firmly established in Scandinavia in approximately the late eighth century. Other types of runic alphabets were functionally or geographically limited: truncated runes (in German, Stutzrunen), widely used in Sweden and Norway during the late Middle Ages and sometimes called Swedish-Norwegian runes; pointed runes, which originated no earlier than the 12th or 13th centuries; and Anglo-Saxon runes, which constituted an alphabet of 33 characters. The letters could be read from left to right, from right to left, or in boustrophedon fashion. Word boundaries were only rarely marked; dots or points were used.

The origin of the runes has not been explained definitively. According to the Norwegian runologist C. Marstander, the runes are a modification of one of the northern Italian alphabets. Runic inscriptions (futhark) most often consist of one or several words, such as a proper name, a dedication, or a magical incantation of the type found on the bracteate (a round gold pendant) from Darum. Inscriptions of several lines are rare. Inscriptions written in the later alphabet usually consist of several short lines.

Figure 1

Runic inscriptions are characterized by stereotyped formulas, sacral and poetic lexical elements, magical incantations, and a generally elevated tone. The language of the early runic inscriptions can be regarded as a distinctive literary koine, the first supradialectal and literary language in the history of the Germanic languages.

WORKS

Makaev, E. A. Iazyk drevneishikh runicheskikh nadpisei. Moscow, 1965.
Diringer, D. Alfavit. Moscow, 1963. Pages 579–99.
Arntz, H. Bibliographie der Runenkunde. Leipzig, 1937.
Arntz, H. Handbuch der Runenkunde, 2nd ed. Halle an der Saale, 1944.
Jacobsen, L., and E. Moltke. Danmarks runeindskrifter. Atlas: 1941. Text: Copenhagen, 1942.
Elliott, R. Runes. Manchester, 1959.
Musset, L. Introduction à la runologie. Paris, 1965.
Krause, W. Die Runeninschriften im älteren Futhark, vols. 1–2. Göttingen, 1966.
Krause, W. Runen. Berlin, 1970.
Krause, W. Die Sprache der urnordischen Runeninschriften. Heidelberg, 1971.

E. A. MAKAEV

Rune

 

an epic folk song of the Karelians, Finns, and Estonians. Runes were used by E. Lönnrot in the Kalevala.

Runes originated in antiquity and reflected certain aspects of the material and spiritual culture of the primitive communal system and vestiges of matriarchal and patriarchal relations. Genetically, they can be traced back to archaic cosmogonic myths. The songs are mainly about the epic heroes Väinämöinen and Ilmarinen. Their poetic structure is characterized by parallelism of verses, anaphoras, lexical repetition, conventional epithets, and similarity of plot conflicts. Early examples of runes have a range of a fifth or a fourth, consist of two periodically recurring diatonic motifs, and are mainly in 3/4 and 5/4 meter. Verse structure is determined by syllabic structure.

Runes were usually sung by a single performer or alternately by two singers; sometimes the singing was accompanied by playing on the kantele, a plucked stringed instrument. The Kalevala and Kalevipoeg epics were compiled from runes. Well-known rune singers included the Perttunens, a family of Karelian folktale narrators, and J. Kainulainen and Paraske Larin, both of whom were Finns.

TEXTS AND REFERENCES

Suomalaisen kirjallisuuden toimituksia, parts 1–14. Helsinki, 1908–60.
In Russian translation: Karel’skie epicheskiepesni. Moscow-Leningrad, 1950.
Izbr. runy Arkhipa Perttunena. Petrozavodsk, 1948.
Evseev, V. Ia. Istoricheskie osnovy karelo-finskogo eposa, books 1–2. Moscow-Leningrad, 1957–60.
Tampere, Kh. T. Stilevye tipy melodiki estonskikh run. Moscow, 1964.

V. IA. EVSEEV

RUNE


AcronymDefinition
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rune


  • noun

Synonyms for rune

noun any character from an ancient Germanic alphabet used in Scandinavia from the 3rd century to the Middle Ages

Synonyms

  • runic letter

Related Words

  • grapheme
  • graphic symbol
  • character
  • thorn
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