rune
rune 1
R0347000 (ro͞on)rune 2
R0347000 (ro͞on)rune
(ruːn)rune1
(run)n.
rune2
(run)n. Literary.
rune
- An ancient alphabet letter, it is from Old English run, "secret, mystery."Noun | 1. | ![]() |
单词 | rune | ||||||
释义 | runerune 1R0347000 (ro͞on)rune 2R0347000 (ro͞on)rune(ruːn)rune1(run)n. rune2(run)n. Literary. rune- An ancient alphabet letter, it is from Old English run, "secret, mystery."
RuneruneRunea character of the oldest Germanic alphabet, a writing system used from the second century to the late Middle Ages. Runes, which were cut on or carved into stone, metal, wood, or bone, were used in Scandinavia, Iceland, Greenland, England, northern Europe, northern Prichernomor’e, Staraia Ladoga, and Novgorod. An inscription on a spearhead found in Øvre Stabu, Norway, dating to approximately A.D. 200, is the oldest runic inscription known. The composition of the alphabet and the shape of the runes changed in the course of time. Two varieties of runic writing are distinguished: an early runic alphabet, called futhark, and a later runic alphabet, or Danish runes (see Figure 1). The former contained 24 runes, and the latter consisted of 16. The later runic alphabet, a consistent simplification and modification of futhark, gradually replaced futhark and became firmly established in Scandinavia in approximately the late eighth century. Other types of runic alphabets were functionally or geographically limited: truncated runes (in German, Stutzrunen), widely used in Sweden and Norway during the late Middle Ages and sometimes called Swedish-Norwegian runes; pointed runes, which originated no earlier than the 12th or 13th centuries; and Anglo-Saxon runes, which constituted an alphabet of 33 characters. The letters could be read from left to right, from right to left, or in boustrophedon fashion. Word boundaries were only rarely marked; dots or points were used. The origin of the runes has not been explained definitively. According to the Norwegian runologist C. Marstander, the runes are a modification of one of the northern Italian alphabets. Runic inscriptions (futhark) most often consist of one or several words, such as a proper name, a dedication, or a magical incantation of the type found on the bracteate (a round gold pendant) from Darum. Inscriptions of several lines are rare. Inscriptions written in the later alphabet usually consist of several short lines. Runic inscriptions are characterized by stereotyped formulas, sacral and poetic lexical elements, magical incantations, and a generally elevated tone. The language of the early runic inscriptions can be regarded as a distinctive literary koine, the first supradialectal and literary language in the history of the Germanic languages. WORKSMakaev, E. A. Iazyk drevneishikh runicheskikh nadpisei. Moscow, 1965.Diringer, D. Alfavit. Moscow, 1963. Pages 579–99. Arntz, H. Bibliographie der Runenkunde. Leipzig, 1937. Arntz, H. Handbuch der Runenkunde, 2nd ed. Halle an der Saale, 1944. Jacobsen, L., and E. Moltke. Danmarks runeindskrifter. Atlas: 1941. Text: Copenhagen, 1942. Elliott, R. Runes. Manchester, 1959. Musset, L. Introduction à la runologie. Paris, 1965. Krause, W. Die Runeninschriften im älteren Futhark, vols. 1–2. Göttingen, 1966. Krause, W. Runen. Berlin, 1970. Krause, W. Die Sprache der urnordischen Runeninschriften. Heidelberg, 1971. E. A. MAKAEV Runean epic folk song of the Karelians, Finns, and Estonians. Runes were used by E. Lönnrot in the Kalevala. Runes originated in antiquity and reflected certain aspects of the material and spiritual culture of the primitive communal system and vestiges of matriarchal and patriarchal relations. Genetically, they can be traced back to archaic cosmogonic myths. The songs are mainly about the epic heroes Väinämöinen and Ilmarinen. Their poetic structure is characterized by parallelism of verses, anaphoras, lexical repetition, conventional epithets, and similarity of plot conflicts. Early examples of runes have a range of a fifth or a fourth, consist of two periodically recurring diatonic motifs, and are mainly in 3/4 and 5/4 meter. Verse structure is determined by syllabic structure. Runes were usually sung by a single performer or alternately by two singers; sometimes the singing was accompanied by playing on the kantele, a plucked stringed instrument. The Kalevala and Kalevipoeg epics were compiled from runes. Well-known rune singers included the Perttunens, a family of Karelian folktale narrators, and J. Kainulainen and Paraske Larin, both of whom were Finns. TEXTS AND REFERENCESSuomalaisen kirjallisuuden toimituksia, parts 1–14. Helsinki, 1908–60.In Russian translation: Karel’skie epicheskiepesni. Moscow-Leningrad, 1950. Izbr. runy Arkhipa Perttunena. Petrozavodsk, 1948. Evseev, V. Ia. Istoricheskie osnovy karelo-finskogo eposa, books 1–2. Moscow-Leningrad, 1957–60. Tampere, Kh. T. Stilevye tipy melodiki estonskikh run. Moscow, 1964. V. IA. EVSEEV RUNE
rune
Synonyms for rune
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