释义 |
underdevelopment
un·der·de·vel·oped U0049800 (ŭn′dər-dĭ-vĕl′əpt)adj.1. Not fully developed: seeds with underdeveloped embryos.2. Processed in too weak a developing solution, or for too short a time, or at too low a temperature to produce a normal degree of contrast. Used of film.3. Having a low level of economic productivity and technological sophistication within the contemporary range of possibility; developing: underdeveloped countries. un′der·de·vel′op·ment n.ThesaurusNoun | 1. | underdevelopment - state of inadequate development; "much poverty can be traced to the underdevelopment of industry"development - a state in which things are improving; the result of developing (as in the early part of a game of chess); "after he saw the latest development he changed his mind and became a supporter"; "in chess your should take care of your development before moving your queen" | | 2. | underdevelopment - (photography) inadequate processing of film resulting in inadequate contrastphotography, picture taking - the act of taking and printing photographsdeveloping, development - processing a photosensitive material in order to make an image visible; "the development and printing of his pictures took only two hours" | Translationssous-développementsottosviluppounderdevelopment
underdevelopment[¦ən·dər·də¦vel·əp·mənt] (graphic arts) Insufficient development of a photographic print; processing to a degree lower than the optimum density. underdevelopment - the general state of a society yet to undergo major social and economic development, particularly by INDUSTRIALIZATION and MODERNIZATION.
- a process whereby a society, especially its economy, changes under the influence of another society which becomes dominant. Baran (1957), Furtado (1964) and FRANK (1967b) formulated the concept in opposition to prevailing economic theories of change in the THIRD WORLD, and in particular to the theory of MODERNIZATION in the SOCIOLOGY OF DEVELOPMENT. As argued by Frank and Baran, ECONOMIC SURPLUS is said to be transferred out of the dominated society, making economic growth there difficult or impossible. Commercial ports and élites in the Third World absorb some of the surplus, but most is absorbed in the dominant societies in a METROPOLIS-SATELLITE relationship. The underdeveloped economy has certain activities encouraged at the expense of others. The industrial countries were interested in developing mineral and agricultural products from the Third World as supplies to their own economies. The Third World countries were in turn seen as potential markets for manufactured goods. Thus, underdevelopment was a condition which already industrialized societies had not experienced. This led to the conclusion that the processes of industrialization experienced in Western Europe and the US were not repeatable in the Third World, not least since the starting points were radically different. This economic relationship had important consequences for social, political and cultural processes, so broadening out the concept of underdevelopment to embrace most aspects of society.
The concept has been criticized by Marxists for being overreliant on reference to market forces to explain economic problems in the Third World, for overstressing external rather than internal processes, for underestimating the prospects of industrialization in the Third World, and for having a weak concept of economic surplus at its centre (Brenner, 1977). However, shorn of its more particular usages, the term is frequently used to refer to Third World societies because of the central notion that they confront problems of development different from those faced by the already industrialized countries. See also DEPENDENCY THEORY, WORLD SYSTEMS. Compare IMPERIALISM, ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT, UNEVEN DEVELOPMENT.MedicalSeeunderdevelopedunderdevelopment
Words related to underdevelopmentnoun state of inadequate developmentRelated Wordsnoun (photography) inadequate processing of film resulting in inadequate contrastRelated Words- photography
- picture taking
- developing
- development
|