| 单词 | productivity | ||||||
| 释义 | productivitypro·duc·tiv·i·tyP0581200 (prō′dŭk-tĭv′ĭ-tē, prŏd′ək-)productivity(ˌprɒdʌkˈtɪvɪtɪ)
productivityproductivitynounproduce(prəˈdjuːs) verbproductivity→ 生产力zhCNproductivityproductivity,in economics, the output of any aspect of production per unit of input. It is a measure of the output of a worker, machine, or an entire national economy in the creation of goods and services to produce wealth. Output can be measured in output per acre for land, per hour for labor, or as a yearly percentage for capital. A high national productivity typically indicates efficient production of goods and services and a competitive economy, but productivity growth can occur during periods of recession and increased unemployment as businesses cut jobs and seek to become more efficient. Productivity in the United States rose an average of 2.5% each year in the 1950s and 60s, then only 1% per year during the 1970s and 80s. Low industrial productivity (especially in the automotive industry) in the United States was a major concern in the 1970s and 80s, as Japanese innovations in assembly linesassembly line,manufacturing technique in which a product is carried by some form of mechanized conveyor among stations at which the various operations necessary to its assembly are performed. It is used to assemble quickly large numbers of a uniform product. ..... Click the link for more information. and other manufacturing operations led to greater productivity gains in that country; Japan's resulting competitive edge led to increased exports to the United States and was a factor in the downturn in U.S. business in those decades. During the 1990s and 2000s manufacturing productivity increases averaged 4% (overall nonfarm productivity was 2.2%), but during much of the decade American productivity increases were matched or surpassed by those in many European countries and Japan. Average U.S. productivity increases were even higher until the Great Recession (2007–9), and then dropped significantly. productivity[‚prä‚dək′tiv·əd·ē]ProductivityIn a business or industrial context, the ratio of output production to input effort. The productivity ratio is an indicator of the efficiency with which an enterprise converts its resources (inputs) into finished goods or services (outputs). If the goal is to increase productivity, this can be done by producing more output with the same level of input. Productivity can also be increased by producing the same output with fewer inputs. One problem with trying to measure productivity is that a decision must be made in terms of identifying the inputs and outputs and how they will be measured. This is relatively easy when productivity of an individual is considered, but it becomes difficult when productivity involves a whole company or a nation. Industry and government officials have adopted three common types of productivity measures. Partial productivity is the simplest type of productivity measure; a single type of input is selected for the productivity ratio. The company or organization selects an input factor that it monitors in daily activity. Direct labor hours is a factor that most companies monitor because they pay their employees based on hours worked. Total factor productivity is a productivity measure combines that labor and capital, two of the most common input factors used in the partial productivity measure. This measure is often used at the national level, because many governments collect statistics on both labor and capital. In calculating at the national level, the gross national product (GNP) is used as the output. Total productivity is a productivity measure that incorporates all the inputs required to make a product or provide a service. The inputs could be grouped in various categories as long as they determine the total inputs required to produce an output. Many factors affect productivity. Some general categories for these factors are product, process, labor force, capacity, external influences, and quality. There are many different plans that companies develop in an attempt to improve productivity. Wage incentive plans and changes in management structure are two ways that companies focus on the labor force. Investment in research and development allows companies to develop new products and processes that are more productive. Quality improvement programs can reduce waste and provide more competitive products at a lower cost. See Methods engineering, Operations research, Production planning productivityThe products and services we create. In computer advertising, productivity is an overused buzzword. How amazing that every new hardware and software product makes us all more productive. Naturally, the ads never mention the hours of training people need to use it effectively and the wasted time dealing with tech support afterwards. New systems have a tendency to not work the way we expect (see Systemantics). See productivity software.productivityproductivity(prō′dŭk-tĭv′ĭ-tē, prŏd′ək-)productivitythe amount of material in terms of BIOMASS or energy generated in a given time in an ECOSYSTEM over and above the STANDING CROP.Patient discussion about productivityQ. Is it safe for teenagers to use weight loss products? This isn't an ethical question, but quite literally asking if it is safe for a teenager to use weight loss solutions like weight loss milkshakes and other things of that nature.Thanks in advance! Q. i am diabetic :( what is the right diet for me? should i avoid sugar based products? what is the amount of sugar in the blood that consider to be normal ? Q. are colon cleansing products safe and are they beneficial? productivityProductivityProductivityproductivityproductivitythe relationship between the physical output of a product and the factor inputs which have gone into producing that output. Productivity is usually measured in terms of output per man hour, an improvement in productivity showing up as an increase in output per man hour.Productivity is important to a firm because it enables the firm to establish a COMPETITIVE ADVANTAGE over rival suppliers: a. given output can be produced at a lower resource cost, enabling a firm to supply this output at a lower price; or alternatively the firm can now produce more output from the same amount of inputs, enabling the firm to increase its total profit return. A high rate of growth of output per man hour also puts the firm in a better position to absorb inflationary cost pressures arising from wage increases and increases in raw material prices, should it be difficult (see PRICES AND INCOMES controls) or competitively inopportune to increase prices on a pro rata basis. A firm can improve its productivity in a variety of ways, including the adoption of better working practices (particularly the removal of RESTRICTIVE LABOUR PRACTICES) and pay-incentive schemes (for example PROFIT-RELATED PAY and PROFIT-SHARING schemes); the adoption of methods for economizing on the STOCKHOLDING of raw materials (for example the JUST-IN-TIME stock ordering system). An especially important source of productivity improvement is the use of superior production methods (for example switching from labour-intensive BATCH PRODUCTION to continuous capital-intensive MASS-PRODUCTION processes), and investment in the latest ‘state-of-the-art’ technologies (for example COMPUTER-AIDED MANUFACTURING systems (CAM) and COMPUTER-AIDED DESIGN (CAD)). See LEAN MANUFACTURING, ECONOMIC GROWTH, EXPERIENCE CURVE, SPECIALIZATION, HOSHIN. productivitythe relationship between the OUTPUT of an economic unit and the FACTOR INPUTS that have gone into producing that output. Productivity is usually measured in terms of output per man hour to facilitate interfirm, interindustry and intercountry comparisons. An increase in productivity occurs when output per man hour is raised. The main source of productivity increases is the use of more and better CAPITAL STOCK (see CAPITAL WIDENING and CAPITAL DEEPENING).This important point can be illustrated in the following three stages:
productivity
Synonyms for productivity
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productivity - the quality of being productive or having the power to produce