social work
social work
social work
so′cial work`
n.
social work
| Noun | 1. |  social work - any of various services designed to aid the poor and aged and to increase the welfare of children |
| 单词 | social work | |||
| 释义 | social worksocial worksocial workso′cial work`n. social work
social(ˈsəuʃəl) adjectivesocial worksocial work,organized effort to help individuals and families to adjust themselves to the community, as well as to adapt the community to the needs of such persons and families.Modern Social WorkModern social work employs three methods of assistance: case work, group work, and community organization. Case work is the method by which individual persons and families are assisted. The person in need of case work may be physically, mentally, or socially handicapped. Among those regarded as socially handicapped are: the unemployed, the homeless, members of broken families, alcoholics, drug addicts, and neglected or problem children. To determine the cause of maladjustment, the social worker must understand individual psychology as well as the sociology of the community. Physicians, psychiatrists, and other specialists may be required to help diagnose the difficulty. Social group work is exemplified by the social settlement, the supervised playground and gymnasium, and the classroom, where handicrafts may be learned. The community may be called upon to provide the buildings and grounds for such activities; often the services of volunteers and of public groups are utilized; in recent years people living in poverty areas have been employed to work in and direct poverty projects in their own communities. Through community organization the welfare work of single agencies as well as of whole communities is directed, cooperation between public and private agencies is secured, and funds are raised and administered. The funds required by private agencies are often pooled in a community chestcommunity chest, The Development of Social WorkSocial work emerged as a profession out of the early efforts of churches and philanthropic groups to relieve the effects of poverty, to bring the comforts of religion to the poor, to promote temperance and encourage thrift, to care for children, the sick, and the aged, and to correct the delinquent. Orphanages and homes for the elderly were typical results of these activities. The word charity best describes the early activities, which were aimed at the piecemeal alleviation of particular maladjustments. In such charitable work the principal criterion in determining aid to families was worthiness, while the emphasis in later social work was on restoring individuals to normal life both for their own sake and for the sake of the community. The first attempts to solve the problem of poverty in a modern scientific way was made by P. G. F. Le Play, who in the 1850s made a detailed study of the budgets of hundreds of French workers' families. Forty years later Charles Booth investigated wages and prices, working conditions, housing and health, standards of living, and leisure activities among the poor of London and revealed the extreme poverty of a third of the population. Booth's social survey became a method for determining the extent of social maladjustment, and through surveys in other cities in Europe and the United States a vast number of facts were accumulated, and methods were developed that provided the basis for modern social work. In 1874 the National Conference of Charities and Correction (now called the National Conference on Social Welfare) was organized in the United States. Public relief and private philanthropic effort remained largely matters of local and state concern until after 1930, when the federal government entered the field of social work on a large scale to cope with the effects of the Great DepressionGreat Depression, BibliographySee I. A. Spergel, Community Problem Solving (1969); R. E. Smith and D. Zietz, American Social Welfare Institutions (1970); W. C. Richan and A. R. Mendelsohn, Social Work (1973). social workthe organized provision of personal welfare services to people in need, including the poor, the physically and mentally disabled, the aged, children in need, etc. Social work also includes work with delinquents and criminals, e.g. the probation service, which is as much an adjunct of policing as concerned simply with the provision of welfare. The twin goals of social welfare and social control can be seen as concerns present in most types of social work. Arising from the new urban conditions which accompanied rapid industrialization in the 19th-century, at first social work was provided by private individuals or voluntary bodies. In modern industrial societies, social work has become increasingly professionalized and is now mainly provided by statutory agencies. Training in social work has usually included a major emphasis on sociology. Psychoanalytic perspectives, and more recently a knowledge of law, have also figured strongly. Reflecting in part these disciplinary differences, orientations to social work have sometimes emphasized attitudinal or personality changes at the individual level as the key to effective intervention, while at other times, e.g. radical or Marxist orientations to social work, directing attention to the underlying socioeconomic causes of individual problems has been seen as part of the role of the social worker. see also RADICAL SOCIAL WORK.social worksocial workwork[werk]social workSee SWK social work
Words related to social work
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