perfume

per·fume

P0189800 (pûr′fyo͞om′, pər-fyo͞om′)n.1. A substance that emits and diffuses a fragrant odor, especially a volatile liquid distilled from flowers or prepared synthetically.2. A pleasing, agreeable scent or odor. See Synonyms at fragrance.tr.v. (pər-fyo͞om′) per·fumed, per·fum·ing, per·fumes To fill or permeate with fragrance; impart a pleasant odor to.

[French parfum, from Old Italian parfumo, from parfumare, to fill with smoke : par-, intensive pref. (from Latin per-, per-) + fumare, to smoke (from Latin fūmāre, from fūmus, smoke).]

perfume

n 1. (Clothing & Fashion) a mixture of alcohol and fragrant essential oils extracted from flowers, spices, etc, or made synthetically, used esp to impart a pleasant long-lasting scent to the body, stationery, etc. See also cologne, toilet water 2. a scent or odour, esp a fragrant one vb (tr) to impart a perfume to [C16: from French parfum, probably from Old Provençal perfum, from perfumar to make scented, from per through (from Latin) + fumar to smoke, from Latin fumāre to smoke]

per•fume

(n. ˈpɜr fyum, pərˈfyum; v. pərˈfyum, ˈpɜr fyum)

n., v. -fumed, -fum•ing. n. 1. a substance that diffuses or imparts an agreeable or attractive smell, esp. a fluid containing fragrant natural oils extracted from flowers, woods, etc., or similar synthetic oils. 2. the scent, odor, or volatile particles emitted by substances that smell agreeable. v.t. 3. (of substances, flowers, etc.) to impart a pleasant fragrance to. 4. to permeate with a sweet odor; scent. [1525–35; earlier parfume (n.) < Middle French parfum, n. derivative of parfumer (v.) < obsolete Italian parfumare (modern profumare). See per-, fume] per′fume•less, adj. per′fum•y, adj. syn: perfume, fragrance, aroma all refer to agreeable odors. perfume often indicates a strong, rich smell: the perfume of flowers. fragrance is usu. applied to a sweet, delicate, and fresh smell, esp. from growing things: the fragrance of new-mown hay. aroma is usu. restricted to a distinctive, pervasive, somewhat spicy smell: the aroma of coffee.

perfume

silence - Lack of flavor in a distilled spirit or lack of scent in a flower, perfume, or spice is a "silence."
perfume, eau de toilette, cologne, eau de cologne - Perfume or parfum is 20–40% oil and the highest concentration; eau de toilette is 10–18% oil, and cologne or eau de cologne is 3–9% oil.
attar - A flower's essence, used for perfume.
toilet water, eau de toilette - Eau de toilette, or toilet water, is a dilute form of perfume.

perfume

Past participle: perfumed
Gerund: perfuming

Imperative
perfume
perfume

Present
I perfume
you perfume
he/she/it perfumes
we perfume
you perfume
they perfume

Preterite
I perfumed
you perfumed
he/she/it perfumed
we perfumed
you perfumed
they perfumed

Present Continuous
I am perfuming
you are perfuming
he/she/it is perfuming
we are perfuming
you are perfuming
they are perfuming

Present Perfect
I have perfumed
you have perfumed
he/she/it has perfumed
we have perfumed
you have perfumed
they have perfumed

Past Continuous
I was perfuming
you were perfuming
he/she/it was perfuming
we were perfuming
you were perfuming
they were perfuming

Past Perfect
I had perfumed
you had perfumed
he/she/it had perfumed
we had perfumed
you had perfumed
they had perfumed

Future
I will perfume
you will perfume
he/she/it will perfume
we will perfume
you will perfume
they will perfume

Future Perfect
I will have perfumed
you will have perfumed
he/she/it will have perfumed
we will have perfumed
you will have perfumed
they will have perfumed

Future Continuous
I will be perfuming
you will be perfuming
he/she/it will be perfuming
we will be perfuming
you will be perfuming
they will be perfuming

Present Perfect Continuous
I have been perfuming
you have been perfuming
he/she/it has been perfuming
we have been perfuming
you have been perfuming
they have been perfuming

Future Perfect Continuous
I will have been perfuming
you will have been perfuming
he/she/it will have been perfuming
we will have been perfuming
you will have been perfuming
they will have been perfuming

Past Perfect Continuous
I had been perfuming
you had been perfuming
he/she/it had been perfuming
we had been perfuming
you had been perfuming
they had been perfuming

Conditional
I would perfume
you would perfume
he/she/it would perfume
we would perfume
you would perfume
they would perfume

Past Conditional
I would have perfumed
you would have perfumed
he/she/it would have perfumed
we would have perfumed
you would have perfumed
they would have perfumed

Thesaurus

Noun	1.	perfume - a distinctive odor that is pleasantfragrance, scent, aromaodour, olfactory perception, olfactory sensation, smell, odor - the sensation that results when olfactory receptors in the nose are stimulated by particular chemicals in gaseous form; "she loved the smell of roses"incense - the pleasing scent produced when incense is burned; "incense filled the room"
	2.	perfume - a toiletry that emits and diffuses a fragrant odoressencecologne water, eau de cologne, cologne - a perfumed liquid made of essential oils and alcoholpachouli, patchouli, patchouly - a heavy perfume made from the patchouli plantperfumery - perfumes in generalpotpourri - a jar of mixed flower petals and spices used as perfumerose water - perfume consisting of water scented with oil of rosestoilet articles, toiletry - artifacts used in making your toilet (washing and taking care of your body)eau de toilette, toilet water - a perfumed liquid lighter than cologne
Verb	1.	perfume - fill or impregnate with an odor; "orange blossoms perfumed the air in the garden"aromatise, aromatizeodorize, odourise, scent - cause to smell or be smelly
	2.	perfume - apply perfume to; "She perfumes herself every day"scentneaten, groom - care for one's external appearance; "He is always well-groomed"

perfume

noun1. fragrance, scent, essence, incense, cologne, eau de toilette, eau de cologne, attar The room smelled of her mother's perfume.2. scent, smell, fragrance, bouquet, aroma, odour, sweetness, niff (Brit. slang), redolence, balminess the perfume of roses

perfume

nounA sweet or pleasant odor:aroma, bouquet, fragrance, redolence, scent.verbTo fill with a pleasant odor:aromatize, scent.

Translations

香水使...发香洒香水于...上香味

perfume

(ˈpəːfjuːm) noun1. a sweet smell or fragrance. the perfume of roses.香味2. a liquid, cream etc which has a sweet smell when put on the skin, hair, clothes etc. She loves French perfume(s).香水 (pəˈfjuːm) verb1. to put perfume on or in. She perfumed her hair.洒香水于...上2. to give a sweet smell to. Flowers perfumed the air.使...发香perˈfumery (-ˈfjuː-) – plural perˈfumeries – noun a shop where perfume is sold or a factory where it is made. 香料店

perfume

→ 香水zhCN

perfume

perfume,

aroma produced by the essential oils of plants and by synthetic aromatics. The burning of incenseincense,
perfume diffused by the burning of aromatic gums or spices. Incense was used in ancient Egypt, Greece, and Rome and is mentioned in the Old and the New Testaments. It is also found in the major religions of Asia.
..... Click the link for more information. that accompanied the religious rites of ancient China, Palestine, and Egypt led gradually to the personal use of perfume. In Greece, where flower scents were first developed, the use of perfume became widespread. In Rome perfume was used extravagantly. During the Middle Ages the Crusaders brought the knowledge of perfumery back to Europe from the East. It was at this time that animal substances were first added as fixatives—muskmusk,
odorous substance secreted by an abdominal gland of the musk deer, used in perfume as a scent and fixative. The gland, found only in males, grows to the size of a hen's egg; the secretion is reddish-brown, with a honeylike consistency and a strong odor that may function in
..... Click the link for more information. , ambergrisambergris
, waxlike substance originating as a morbid concretion in the intestine of the sperm whale. Lighter than water, it is found floating on tropical seas or cast up on the shore in yellow, gray, black, or variegated masses, usually a few ounces in weight, though pieces
..... Click the link for more information. , civetcivet
or civet cat,
any of a large group of mostly nocturnal mammals of the Old World family Viverridae (civet family), which also includes the mongoose. Civets are not true cats, but the civet family is related to the cat family (Felidae).
..... Click the link for more information. , and castoreum (from the beaverbeaver,
either of two large aquatic rodents, Castor fiber and Castor canadensis, known for their engineering feats. They were once widespread in N and central Eurasia except E Siberia, and in North America from the arctic tree line to the S United States.
..... Click the link for more information. ). Italian perfumers settled in Paris (after 1500), and thereafter France became the leader of the industry. After 1500 scents became fashionable; both men and women wore an ornamental pomander or pouncet-box (dry-scent box), which hung from the waist. Each wealthy household had a "still room" where perfume was prepared by the women. Since the early 19th cent., chemists have analyzed many essential oils and have produced thousands of synthetics, some imitating natural products and others yielding new scents. Most perfumes today are blends of natural and synthetic scents and of fixatives that equalize vaporization of the blends and add pungency. The ingredients are usually combined with alcohol for liquid scents and with fatty bases for many cosmetics. Leading producers of perfume oils are the East Indies, Réunion island, and S France. Bulgaria and Turkey are noted for attar of rosesattar of roses
, or rose oil,
fragrant essential oil obtained from roses and used in making perfume. It is one of the most valuable of the volatile oils. Rose water is water in which a small amount of the oil is dissolved.
..... Click the link for more information. , Algeria for geranium oils, Italy for citrus oils, and England for lavender and mint. The great fashion houses of Paris are renowned for perfumes that carry their names. See eau de Cologneeau de Cologne
, dilute perfume [commonly called cologne in English] introduced c.1709 in Cologne, Germany, by Jean Marie Farina. It was probably a modification of a popular formula made before 1700 by Paul Feminis, an Italian in Cologne, and was based on bergamot and other
..... Click the link for more information. .

Bibliography

See E. Sagarin, The Science and Art of Perfumery (2d ed. 1955); R. Genders, Perfume through the Ages (1972).

Perfume

(pop culture)

Perfume: The Story of a Murderer, one of the most unique of modern vampire novels, was released in Germany as Das Perfum in 1985. Its author was Patrick Susskind (b. 1949) The novel concerns one Jean-Baptiste Grenouille, an eighteenth-century Frenchman born with no body odor of his own, who discovers that he possesses a most developed sense of smell. As he gains a wider range of olfactory experiences, he was drawn to a young woman with a beautiful odor. He kills her attempting to capture it.

Grenouille eventually found his way to the great perfume maker Baldini of Paris, who begins giving him a formal education in creating perfumes. Grenouille later perfects his art, capturing the essence of various flowering plants while at Grasse, the center of the perfume industry. But his goal is to devise a technique for capturing the essence of humans, and when he succeeds, he concocts a scheme to make the ultimate perfumes from the combined essences of a number of beautiful women. This action of stealing the life essence of his victims is essentially vampiric in nature. The end result, the perfume, also makes him capable of using it to manipulate those around him, most notably those who arrest, try and convict him and then the crowd which gathers to watch his execution. In the end, all, including the father of one of his victims, declare him innocent. He, however, remains an empty shell of a human being.

The novel was successful internationally and has remained in print in several languages. In 2006, a film adaptation, Perfume: The Story of a Murderer, was released. Co-written and directed by Tom Tykwer, it starred Ben Whishaw and Dustin Hoffman.

Sources:

Suskind, Patrick. Perfume. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1986. 255 pp.

Peterson, Cassandra see: Elvira

Perfume

alcohol or alcohol-water solutions of mixtures of odoriferous substances, perfume compositions, and infusions used as aromatizers. Perfume compositions are made from more than 300 natural and synthetic odoriferous substances obtained from plant, animal, and chemical raw materials. Plant substances, or volatile oils (from steam distillation or extracts), are used alone as scents (rose, coriander, sandalwood oils), as raw materials for making synthetic essences (coriander, sassafras, and anise), and in the form of infusions (patchouli leaves, coriander seeds, or oak moss). Animal substances (amber, civet, and musk) are used only in the form of infusions.

On the average, a perfume composition contains 15 to 60 or more essences. Crystalline essences are first dissolved in one of the liquid nonvolatile components. Depending on the type of raw material, the process of extracting the essence lasts from several hours to a year. The raw material is treated with alcohol two or three times for more complete extraction of the essence. The perfumes themselves are prepared in hermetically sealed devices or cisterns equipped with mechanical mixers or pumps; in some devices the mixing is done by bubble flasks. Water and a small amount of water-soluble dye are added to some types of perfumes after the composition is dissolved. Proteinaceous substances, waxes, and other impurities that are insoluble in alcohol precipitate out during solution of the essences. Finished perfumes are poured into flasks in vacuum pouring machines. The entire operation of finishing the flasks (sealing, labeling, testing the seal, and packing) is done on automated machines or with the aid of special conveyor devices.

The persistence of a perfume odor on cotton-textile fabric must be no less than 30 hours. Perfumes usually contain 10-25 percent composition, although some contain up to 50 percent. Perfumes are divided into two groups according to their odors: flower perfumes, which simulate the odor of one or more flowers, and perfumes created by the imagination of the perfumers. Perfumes may have a light, delicate odor (Lirika, Lei’, or Ellada) or a strong odor (Kamennyi Tsvetok, Chaika, Yaroslavna). Perfume should be protected from the action of sunlight. It is guaranteed to keep for 12 months from the time of manufacture; perfumes of the “deluxe” group are guaranteed for 15 months.

perfume

per·fume

perfume

per•fume

perfume

perfume

perfume

perfume

perfume

perfume

perfume

perfume,

Bibliography

Perfume

Perfume

perfume

Synonyms for perfume

noun fragrance

Synonyms

noun scent

Synonyms

Synonyms for perfume

noun a sweet or pleasant odor

Synonyms

verb to fill with a pleasant odor

Synonyms

Synonyms for perfume

noun a distinctive odor that is pleasant

Synonyms

Related Words

noun a toiletry that emits and diffuses a fragrant odor

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verb fill or impregnate with an odor

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verb apply perfume to

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