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pericarditis
per·i·car·di·tis P0191300 (pĕr′ĭ-kär-dī′tĭs)n. Inflammation of the pericardium.pericarditis (ˌpɛrɪkɑːˈdaɪtɪs) n (Pathology) inflammation of the pericardium pericarditic adjper•i•car•di•tis (ˌpɛr ɪ kɑrˈdaɪ tɪs)
n. inflammation of the pericardium. [1790–1800] per`i•car•dit′ic (-ˈdɪt ɪk) adj. pericarditisan inflamed condition of the pericardium, the membrane that surrounds the heart.See also: HeartThesaurus| Noun | 1. | pericarditis - inflammation of the pericardiumcarditis - inflammation of the heart |
Translations
Pericarditis
pericarditis[‚per·ə‚kär′dīd·əs] (medicine) Inflammation of the pericardium. Pericarditis inflammation of the pericardium. Among the causative agents of infectious pericarditis in man are cocci, viruses, and Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Sensitization of the pericardium by the products of tissue protein degradation and by bacterial toxins plays a role in the development of infectious pericarditis. Such an allergic mechanism may also be an independent pathogenetic factor. Rheumatic pericarditis is the commonest form. Among the causes of noninfectious pericarditis are uremia, myocardial infarction, trauma, and postoperative factors. There is also a benign pericarditis of unknown etiology (idiopathic pericarditis). Fibrinous pericarditis, in which a dry film (fibrin) is deposited on the layers of the pericardium, occurs in tuberculosis, uremia, and myocardial infarction. Pericarditis with effusion, in which the pericardial cavity is filled with an exudate, may be serous or serofibrinous (tuberculous, rheumatic, idiopathic pericarditis), hemorrhagic (tuberculous pericarditis and various tumors), or purulent or pyogenic, which may result from a pulmonary abscess. Symptoms of pericarditis include malaise, fever, chills, and sweating; the blood exhibits changes. In dry pericarditis, additional symptoms are pain in the heart and a pericardial friction rub. Additional symptoms in pericarditis with effusion are poor general condition, palpitation, dyspnea, distention of the veins of the neck, bulging of the heart, and widening of the cardiac silhouette owing to the exudate. The outcome of pericarditis may be complete resorption of the exudate or formation of adhesions and fusion of the layers of the pericardium. Treatment, depending on the cause of pericarditis, may be antirheumatic, antitubercular, and so on. Antibiotics, antiallergy and anti-inflammatory drugs, and symptomatic treatment are also used. If necessary, the exudate is removed by puncture or surgery. REFERENCESJonaš, V. Chastnaia kardiologiia, 3rd ed. Prague, 1963. (Translated from Czech.)
Miasnikov, A. L. Vnutrennie bolezni. Moscow, 1967.A. Z. CHERNOV Pericarditis in animals, often due to injury, occurs in cattle and, less often, in other ruminants. It is caused by metallic and other sharp objects entering the rumen with food, perforating the wall of the reticulum and diaphragm, and traumatizing the pericardium, causing inflammation and accumulation of exudate. Initial symptoms include tenderness in the heart region, groaning, rejection of food, and slackening of rumination. Later symptoms include distension of the neck veins, edema of the dewlap and intermaxillary space, widening of the cardiac silhouette, a pericardial friction rub and clapotement (splashing sound), and intermittent fever. Since the prognosis is unfavorable, the sick animals are killed, and their meat is used only on the instructions of a veterinarian. Prevention involves keeping pastures, food storage areas, barnyards, and cattle passes free of metallic objects and removing metallic objects from free-flowing feed by magnets. REFERENCEVnutrennie nezaraznye bolezni sel’skokhoziaistvennykh zhivotnykh, 4th ed. [Edited by I. G. Sharabrin.] Moscow, 1972.N. M. PREOBRAZHENSKII pericarditis
Pericarditis DefinitionPericarditis is an inflammation of the two layers of the thin, sac-like membrane that surrounds the heart. This membrane is called the pericardium, so the term pericarditis means inflammation of the pericardium.DescriptionPericarditis is fairly common. It affects approximately one in 1,000 people. The most common form is caused by infection with a virus. People in their 20s and 30s who have had a recent upper respiratory infection are most likely to be affected, along with men aged 20-50. One out of every four people who have had pericarditis will get it again, but after two years these relapses are less likely.Causes and symptomsThe viruses that cause pericarditis include those that cause influenza, polio, and rubella (German measles). In children, the most common viruses that cause pericarditis are the adenovirus and the cocksackievirus (which is most likely to affect children during warmer weather).Although pericarditis is usually caused by a virus, it also can be caused by an injury to the heart or it can follow a heart attack. It may also be caused by certain inflammatory diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis or systemic lupus erythematosus. Bacteria, fungi, parasites, tuberculosis, cancer or kidney failure may also affect the pericardium. Sometimes the cause is unknown.There are several forms of pericarditis, depending on the cause.Acute pericarditisThis is caused by infection with a virus, bacteria, or fungus—usually in the lungs and upper respiratory tract. This form of the disease causes a sharp, severe pain that starts in the region of the breastbone. If the pericarditis is caused by a bacteria, it is called bacterial or purulent pericarditis.Cardiac tamponadeSometimes fluid collects between the heart and the pericardium. This is called pericardial effusion, and may lead to a condition called cardiac tamponade. When the fluid accumulates, it can squeeze the heart and prevent it from filling with blood. This keeps the rest of the body from getting the necessary supply of oxygen and can cause dangerously low blood pressure. A cardiac tamponade can happen when the chest is injured during surgery, radiation therapy, or an accident. Cardiac tamponade is a serious medical emergency and must be treated immediately.Constrictive pericarditisWhen the pericardium is scarred or thickened, the heart has difficulty contracting. This is because the pericardium has shrunken or tightened around the heart, constricting the muscle's heart movement. This usually occurs as a result of tuberculosis, which now is rarely found in the United States, except in immigrant, AIDS, and prison populations.Symptoms of pericarditisSymptoms likely to be associated with pericarditis include:- rapid breathing
- breathlessness
- dry cough
- fever and chills
- weakness
- broken blood vessels (hemorrhages) in the mucus membrane of the eyes, the back, the chest, fingers, and toes
- feelings of anxiety
- A sharp or dull pain that starts in the front of the chest under the breastbone and radiates to the left side of the neck, upper abdomen, and left shoulder the pain is less intense when the patient sits up or leans forward and worsens when lying down; it may worsen with a deep breath, like pleurisy, which may accompany pericarditis
In cardiac tamponade, neck veins may be swollen and blood pressure may be very low.DiagnosisThe heart of a person with pericarditis is likely to produce a grating sound (friction rub) when heard through a stethoscope. This sound occurs because the roughened pericardium surfaces are rubbing against each other.The following tests will also help diagnose pericarditis and what is causing it:- electrocardiograph (ECG) and echocardiogram to distinguish between pericarditis and a heart attack.
- x ray to show the traditional "water bottle" shadow around the heart that is often seen in pericarditis where there is a sufficient fluid build up.
- computed tomography scan (CT scan) of the chest.
- heart catheterization to view the heart's chambers and valves.
- pericardiocentesis to test for viruses, bacteria, fungus, cancer, and tuberculosis.
- blood tests such as LDH and CPK to measure cardiac enzymes and distinguish between a heart attack and pericarditis, as well as a complete blood count (CBC) to look for infection.
TreatmentSince most pericarditis is caused by a virus and will heal naturally, there is no specific, curative treatment. Ordinary antibiotics do not work against viruses. Pericarditis that comes from a virus usually clears up in two weeks to three months. Medications may be used to reduce inflammation, however. They include nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), such as ibuprofen and aspirin. Corticosteroids are helpful if the pericarditis was caused by a heart attack or systemic lupus erythematosus. Analgesics (painkillers such as aspirin or acetaminophen) also may be given.If the pericarditis recurs, removal of all or part of the pericardium (pericardiectomy) may be necessary. In the case of constrictive pericarditis, the pericardiectomy may be necessary to remove the stiffened  Cardiac tamponade occurs when fluid collects in the pericardial sac between the heart and the surrounding pericardium. A medical emergency, cardiac tamponade deprives the body of oxygen and requires immediate treatment. (Illustration by Electronic Illustrators Group.)parts of the pericardium that are preventing the heart from beating correctly.If a cardiac tamponade is present, it may be necessary to drain excess fluid from the pericardium. Pericardiocentesis, the same procedure used for testing, will be used to withdraw the fluid.For most people, home care with rest and medications to relieve pain are sufficient. A warm heating pad or compress also may help relieve pain. Sitting in an upright position and bending forward helps relieve discomfort. A person with pericarditis may also be kept in bed, with the head of the bed elevated to reduce the heart's need to work hard as it pumps blood. Along with painkillers and antibiotics, diuretic drugs ("water pills") to reduce fluids may also be used judiciously.PrognosisPrognosis is good. Most people recover within three weeks to several months and do not need any additional treatment.Key termsComputed tomography (CT) scan — A CT scan uses x rays to scan the body from many angles. A computer compiles the x rays into a picture of the area being studied. The images are viewed on a monitor and printed-out.Echocardiogram — An echocardiogram bounces sound waves off the heart to create a picture of its chambers and valves.Electrocardiogram (ECG) — An ECG is a test to measure electrical activity in the heart.Heart catheterization — A heart catheterization is used to view the heart's chamber and valves. A tube (catheter) is inserted into an artery, usually in the groin. A dye is then put into the artery through the tube. The dye makes its way to the heart to create an image of the heart on x-ray film. The image is photographed and stored for further examination.Pericardiocentesis — Pericardiocentesis is a procedure used to test for viruses, bacteria, and fungus. The physician puts a small tube through the skin, directly into the pericardial sac, and withdraws fluid. The fluid then is tested for viruses, bacteria, and fungus.Pericardium — The pericardium is the thin, sac-like membrane that surrounds the heart. It has two layers: the serous pericardium and the fibrous pericardium.PreventionThere is no way to prevent pericarditis, but a healthy lifestyle with proper nutrition and exercise will help keep the body's immune system strong and more likely to fight off invading microorganisms.ResourcesOrganizationsAmerican Heart Association. 7320 Greenville Ave. Dallas, TX 75231. (214) 373-6300 or (800) 242-8721. inquire@heart.org. http://www.americanheart.org.National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute. P.O. Box 30105, Bethesda, MD 20824-0105. (301) 251-1222. http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov.pericarditis [per″ĭ-kahr-di´tis] inflammation of the pericardium. adj., adj pericardit´ic.Types of Pericarditis. There are many forms of pericarditis. Acute pericarditis is usually secondary to some other bacterial infection, such as osteomyelitis, lung abscess, or pneumonia. It may also occur without bacterial infection, resulting from a tumor, rheumatic heart disease, uremia, coronary thrombosis, myocardial infarction, chest wound, or surgery in which the pericardium is pierced. It may be dry, or fibrinous, with a fibrinous exudate on the serous membrane, or accompanied by effusion, accumulation of fluid in the pericardial cavity.
Occasionally the pericardium is affected directly by what appears to be a virus; this condition is called acute nonspecific pericarditis.
Another form, chronic pericarditis, is usually adhesive; that is, the heart is anchored to surrounding tissues by adhesions. It sometimes follows acute pericarditis, but often the cause is unknown. In its constrictive form (chronic constrictive pericarditis), which may be tuberculous in origin, calcium and fibrous deposits may form around the heart and interfere with its movements. This form may be extremely serious and difficult to cure.Symptoms and Treatment. The symptoms of acute pericarditis vary with the cause but usually include chest pain and dyspnea, an increase in the pulse rate, and a rise in temperature. There is often a pericardial friction rub with serial changes on the electrocardiogram. In dry pericarditis the friction rub is distinct, caused by deposits of fibrin, and may be heard through a stethoscope. In the effusive form, the excess accumulation of pericardial fluid can be detected by x-rays or electrocardiography. The excess fluid is sometimes drained by pericardiocentesis.
Treatment of acute pericarditis is directed mainly at curing its original cause. Antibiotics have proved successful in treating bacterial pericarditis. Many patients with nonspecific pericarditis with effusion are helped dramatically by cortisone medications.
In the constrictive form of chronic pericarditis there may be dyspnea and pain in the heart region, plus symptoms elsewhere in the body, such as edema, enlargement of the liver, or distention of the neck veins. The best means of treatment is surgery to remove the constrictions and permit free heart action.per·i·car·di·tis (per'i-kar-dī'tis), Inflammation of the pericardium.pericarditis (pĕr′ĭ-kär-dī′tĭs)n. Inflammation of the pericardium.pericarditis Cardiology Inflammation of the pericardium Etiology Infection–eg, polio, influenza, rubella, adenovirus, coxsackieviruses, TB, rheumatic fever, injury or trauma to chest, esophagus, heart; systemic diseases such as CA, kidney failure, leukemia, AIDS or AIDS related disorders, autoimmune disorders, acute MI, myocarditis, RT to chest, immunosuppressants Clinical Pain due to rubbing of pericardium against heart, pericardial effusion Types Bacterial pericarditis, constrictive pericarditis, post-MI pericarditis DiffDx Restrictive cardiomyopathy. See Bacterial pericarditis, Constrictive pericarditis, Dressler syndrome. per·i·car·di·tis (per'i-kahr-dī'tis) Inflammation of the pericardium. pericarditis Inflammation of the membranous bag surrounding the heart (the PERICARDIUM). Pericarditis may be associated with an accumulation of fluid (pericardial effusion) in the pericardial sac or with adhesions between the layers of the sac. Either may embarrass the heart action. Treatment may involve withdrawing fluid through a needle or surgery to relieve constriction.pericarditis an inflammation of the PERICARDIUM.Dressler, William, U.S. physician, 1890-1969. Dressler beat - presence of Dressler beats strongly supporting the diagnosis of ventricular tachycardia by interruption of it.Dressler syndrome - Synonym(s): pericarditisper·i·car·di·tis (per'i-kahr-dī'tis) Inflammation of the pericardium. AcronymsSeePCARDpericarditis
Related to pericarditis: constrictive pericarditis, uremic pericarditisWords related to pericarditisnoun inflammation of the pericardiumRelated Words |