perineural anesthesia

anesthesia

[an″es-the´ze-ah] 1. lack of feeling or sensation.2. artificially induced loss of ability to feel pain, done to permit the performance of surgery or other painful procedures. It may be produced by a number of agents (anesthetics) capable of bringing about partial or complete loss of sensation.(See accompanying table.)Patient Care. Interventions of the health care team will be individualized based on the type of procedure the patient has undergone and the type of anesthesia administered. Patients recovering from general anesthesia must be assessed constantly until they have reacted. The vital signs and blood pressure are checked regularly; any sudden change is reported immediately. They must be observed to see that the airway is clear at all times. The observation is in specialized recovery rooms called postanesthesia care units that are equipped with a variety of monitors to measure such variables as blood pressure, respiratory and pulse rates, cardiac output, body temperature, fluid balance, and oxygenation. When necessary, patients are initially managed with ventilators that inflate the lungs mechanically through endotracheal tubes. Changes in breathing pattern, eye movements, lacrimation, and muscle tone are indicators for the depth of anesthesia. Breathing patterns are the most sensitive of these.
When patients are awakening from general anesthesia they may be restless, attempting to get out of bed or even striking out at those around them because they are afraid and disoriented. This state is called emergence delirium and should be assessed, as it can indicate hypoxia. Retrograde amnesia may be associated with the administration of anesthesia and adjuncts, causing the patient to forget events occurring in the immediate postoperative period.ambulatory anesthesia anesthesia performed on an outpatient basis for ambulatory surgery.balanced anesthesia anesthesia that uses a combination of drugs, each in an amount sufficient to produce its major or desired effect to the optimum degree and to keep undesirable effects to a minimum.basal anesthesia a reversible state of central nervous system depression produced by preliminary medication so that the inhalation of anesthetic necessary to produce surgical anesthesia is greatly reduced.block anesthesia regional anesthesia.caudal anesthesia a type of regional anesthesia that was used in childbirth between the 1940s and the 1960s. The anesthetizing solution, usually procaine, was injected into the caudal area of the spinal canal through the lower end of the sacrum and affected the caudal nerve roots, rendering the cervix, vagina, and perineum insensitive to pain. Called also caudal block.central anesthesia lack of sensation caused by disease of the nerve centers.closed circuit anesthesia that produced by continuous rebreathing of a small amount of anesthetic gas in a closed system with an apparatus for removing carbon dioxide.compression anesthesia loss of sensation resulting from pressure on a nerve.crossed anesthesia loss of sensation on one side of the face and loss of pain and temperature sense on the opposite side of the body.dissociated anesthesia (dissociation anesthesia) loss of perception of certain stimuli while that of others remains intact.electric anesthesia anesthesia induced by passage of an electric current.endotracheal anesthesia anesthesia produced by introduction of a gaseous mixture through a tube inserted into the trachea.epidural anesthesia regional anesthesia produced by injection of the anesthetic agent into the epidural space. It may be performed by injection of the agent between the vertebral spines in the cervical, thoracic, or lumbar regions. An old method was anesthesia" >caudal anesthesia, which involved injecting the agent into the sacral hiatus. Called also epidural block.general anesthesia a state of unconsciousness produced by anesthestic agents, with absence of pain sensation over the entire body and a greater or lesser degree of muscular relaxation; the drugs producing this state can be administered by inhalation, intravenously, intramuscularly, or rectally, or via the gastrointestinal tract.gustatory anesthesia loss of the sense of taste.hysterical anesthesia loss of tactile sensation occurring as a symptom of conversion disorder, often recognizable by its lack of correspondence with nerve distributions.infiltration anesthesia local anesthesia produced by injection of the anesthetic solution directly into the area of terminal nerve endings. Called also infiltration analgesia.inhalation anesthesia anesthesia produced by the respiration of a volatile liquid or gaseous anesthetic agent.insufflation anesthesia anesthesia produced by introduction of a gaseous mixture into the trachea through a tube.local anesthesia that produced in a limited area, as by injection of a local anesthetic or by freezing with ethyl chloride.open anesthesia general inhalation anesthesia in which there is no rebreathing of the exhaled gases.paraneural anesthesia perineural block.paravertebral anesthesia regional anesthesia produced by the injection of a local anesthetic around the spinal nerves at their exit from the spinal column, and outside the spinal dura. Called also paravertebral block.perineural anesthesia perineural block.peripheral anesthesia lack of sensation due to changes in the peripheral nerves.rectal anesthesia anesthesia produced by introduction of the anesthetic agent into the rectum.refrigeration anesthesia cryoanesthesia.regional anesthesia insensibility caused by interrupting the sensory nerve conductivity of any region of the body; the two primary types are field block, the encircling of an operative field by means of injections of a local anesthetic and nerve block, the making of injections in close proximity to the nerves supplying the area. Called also block.saddle block anesthesia block" >saddle block.segmental anesthesia loss of sensation in a segment of the body due to a lesion of a nerve root.spinal anesthesia anesthesia due to a spinal lesion.regional anesthesia produced by injection of the agent beneath the membrane of the spinal cord. Called also spinal block.surgical anesthesia that degree of anesthesia at which operation may safely be performed.tactile anesthesia loss of the sense of touch" >touch.topical anesthesia that produced by application of a local anesthetic directly to the area involved.

per·i·neu·ral an·es·the·si·a

(per'i-nūr'ăl an'es-thē'zē-ă) Anesthesia produced by injection of an anesthetic agent around a nerve.

anesthesia

(an?es-the'zha) [ ¹an- + esthesi- + -ia] 1. Partial or complete loss of sensation, with or without loss of consciousness, as a result of disease, injury, or administration of an anesthetic agent, usually by injection or inhalation.

Patient care

Preoperative:Before induction of anesthesia, contact lenses, hearing aids, dentures (partial plates as well as full sets), wristwatches, and jewelry are removed. The anesthesiologist or nurse-anesthetist interviews and examines the patient briefly, assessing general respiratory and cardiovascular health. The patient is questioned regarding compliance with prescribed preoperative fasting. The American Society of Anesthesiologists Guidelines recommend minimum fasting as follows: 2 hours for clear liquids, 4 hours for breast milk, 6 hours for formula, nonhuman milk, or a light meal (tea and toast), and 8 hours for a regular meal (easily remembered as “2-4-6-8”). These guidelines may be modified by individual surgeons for particular patients and their conditions. Baseline vital signs are assessed and recorded. An ECG, CBC, serum chemistries, and urinalysis are ordered for many general surgeries unless results of recent tests are available. Allergies, previous surgeries, and any untoward responses to anesthetic agents are reviewed, along with any special patient restrictions. If a menstruating female is using a tampon, it is removed and replaced with a perineal pad. Depending on the patient’s health status and the planned procedure, nasal oxygen, monitoring electrodes, and graduated compression stockings are applied. An intravenous route is established, and, after determining that the proper informed consent form has been signed, induction relaxation medication is administered.

Postoperative: During emergence from general anesthesia, the patient's airway is protected and vital signs monitored. Level of consciousness, status of protective reflexes, motor activity, and emotional state are evaluated. The patient is reoriented to person, place, and time; this information is repeated as often as necessary. For patients who have received ketamine, a quiet area with minimal stimulation is provided. Children may be disoriented, hallucinatory, or physically agitated as they emerge from general anesthesia. A security toy and the presence of parents may help them maintain orientation and composure. The temperatures of elderly patients should be monitored, heat loss prevented, and, as necessary, active rewarming provided. The mental status and level of consciousness of each patient should be carefully observed for changes. Patients' eyeglasses and hearing aids are returned to them as soon as possible. Before nerve block anesthesia, an intravenous infusion is established to ensure hydration. The patient is protected with side rails and other safety measures, and the anesthetized body part is protected from prolonged pressure. For regional anesthesia, sympathetic blockade is assessed by monitoring sensory levels along with vital signs (the block will wear off from head to toe, except for the sacrum and perineum, which wear off last). In obstetrics, maternal hypotension results in diminished placental perfusion and potential fetal compromise; therefore, hydration and vital signs must be closely monitored. Outcomes indicating returned sympathetic innervation include stable vital signs and temperature, ability to vasoconstrict, perianal pinprick sensations (“anal wink”), plantar flexion of the foot against resistance, and ability to sense whether the great toe is flexed or extended. The patient must tolerate oral fluids (unless restricted) and urinate before discharge. If the patient is at risk for postanesthesia headache, oral or intravenous hydration is administered, and the patient is encouraged to remain flat in bed. Prescribed analgesics are administered, and comfort measures, breathing exercises, abdominal support, and position changes are provided.

2. The science and practice of anesthesiology.

basal anesthesia

A level of unconsciousness just above the level of complete surgical anesthesia. The patient does not respond to verbal stimuli but does react to noxious stimuli (e.g., a pinprick). Basal anesthesia may be combined with local or regional anesthesia in some forms of surgery.

block anesthesia

A regional anesthetic injected into a nerve (intraneurally) or immediately around it (paraneurally). Synonym: conduction anesthesia; neural anesthesia

bulbar anesthesia

Anesthesia produced by a lesion of the pons.

caudal anesthesia

Anesthesia produced by insertion of a needle into the sacrococcygeal notch and injection of a local anesthetic into the epidural space. Synonym: caudal catheter

central anesthesia

Pathological anesthesia due to a lesion of the central nervous system.

closed anesthesia

A method of inhalation anesthesia in which exhaled gases are rebreathed. This requires appropriate treatment of the exhaled gas to absorb the expired carbon dioxide and to replenish the oxygen and the anesthetic.

conduction anesthesia

Block anesthesia

crossed anesthesia

Anesthesia of the side opposite to the site of a central nervous system lesion.

dissociative anesthesia

A type of anesthesia marked by catalepsy, amnesia, and marked analgesia. The patient experiences a strong feeling of dissociation from the environment.

anesthesia dolorosa

1. Pain or reduced sensation limited to either the occipital nerve or a branch of the trigeminal nerve.2. Pain in an anesthetized zone, as in thalamic lesions.

electric anesthesia

Anesthesia induced with electric current.

electronic dental anesthesia

Abbreviation: EDA
In dentistry, the use of low levels of electric current to block pain signals en route to the brain. The patient controls the current through a handheld control. The current creates no discomfort and, unlike local anesthesia, leaves no numbness to wear off once the dental work is completed. See: audioanalgesia; patient-controlled analgesia

endotracheal anesthesia

Anesthesia in which gases are administered via a tube inserted into the trachea.

EPIDURAL ANESTHESIA

epidural anesthesia

Anesthesia produced by injection of a local anesthetic into the peridural space of the spinal cord. Synonym: peridural anesthesia See: illustration

ethylene anesthesia

Ethylene given as a combination of oxygen 20%, cyclopropane 10%, and ethylene 70%. Because it is a rather weak anesthetic, volatile and inflammable, it is rarely, if ever, used.

general anesthesia

Anesthesia that produces complete loss of consciousness. General anesthesia is a medically controlled coma. Patients under general anesthesia do not respond to words or touch and cannot breathe spontaneously or protect their airway.

Gwathmey's anesthesia

See: Gwathmey, James

hypotensive anesthesia

Anesthesia during which the blood pressure is lowered.

hypothermic anesthesia

General anesthesia during which the body temperature is lowered.

hysterical anesthesia

Bodily anesthesia occurring in conversion disorders.

inadequate anesthesia

Anesthesia in which the patient is not comfortably sedated or relieved of pain. Common findings are spontaneous eye opening, grimacing, swallowing, or sweating. Vital signs may reveal unexpected hypertension or tachycardia.

infiltration anesthesia

, infiltrative anesthesiaLocal anesthesia produced by an injection of an anesthetic directly into the tissues.

inhalation anesthesia

General anesthesia produced by the inhalation of vapor or gaseous anesthetics, e.g., ether, nitrous oxide, and methoxyflurane.

insufflation anesthesia

Instillation of gaseous anesthetics into the inhaled air.

intrapleural anesthesia

See: interpleural analgesia

intrathecal anesthesia

Intrathecal analgesia.

intratracheal anesthesia

Anesthesia administered through a catheter advanced through the upper airway and vocal cords into the trachea.

local anesthesia

The pharmacological inhibition of nerve impulses in a body part. It is typically used to facilitate treatment of a small lesion or laceration or to perform minor surgery. Commonly used agents include lidocaine, bupivacaine, or novocaine. All local anesthetic agents work by decreasing the flow of sodium ions into nerve cells, blocking the action potential of the cells. See: block anesthesia; infiltration anesthesia

mixed anesthesia

General anesthesia produced by more than one drug, such as propofol for induction, followed by an inhaled drug for maintenance of anesthesia.

neural anesthesia

Block anesthesia.

neuraxial anesthesia

Caudal, epidural, or spinal anesthesia.

open anesthesia

Application, usually by dropping, of a volatile anesthetic agent onto gauze held over the nose and mouth.

paravertebral anesthesia

Injection of a local anesthetic at the roots of spinal nerves.

peridural anesthesia

Epidural anesthesia.

perineural anesthesia

Perineural analgesia.

peripheral anesthesia

Local anesthesia produced when a nerve is blocked with an appropriate agent.

primary anesthesia

The first stage of general anesthesia, before unconsciousness.

pudendal anesthesia

Local anesthesia used primarily in obstetrics (e.g., to facilitate pelvic surgery or childbirth). The pudendal nerve on each side, near the spinous process of the ischium, is blocked.

rectal anesthesia

General anesthesia produced by introduction of an anesthetic agent into the rectum, used esp. in managing pediatric patients.

refrigeration anesthesia

An obsolete synonym for cryoanesthesia.

regional anesthesia

Nerve or field blocking, causing loss of sensation in a dermatome innervated by a specific nerve. See: block anesthesia; infiltration anesthesia

saddle block anesthesia

Anesthesia produced by introducing the anesthetic agent into the fourth lumbar interspace to anesthetize the perineum and the buttocks.

segmental anesthesia

Anesthesia due to a pathological or surgically induced lesion of a nerve root.

sexual anesthesia

Loss of genital sensation, with accompanying secondary sexual dysfunction.

INJECTION OF SPINAL ANESTHESIA

spinal anesthesia

1. Anesthesia resulting from disease or injury to conduction pathways of the spinal cord. 2. Anesthesia produced by injection of anesthetic into the subarachnoid space of the spinal cord.

Side effects

Common adverse reactions to spinal anesthesia include backache, bradycardia, headache, lowered blood pressure, and urinary retention.

Synonym: subarachnoid block See: illustration

splanchnic anesthesia

Anesthesia produced by injection of an anesthetic into the splanchnic ganglion.

stages of anesthesia

The distinct series of steps through which anesthesia progresses. The first stage of pharmacologically induced general anesthesia includes preliminary excitement until voluntary control is lost. Because hearing is the last sense to be lost, the conversation of operating room staff should be guarded during this stage. The second stage consists of loss of voluntary control. In the third stage there is entire relaxation, no muscular rigidity, and deep regular breathing.

surgical anesthesia

Depth of anesthesia at which relaxation of muscles and loss of sensation and consciousness are adequate for the performance of surgery.

tactile anesthesia

Loss of sense of touch.

topical anesthesia

Local anesthesia induced by application of an anesthetic directly onto the surface of the area to be anesthetized.

total intravenous anesthesia

Abbreviation: TIVA
The sole use of intravenous drugs without any inhalational agents for operative or procedural anesthesia.

traumatic anesthesia

Loss of sensation resulting from nerve injury.

tumescent anesthesia

The injection of large volumes of diluted lidocaine, bicarbonate, and epinephrine subcutaneously for use in local anesthesia. This procedure is most often used before liposuction to limit blood loss and pain.

twilight anesthesia

State of light anesthesia. See: twilight sleep

单词	perineural anesthesia
释义	DictionarySeeanesthesia perineural anesthesia anesthesia [an″es-the´ze-ah] 1. lack of feeling or sensation.2. artificially induced loss of ability to feel pain, done to permit the performance of surgery or other painful procedures. It may be produced by a number of agents (anesthetics) capable of bringing about partial or complete loss of sensation.(See accompanying table.)Patient Care. Interventions of the health care team will be individualized based on the type of procedure the patient has undergone and the type of anesthesia administered. Patients recovering from general anesthesia must be assessed constantly until they have reacted. The vital signs and blood pressure are checked regularly; any sudden change is reported immediately. They must be observed to see that the airway is clear at all times. The observation is in specialized recovery rooms called postanesthesia care units that are equipped with a variety of monitors to measure such variables as blood pressure, respiratory and pulse rates, cardiac output, body temperature, fluid balance, and oxygenation. When necessary, patients are initially managed with ventilators that inflate the lungs mechanically through endotracheal tubes. Changes in breathing pattern, eye movements, lacrimation, and muscle tone are indicators for the depth of anesthesia. Breathing patterns are the most sensitive of these. When patients are awakening from general anesthesia they may be restless, attempting to get out of bed or even striking out at those around them because they are afraid and disoriented. This state is called emergence delirium and should be assessed, as it can indicate hypoxia. Retrograde amnesia may be associated with the administration of anesthesia and adjuncts, causing the patient to forget events occurring in the immediate postoperative period.ambulatory anesthesia anesthesia performed on an outpatient basis for ambulatory surgery.balanced anesthesia anesthesia that uses a combination of drugs, each in an amount sufficient to produce its major or desired effect to the optimum degree and to keep undesirable effects to a minimum.basal anesthesia a reversible state of central nervous system depression produced by preliminary medication so that the inhalation of anesthetic necessary to produce surgical anesthesia is greatly reduced.block anesthesia regional anesthesia.caudal anesthesia a type of regional anesthesia that was used in childbirth between the 1940s and the 1960s. The anesthetizing solution, usually procaine, was injected into the caudal area of the spinal canal through the lower end of the sacrum and affected the caudal nerve roots, rendering the cervix, vagina, and perineum insensitive to pain. Called also caudal block.central anesthesia lack of sensation caused by disease of the nerve centers.closed circuit anesthesia that produced by continuous rebreathing of a small amount of anesthetic gas in a closed system with an apparatus for removing carbon dioxide.compression anesthesia loss of sensation resulting from pressure on a nerve.crossed anesthesia loss of sensation on one side of the face and loss of pain and temperature sense on the opposite side of the body.dissociated anesthesia (dissociation anesthesia) loss of perception of certain stimuli while that of others remains intact.electric anesthesia anesthesia induced by passage of an electric current.endotracheal anesthesia anesthesia produced by introduction of a gaseous mixture through a tube inserted into the trachea.epidural anesthesia regional anesthesia produced by injection of the anesthetic agent into the epidural space. It may be performed by injection of the agent between the vertebral spines in the cervical, thoracic, or lumbar regions. An old method was anesthesia" >caudal anesthesia, which involved injecting the agent into the sacral hiatus. Called also epidural block.general anesthesia a state of unconsciousness produced by anesthestic agents, with absence of pain sensation over the entire body and a greater or lesser degree of muscular relaxation; the drugs producing this state can be administered by inhalation, intravenously, intramuscularly, or rectally, or via the gastrointestinal tract.gustatory anesthesia loss of the sense of taste.hysterical anesthesia loss of tactile sensation occurring as a symptom of conversion disorder, often recognizable by its lack of correspondence with nerve distributions.infiltration anesthesia local anesthesia produced by injection of the anesthetic solution directly into the area of terminal nerve endings. Called also infiltration analgesia.inhalation anesthesia anesthesia produced by the respiration of a volatile liquid or gaseous anesthetic agent.insufflation anesthesia anesthesia produced by introduction of a gaseous mixture into the trachea through a tube.local anesthesia that produced in a limited area, as by injection of a local anesthetic or by freezing with ethyl chloride.open anesthesia general inhalation anesthesia in which there is no rebreathing of the exhaled gases.paraneural anesthesia perineural block.paravertebral anesthesia regional anesthesia produced by the injection of a local anesthetic around the spinal nerves at their exit from the spinal column, and outside the spinal dura. Called also paravertebral block.perineural anesthesia perineural block.peripheral anesthesia lack of sensation due to changes in the peripheral nerves.rectal anesthesia anesthesia produced by introduction of the anesthetic agent into the rectum.refrigeration anesthesia cryoanesthesia.regional anesthesia insensibility caused by interrupting the sensory nerve conductivity of any region of the body; the two primary types are field block, the encircling of an operative field by means of injections of a local anesthetic and nerve block, the making of injections in close proximity to the nerves supplying the area. Called also block.saddle block anesthesia block" >saddle block.segmental anesthesia loss of sensation in a segment of the body due to a lesion of a nerve root.spinal anesthesia anesthesia due to a spinal lesion.regional anesthesia produced by injection of the agent beneath the membrane of the spinal cord. Called also spinal block.surgical anesthesia that degree of anesthesia at which operation may safely be performed.tactile anesthesia loss of the sense of touch" >touch.topical anesthesia that produced by application of a local anesthetic directly to the area involved. per·i·neu·ral an·es·the·si·a (per'i-nūr'ăl an'es-thē'zē-ă) Anesthesia produced by injection of an anesthetic agent around a nerve. anesthesia (an?es-the'zha) [ ¹an- + esthesi- + -ia] 1. Partial or complete loss of sensation, with or without loss of consciousness, as a result of disease, injury, or administration of an anesthetic agent, usually by injection or inhalation. Patient care Preoperative:Before induction of anesthesia, contact lenses, hearing aids, dentures (partial plates as well as full sets), wristwatches, and jewelry are removed. The anesthesiologist or nurse-anesthetist interviews and examines the patient briefly, assessing general respiratory and cardiovascular health. The patient is questioned regarding compliance with prescribed preoperative fasting. The American Society of Anesthesiologists Guidelines recommend minimum fasting as follows: 2 hours for clear liquids, 4 hours for breast milk, 6 hours for formula, nonhuman milk, or a light meal (tea and toast), and 8 hours for a regular meal (easily remembered as “2-4-6-8”). These guidelines may be modified by individual surgeons for particular patients and their conditions. Baseline vital signs are assessed and recorded. An ECG, CBC, serum chemistries, and urinalysis are ordered for many general surgeries unless results of recent tests are available. Allergies, previous surgeries, and any untoward responses to anesthetic agents are reviewed, along with any special patient restrictions. If a menstruating female is using a tampon, it is removed and replaced with a perineal pad. Depending on the patient’s health status and the planned procedure, nasal oxygen, monitoring electrodes, and graduated compression stockings are applied. An intravenous route is established, and, after determining that the proper informed consent form has been signed, induction relaxation medication is administered. Postoperative: During emergence from general anesthesia, the patient's airway is protected and vital signs monitored. Level of consciousness, status of protective reflexes, motor activity, and emotional state are evaluated. The patient is reoriented to person, place, and time; this information is repeated as often as necessary. For patients who have received ketamine, a quiet area with minimal stimulation is provided. Children may be disoriented, hallucinatory, or physically agitated as they emerge from general anesthesia. A security toy and the presence of parents may help them maintain orientation and composure. The temperatures of elderly patients should be monitored, heat loss prevented, and, as necessary, active rewarming provided. The mental status and level of consciousness of each patient should be carefully observed for changes. Patients' eyeglasses and hearing aids are returned to them as soon as possible. Before nerve block anesthesia, an intravenous infusion is established to ensure hydration. The patient is protected with side rails and other safety measures, and the anesthetized body part is protected from prolonged pressure. For regional anesthesia, sympathetic blockade is assessed by monitoring sensory levels along with vital signs (the block will wear off from head to toe, except for the sacrum and perineum, which wear off last). In obstetrics, maternal hypotension results in diminished placental perfusion and potential fetal compromise; therefore, hydration and vital signs must be closely monitored. Outcomes indicating returned sympathetic innervation include stable vital signs and temperature, ability to vasoconstrict, perianal pinprick sensations (“anal wink”), plantar flexion of the foot against resistance, and ability to sense whether the great toe is flexed or extended. The patient must tolerate oral fluids (unless restricted) and urinate before discharge. If the patient is at risk for postanesthesia headache, oral or intravenous hydration is administered, and the patient is encouraged to remain flat in bed. Prescribed analgesics are administered, and comfort measures, breathing exercises, abdominal support, and position changes are provided. 2. The science and practice of anesthesiology. basal anesthesia A level of unconsciousness just above the level of complete surgical anesthesia. The patient does not respond to verbal stimuli but does react to noxious stimuli (e.g., a pinprick). Basal anesthesia may be combined with local or regional anesthesia in some forms of surgery. block anesthesia A regional anesthetic injected into a nerve (intraneurally) or immediately around it (paraneurally). Synonym: conduction anesthesia; neural anesthesia bulbar anesthesia Anesthesia produced by a lesion of the pons. caudal anesthesia Anesthesia produced by insertion of a needle into the sacrococcygeal notch and injection of a local anesthetic into the epidural space. Synonym: caudal catheter central anesthesia Pathological anesthesia due to a lesion of the central nervous system. closed anesthesia A method of inhalation anesthesia in which exhaled gases are rebreathed. This requires appropriate treatment of the exhaled gas to absorb the expired carbon dioxide and to replenish the oxygen and the anesthetic. conduction anesthesia Block anesthesia crossed anesthesia Anesthesia of the side opposite to the site of a central nervous system lesion. dissociative anesthesia A type of anesthesia marked by catalepsy, amnesia, and marked analgesia. The patient experiences a strong feeling of dissociation from the environment. anesthesia dolorosa 1. Pain or reduced sensation limited to either the occipital nerve or a branch of the trigeminal nerve.2. Pain in an anesthetized zone, as in thalamic lesions. electric anesthesia Anesthesia induced with electric current. electronic dental anesthesia Abbreviation: EDA In dentistry, the use of low levels of electric current to block pain signals en route to the brain. The patient controls the current through a handheld control. The current creates no discomfort and, unlike local anesthesia, leaves no numbness to wear off once the dental work is completed. See: audioanalgesia; patient-controlled analgesia endotracheal anesthesia Anesthesia in which gases are administered via a tube inserted into the trachea.EPIDURAL ANESTHESIA epidural anesthesia Anesthesia produced by injection of a local anesthetic into the peridural space of the spinal cord. Synonym: peridural anesthesia See: illustration ethylene anesthesia Ethylene given as a combination of oxygen 20%, cyclopropane 10%, and ethylene 70%. Because it is a rather weak anesthetic, volatile and inflammable, it is rarely, if ever, used. general anesthesia Anesthesia that produces complete loss of consciousness. General anesthesia is a medically controlled coma. Patients under general anesthesia do not respond to words or touch and cannot breathe spontaneously or protect their airway. Gwathmey's anesthesia See: Gwathmey, James hypotensive anesthesia Anesthesia during which the blood pressure is lowered. hypothermic anesthesia General anesthesia during which the body temperature is lowered. hysterical anesthesia Bodily anesthesia occurring in conversion disorders. inadequate anesthesia Anesthesia in which the patient is not comfortably sedated or relieved of pain. Common findings are spontaneous eye opening, grimacing, swallowing, or sweating. Vital signs may reveal unexpected hypertension or tachycardia. infiltration anesthesia , infiltrative anesthesiaLocal anesthesia produced by an injection of an anesthetic directly into the tissues. inhalation anesthesia General anesthesia produced by the inhalation of vapor or gaseous anesthetics, e.g., ether, nitrous oxide, and methoxyflurane. insufflation anesthesia Instillation of gaseous anesthetics into the inhaled air. intrapleural anesthesia See: interpleural analgesia intrathecal anesthesia Intrathecal analgesia. intratracheal anesthesia Anesthesia administered through a catheter advanced through the upper airway and vocal cords into the trachea. local anesthesia The pharmacological inhibition of nerve impulses in a body part. It is typically used to facilitate treatment of a small lesion or laceration or to perform minor surgery. Commonly used agents include lidocaine, bupivacaine, or novocaine. All local anesthetic agents work by decreasing the flow of sodium ions into nerve cells, blocking the action potential of the cells. See: block anesthesia; infiltration anesthesia mixed anesthesia General anesthesia produced by more than one drug, such as propofol for induction, followed by an inhaled drug for maintenance of anesthesia. neural anesthesia Block anesthesia. neuraxial anesthesia Caudal, epidural, or spinal anesthesia. open anesthesia Application, usually by dropping, of a volatile anesthetic agent onto gauze held over the nose and mouth. paravertebral anesthesia Injection of a local anesthetic at the roots of spinal nerves. peridural anesthesia Epidural anesthesia. perineural anesthesia Perineural analgesia. peripheral anesthesia Local anesthesia produced when a nerve is blocked with an appropriate agent. primary anesthesia The first stage of general anesthesia, before unconsciousness. pudendal anesthesia Local anesthesia used primarily in obstetrics (e.g., to facilitate pelvic surgery or childbirth). The pudendal nerve on each side, near the spinous process of the ischium, is blocked. rectal anesthesia General anesthesia produced by introduction of an anesthetic agent into the rectum, used esp. in managing pediatric patients. refrigeration anesthesia An obsolete synonym for cryoanesthesia. regional anesthesia Nerve or field blocking, causing loss of sensation in a dermatome innervated by a specific nerve. See: block anesthesia; infiltration anesthesia saddle block anesthesia Anesthesia produced by introducing the anesthetic agent into the fourth lumbar interspace to anesthetize the perineum and the buttocks. segmental anesthesia Anesthesia due to a pathological or surgically induced lesion of a nerve root. sexual anesthesia Loss of genital sensation, with accompanying secondary sexual dysfunction.INJECTION OF SPINAL ANESTHESIA spinal anesthesia 1. Anesthesia resulting from disease or injury to conduction pathways of the spinal cord. 2. Anesthesia produced by injection of anesthetic into the subarachnoid space of the spinal cord. Side effects Common adverse reactions to spinal anesthesia include backache, bradycardia, headache, lowered blood pressure, and urinary retention. Synonym: subarachnoid block See: illustration splanchnic anesthesia Anesthesia produced by injection of an anesthetic into the splanchnic ganglion. stages of anesthesia The distinct series of steps through which anesthesia progresses. The first stage of pharmacologically induced general anesthesia includes preliminary excitement until voluntary control is lost. Because hearing is the last sense to be lost, the conversation of operating room staff should be guarded during this stage. The second stage consists of loss of voluntary control. In the third stage there is entire relaxation, no muscular rigidity, and deep regular breathing. surgical anesthesia Depth of anesthesia at which relaxation of muscles and loss of sensation and consciousness are adequate for the performance of surgery. tactile anesthesia Loss of sense of touch. topical anesthesia Local anesthesia induced by application of an anesthetic directly onto the surface of the area to be anesthetized. total intravenous anesthesia Abbreviation: TIVA The sole use of intravenous drugs without any inhalational agents for operative or procedural anesthesia. traumatic anesthesia Loss of sensation resulting from nerve injury. tumescent anesthesia The injection of large volumes of diluted lidocaine, bicarbonate, and epinephrine subcutaneously for use in local anesthesia. This procedure is most often used before liposuction to limit blood loss and pain. twilight anesthesia State of light anesthesia. See: twilight sleep
随便看	wscs wsc-sd wscsd wscsi wscso wscsr wsct wsctc wsctd wscte wscts wscu wscuhsd wscvb wscvo wscwg wscya wscyc wsd wsd3 wsda ws-dai wsdap wsdapi wsdar