state

S0715100 (stāt)n.1. a. A condition or mode of being, as with regard to circumstances: The office was in a state of confusion.b. A condition of being in a stage or form, as of structure, growth, or development: the fetal state.c. A mental or emotional condition: in a manic state.d. Informal A condition of excitement or distress: was in a state over going to the prom.e. Social position or rank.2. Physics The condition of a physical system with regard to phase, form, composition, or structure: Ice is the solid state of water.3. Ceremony; pomp: foreign leaders dining in state at the White House.4. a. The supreme public power within a sovereign political entity: the state intervening in the economy.b. The sphere of supreme civil power within a given polity: matters of state.c. A specific kind of government: the socialist state.d. A body politic, especially one constituting a nation: the states of Eastern Europe.e. One of the more or less internally autonomous territorial and political units composing a federation under a sovereign government: the 48 contiguous states of the Union.adj.1. Of or relating to a body politic or to an internally autonomous territorial or political unit constituting a federation under one government: a monarch dealing with state matters; the department that handles state security.2. Owned and operated by a state: state universities.tr.v. stat·ed, stat·ing, states To set forth in words; declare.

[Middle English, from Old French estat, from Latin status; see stā- in Indo-European roots.]

stat′a·ble, state′a·ble adj.Synonyms: state, condition, situation, status
These nouns denote the mode of being or form of existence of a person or thing: an old factory in a state of disrepair; a jogger in healthy condition; a police officer responding to a dangerous situation; the uncertain status of the peace negotiations.

state

(steɪt) n1. the condition of a person, thing, etc, with regard to main attributes2. the structure, form, or constitution of something: a solid state. 3. any mode of existence4. position in life or society; estate5. ceremonious style, as befitting wealth or dignity: to live in state. 6. (Government, Politics & Diplomacy) a sovereign political power or community7. (Government, Politics & Diplomacy) the territory occupied by such a community8. (Government, Politics & Diplomacy) the sphere of power in such a community: affairs of state. 9. (Government, Politics & Diplomacy) (often capital) one of a number of areas or communities having their own governments and forming a federation under a sovereign government, as in the US10. (Government, Politics & Diplomacy) (often capital) the body politic of a particular sovereign power, esp as contrasted with a rival authority such as the Church11. obsolete a class or order; estate12. informal a nervous, upset, or excited condition (esp in the phrase in a state)13. lie in state (of a body) to be placed on public view before burial14. state of affairs a situation; present circumstances or condition15. state of play the current situationmodifier16. (Government, Politics & Diplomacy) controlled or financed by a state: state university. 17. (Government, Politics & Diplomacy) of, relating to, or concerning the State: State trial. 18. involving ceremony or concerned with a ceremonious occasion: state visit. vb (tr; may take a clause as object) 19. to articulate in words; utter20. to declare formally or publicly: to state one's innocence. 21. to resolve[C13: from Old French estat, from Latin status a standing, from stāre to stand] ˈstatable, ˈstateable adj ˈstatehood n

state

art at start (steɪt)

n., adj., v. stat•ed, stat•ing. n. 1. the condition of a person or thing, as with respect to circumstances or attributes: the state of one's health. 2. the condition of matter with respect to structure, form, phase, or the like: water in a gaseous state. 3. status, rank, or position in life; station. 4. the formal or elaborate style befitting a person of wealth and high rank: to travel in state. 5. a particular condition of mind or feeling: an excited state. 6. an abnormally tense, nervous, or perturbed condition: in a state over losing one's job. 7. a politically unified people occupying a definite territory; nation. 8. the territory or authority of a state. 9. (sometimes cap.) any of the bodies politic or political units that together make up a federal union, as in the United States of America. 10. the body politic as organized for civil rule and government: separation of church and state. 11. the sphere of the highest civil authority and administration: affairs of state. 12. the States, the United States (usu. used outside its borders). adj. 13. of or pertaining to the central civil government or authority. 14. of, maintained by, or under the authority of a unit of a federal union: a state highway. 15. characterized by, attended with, or involving ceremony: a state dinner. 16. used on or reserved for occasions of ceremony. v.t. 17. to declare definitely or specifically. 18. to set forth formally in speech or writing. 19. to set forth in proper or definite form: to state a problem. 20. to say. 21. to fix or settle, as by authority. Idioms: lie in state, (of a corpse) to be exhibited publicly with honors before burial. [1175–1225; Middle English stat (n.), partly aph. variant of estat estate, partly < Latin status condition (see status); in definitions 7–11 < Latin status (rērum) state (of things) or status (reī pūblicae) state (of the republic)] stat′a•ble, state′a•ble, adj.

State

of princes: princes collectively—Bk. of St. Albans, 1486.

state

Past participle: stated
Gerund: stating

Imperative
state
state

Present
I state
you state
he/she/it states
we state
you state
they state

Preterite
I stated
you stated
he/she/it stated
we stated
you stated
they stated

Present Continuous
I am stating
you are stating
he/she/it is stating
we are stating
you are stating
they are stating

Present Perfect
I have stated
you have stated
he/she/it has stated
we have stated
you have stated
they have stated

Past Continuous
I was stating
you were stating
he/she/it was stating
we were stating
you were stating
they were stating

Past Perfect
I had stated
you had stated
he/she/it had stated
we had stated
you had stated
they had stated

Future
I will state
you will state
he/she/it will state
we will state
you will state
they will state

Future Perfect
I will have stated
you will have stated
he/she/it will have stated
we will have stated
you will have stated
they will have stated

Future Continuous
I will be stating
you will be stating
he/she/it will be stating
we will be stating
you will be stating
they will be stating

Present Perfect Continuous
I have been stating
you have been stating
he/she/it has been stating
we have been stating
you have been stating
they have been stating

Future Perfect Continuous
I will have been stating
you will have been stating
he/she/it will have been stating
we will have been stating
you will have been stating
they will have been stating

Past Perfect Continuous
I had been stating
you had been stating
he/she/it had been stating
we had been stating
you had been stating
they had been stating

Conditional
I would state
you would state
he/she/it would state
we would state
you would state
they would state

Past Conditional
I would have stated
you would have stated
he/she/it would have stated
we would have stated
you would have stated
they would have stated

state

1. Any of the images through which a print may pass as the artist alters the design, as frequently occurs in the work of Rembrandt. If no changes are made, this may be described as the only state.” Art historians may dispute whether differences are deliberate or merely caused by wear on the plate.2. An internally autonomous territorial and political unit.

Thesaurus

Noun	1.	state - the territory occupied by one of the constituent administrative districts of a nation; "his state is in the deep south"provinceadministrative district, administrative division, territorial division - a district defined for administrative purposescommonwealth - the official name of some states in the United States (Massachusetts and Pennsylvania and Virginia and Kentucky) and associated territories (Puerto Rico)country, land, state - the territory occupied by a nation; "he returned to the land of his birth"; "he visited several European countries"eparchy - a province in ancient GreeceAmerican state - one of the 50 states of the United StatesItalian region - Italy is divided into 20 regions for administrative purposesCanadian province - Canada is divided into 12 provinces for administrative purposesAustralian state - one of the several states constituting AustraliaSoviet Socialist Republic - one of the states that formerly made up the former Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (1922-1991)
	2.	state - the way something is with respect to its main attributes; "the current state of knowledge"; "his state of health"; "in a weak financial state"attribute - an abstraction belonging to or characteristic of an entityfeeling - the experiencing of affective and emotional states; "she had a feeling of euphoria"; "he had terrible feelings of guilt"; "I disliked him and the feeling was mutual"skillfulness - the state of being cognitively skillfulcleavage - the state of being split or cleft; "there was a cleavage between the liberal and conservative members"medium - a state that is intermediate between extremes; a middle position; "a happy medium"ornamentation - the state of being ornamentedcondition - a mode of being or form of existence of a person or thing; "the human condition"condition, status - a state at a particular time; "a condition (or state) of disrepair"; "the current status of the arms negotiations"conditionality - the state of being conditionalground state - (physics) the lowest energy state of an atom or other particlenationhood - the state of being a nationsituation, state of affairs - the general state of things; the combination of circumstances at a given time; "the present international situation is dangerous"; "wondered how such a state of affairs had come about"; "eternal truths will be neither true nor eternal unless they have fresh meaning for every new social situation"- Franklin D.Rooseveltrelationship - a state of connectedness between people (especially an emotional connection); "he didn't want his wife to know of the relationship"relationship - a state involving mutual dealings between people or parties or countriestribalism - the state of living together in tribesutopia - ideally perfect state; especially in its social and political and moral aspectsdystopia - state in which the conditions of life are extremely bad as from deprivation or oppression or terrornatural state, state of nature, wild - a wild primitive state untouched by civilization; "he lived in the wild"; "they collected mushrooms in the wild"isomerism - the state of being an isomer; the complex of chemical and physical phenomena characteristic of isomersdegree, stage, level, point - a specific identifiable position in a continuum or series or especially in a process; "a remarkable degree of frankness"; "at what stage are the social sciences?"office, power - (of a government or government official) holding an office means being in power; "being in office already gives a candidate a great advantage"; "during his first year in office"; "during his first year in power"; "the power of the president"status, position - the relative position or standing of things or especially persons in a society; "he had the status of a minor"; "the novel attained the status of a classic"; "atheists do not enjoy a favorable position in American life"being, beingness, existence - the state or fact of existing; "a point of view gradually coming into being"; "laws in existence for centuries"nonbeing - the state of not beingdeath - the absence of life or state of being dead; "he seemed more content in death than he had ever been in life"employ, employment - the state of being employed or having a job; "they are looking for employment"; "he was in the employ of the city"unemployment - the state of being unemployed or not having a job; "unemployment is a serious social evil"; "the rate of unemployment is an indicator of the health of an economy"order - established customary state (especially of society); "order ruled in the streets"; "law and order"disorder - a disturbance of the peace or of public orderantagonism, enmity, hostility - a state of deep-seated ill-willconflict - a state of opposition between persons or ideas or interests; "his conflict of interest made him ineligible for the post"; "a conflict of loyalties"illumination - the degree of visibility of your environmentfreedom - the condition of being free; the power to act or speak or think without externally imposed restraintsdelegacy, representation, agency - the state of serving as an official and authorized delegate or agentdependence, dependency, dependance - the state of relying on or being controlled by someone or something elsemotion - a state of change; "they were in a state of steady motion"lifelessness, motionlessness, stillness - a state of no motion or movement; "the utter motionlessness of a marble statue"dead letter, non-issue - the state of something that has outlived its relevanceactiveness, activity, action - the state of being active; "his sphere of activity"; "he is out of action"inaction, inactiveness, inactivity - the state of being inactivetemporary state - a state that continues for a limited time
	3.	state - the group of people comprising the government of a sovereign state; "the state has lowered its income tax"authorities, government, regime - the organization that is the governing authority of a political unit; "the government reduced taxes"; "the matter was referred to higher authorities"Soviets - the government of the Soviet Union; "the Soviets said they wanted to increase trade with Europe"welfare state - a government that undertakes responsibility for the welfare of its citizens through programs in public health and public housing and pensions and unemployment compensation etc.
	4.	state - a politically organized body of people under a single government; "the state has elected a new president"; "African nations"; "students who had come to the nation's capitol"; "the country's largest manufacturer"; "an industrialized land"body politic, country, nation, res publica, commonwealth, landcommonwealth country - any of the countries in the British Commonwealthdeveloping country - a country that is poor and whose citizens are mostly agricultural workers but that wants to become more advanced socially and economicallyDominion - one of the self-governing nations in the British Commonwealthestate of the realm, the three estates, estate - a major social class or order of persons regarded collectively as part of the body politic of the country (especially in the United Kingdom) and formerly possessing distinct political rightsforeign country - any state of which one is not a citizen; "working in a foreign country takes a bit of getting used to"Reich - the German staterenegade state, rogue nation, rogue state - a state that does not respect other states in its international actionssuzerain - a state exercising a degree of dominion over a dependent state especially in its foreign affairssea power - a nation that possesses formidable naval strengthgreat power, major power, superpower, world power, power - a state powerful enough to influence events throughout the worldcity state, city-state - a state consisting of a sovereign cityally - a friendly nationpolitical entity, political unit - a unit with political responsibilities
	5.	state - (chemistry) the three traditional states of matter are solids (fixed shape and volume) and liquids (fixed volume and shaped by the container) and gases (filling the container); "the solid state of water is called ice"state of matterchemical science, chemistry - the science of matter; the branch of the natural sciences dealing with the composition of substances and their properties and reactionschemical phenomenon - any natural phenomenon involving chemistry (as changes to atoms or molecules)phase, form - (physical chemistry) a distinct state of matter in a system; matter that is identical in chemical composition and physical state and separated from other material by the phase boundary; "the reaction occurs in the liquid phase of the system"liquid state, liquidity, liquidness, liquid - the state in which a substance exhibits a characteristic readiness to flow with little or no tendency to disperse and relatively high incompressibilitysolid state, solidness, solid - the state in which a substance has no tendency to flow under moderate stress; resists forces (such as compression) that tend to deform it; and retains a definite size and shapegas, gaseous state - the state of matter distinguished from the solid and liquid states by: relatively low density and viscosity; relatively great expansion and contraction with changes in pressure and temperature; the ability to diffuse readily; and the spontaneous tendency to become distributed uniformly throughout any containerplasma - (physical chemistry) a fourth state of matter distinct from solid or liquid or gas and present in stars and fusion reactors; a gas becomes a plasma when it is heated until the atoms lose all their electrons, leaving a highly electrified collection of nuclei and free electrons; "particles in space exist in the form of a plasma"
	6.	state - a state of depression or agitation; "he was in such a state you just couldn't reason with him"colloquialism - a colloquial expression; characteristic of spoken or written communication that seeks to imitate informal speechemotional state, spirit - the state of a person's emotions (especially with regard to pleasure or dejection); "his emotional state depended on her opinion"; "he was in good spirits"; "his spirit rose"
	7.	state - the territory occupied by a nation; "he returned to the land of his birth"; "he visited several European countries"country, landadministrative district, administrative division, territorial division - a district defined for administrative purposesbanana republic - a small country (especially in Central America) that is politically unstable and whose economy is dominated by foreign companies and depends on one export (such as bananas)country of origin, fatherland, homeland, mother country, motherland, native land - the country where you were bornbuffer country, buffer state - a small neutral state between two rival powersdepartment - the territorial and administrative division of some countries (such as France)demesne, domain, land - territory over which rule or control is exercised; "his domain extended into Europe"; "he made it the law of the land"midland - the interior part of a countrykingdom - a country with a king as head of stateprovince, state - the territory occupied by one of the constituent administrative districts of a nation; "his state is in the deep south"tax haven - a country or independent region where taxes are lowEuropean country, European nation - any one of the countries occupying the European continentAfrican country, African nation - any one of the countries occupying the African continentAsian country, Asian nation - any one of the nations occupying the Asian continentSouth American country, South American nation - any one of the countries occupying the South American continentNorth American country, North American nation - any country on the North American continentsultanate - country or territory ruled by a sultan
	8.	State - the federal department in the United States that sets and maintains foreign policies; "the Department of State was created in 1789"Department of State, DoS, State Department, United States Department of Stateexecutive department - a federal department in the executive branch of the government of the United StatesFoggy Bottom - United States Department of State, which is housed in a building in a low-lying area of Washington near the Potomac RiverBureau of Diplomatic Security, DS - the bureau in the State Department that is responsible for the security of diplomats and embassies overseasForeign Service - the part of the State Department that supplies diplomats for the United States embassies and consulates around the worldBureau of Intelligence and Research, INR - an agency that is the primary source in the State Department for interpretive analyses of global developments and focal point for policy issues and activities of the Intelligence Community
Verb	1.	state - express in words; "He said that he wanted to marry her"; "tell me what is bothering you"; "state your opinion"; "state your name"say, tellpresent, lay out, represent - bring forward and present to the mind; "We presented the arguments to him"; "We cannot represent this knowledge to our formal reason"misstate - state something incorrectly; "You misstated my position"answer, reply, respond - react verbally; "She didn't want to answer"; "answer the question"; "We answered that we would accept the invitation"preface, premise, precede, introduce - furnish with a preface or introduction; "She always precedes her lectures with a joke"; "He prefaced his lecture with a critical remark about the institution"give tongue to, utter, express, verbalise, verbalize - articulate; either verbally or with a cry, shout, or noise; "She expressed her anger"; "He uttered a curse"announce, declare - announce publicly or officially; "The President declared war"enunciate, vocalise, vocalize, articulate - express or state clearlysay - state as one's opinion or judgement; declare; "I say let's forget this whole business"get out - express with difficulty; "I managed to get out a few words"declare - state emphatically and authoritatively; "He declared that he needed more money to carry out the task he was charged with"declare - make a declaration (of dutiable goods) to a customs official; "Do you have anything to declare?"note, remark, mention, observe - make mention of; "She observed that his presentation took up too much time"; "They noted that it was a fine day to go sailing"add, append, supply - state or say further; "`It doesn't matter,' he supplied"explain - define; "The committee explained their plan for fund-raising to the Dean"give - convey or reveal information; "Give one's name"sum, summarise, summarize, sum up - be a summary of; "The abstract summarizes the main ideas in the paper"
	2.	state - put before; "I submit to you that the accused is guilty"put forward, submit, positpropose, suggest, advise - make a proposal, declare a plan for something; "the senator proposed to abolish the sales tax"
	3.	state - indicate through a symbol, formula, etc.; "Can you express this distance in kilometers?"expressdenote, refer - have as a meaning; "`multi-' denotes `many' "vote - express a choice or opinion; "I vote that we all go home"; "She voted for going to the Chinese restaurant"vote - express one's choice or preference by vote; "vote the Democratic ticket"

state

noun1. country, nation, land, republic, territory, federation, commonwealth, kingdom, body politic Mexico is a secular state.2. province, region, district, area, territory, federal state Leaders of the Southern States are meeting in Louisville.3. government, ministry, administration, executive, regime, powers-that-be The state does not collect enough revenue to cover its expenditure.4. condition, shape, state of affairs When we moved here the walls and ceiling were in an awful state.5. frame of mind, condition, spirits, attitude, mood, humour When you left our place, you weren't in a fit state to drive.6. ceremony, glory, grandeur, splendour, dignity, majesty, pomp Nelson's body lay in state in the Painted Hall after the battle of Trafalgar.7. circumstances, situation, position, case, pass, mode, plight, predicament You shouldn't be lifting heavy things in your state.verb1. say, report, declare, specify, put, present, explain, voice, express, assert, utter, articulate, affirm, expound, enumerate, propound, aver, asseverate Clearly state your address and telephone number.adjective1. official, public, ceremonial, governmental a state visit to Moscowin a state (Informal)2. distressed, upset, agitated, disturbed, anxious, ruffled, uptight (informal), flustered, panic-stricken, het up, all steamed up (slang) I was in a terrible state because nobody could understand why I had this illness.3. untidy, disordered, messy, muddled, cluttered, jumbled, in disarray, shambolic, topsy-turvy, higgledy-piggledy (informal) The living room was in a dreadful state.

States

US States

State	Abbreviation	Zip code
Alabama	Ala.	AL
Alaska	Alas.	AK
Arizona	Ariz.	AZ
Arkansas	Ark.	AR
California	Cal.	CA
Colorado	Colo.	CO
Connecticut	Conn.	CT
Delaware	Del.	DE
District of Columbia	D.C.	DC
Florida	Fla.	FL
Georgia	Ga.	GA
Hawaii	Haw.	HI
Idaho	Id. or Ida.	ID
Illinois	Ill.	IL
Indiana	Ind.	IN
Iowa	Ia. or Io.	IA
Kansas	Kan. or Kans.	KS
Kentucky	Ken.	KY
Louisiana	La.	LA
Maine	Me.	ME
Maryland	Md.	MD
Massachusetts	Mass.	MA
Michigan	Mich.	MI
Minnesota	Minn.	MN
Mississippi	Miss.	MS
Missouri	Mo.	MO
Montana	Mont.	MT
Nebraska	Neb.	NE
Nevada	Nev.	NV
New Hampshire	N.H.	NH
New Jersey	N.J.	NJ
New Mexico	N.M. or N.Mex.	NM
New York	N.Y.	NY
North Carolina	N.C.	NC
North Dakota	N.D. or N.Dak.	ND
Ohio	O.	OH
Oklahoma	Okla.	OK
Oregon	Oreg.	OR
Pennsylvania	Pa., Penn., or Penna.	PA
Rhode Island	R.I.	RI
South Carolina	S.C.	SC
South Dakota	S.Dak.	SD
Tennessee	Tenn.	TN
Texas	Tex.	TX
Utah	Ut.	UT
Vermont	Vt.	VT
Virginia	Va.	VA
Washington	Wash.	WA
West Virginia	W.Va.	WV
Wisconsin	Wis.	WI
Wyoming	Wyo.	WY

Australian States and Territories Australian Capital Territory, New South Wales, Northern Territory, Queensland, South Australia, Tasmania, Victoria, Western Australia

state

noun1. Manner of being or form of existence:condition, mode, situation, status.2. Informal. A condition of excited distress:fume.Informal: snit, sweat, swivet.Slang: tizzy.3. An organized geopolitical unit:body politic, country, land, nation, polity.verb1. To put into words:articulate, communicate, convey, declare, express, say, talk, tell, utter, vent, verbalize, vocalize, voice.Idiom: give tongue to.2. To utter publicly:air, express, put, vent, ventilate.Idiom: come out with.3. To declare by way of a systematic statement:enounce, enunciate.4. To put into words positively and with conviction:affirm, allege, argue, assert, asseverate, aver, avouch, avow, claim, contend, declare, hold, maintain, say.Idiom: have it.

Translations

国家州状况盛观阐明

state¹

(steit) noun1. the condition in which a thing or person is. the bad state of the roads; The room was in an untidy state; He inquired about her state of health; What a state you're in!; He was not in a fit state to take the class.状况2. a country considered as a political community, or, as in the United States, one division of a federation. The Prime Minister visits the Queen once a week to discuss affairs of state; The care of the sick and elderly is considered partly the responsibility of the state; (also adjective) The railways are under state control; state-controlled / owned industries. 国家，（联邦共和国的）州 3. ceremonial dignity and splendour. The Queen, wearing her robes of state, drove in a horse-drawn coach to Westminster; (also adjective) state occasions/banquets. 隆重的礼仪，盛观 ˈstately adjective noble, dignified and impressive in appearance or manner. She is tall and stately; a stately house. 高贵的，庄严的 ˈstateliness noun庄严性ˈstatesman (ˈsteits-) noun a person who plays an important part in the government of a state. 政冶家ˈstatesmanlike (ˈsteits-) adjective showing the qualities of a good statesman. 有政治家风度的ˈstatesmanship (ˈsteits-) noun skill in directing the affairs of a state. 政治家的风度; ，治家的才能，治国之才 get into a state to become very upset or anxious. 过分紧张lie in state (of a corpse) to be laid in a place of honour for the public to see, before burial. 瞻仰遗体

state²

(steit) verb to say or announce clearly, carefully and definitely. You have not yet stated your intentions.阐明ˈstatement noun1. the act of stating. 声明2. something that is stated. The prime minister will make a statement tomorrow on the crisis.声明3. a written statement of how much money a person has, owes etc. I'll look at my bank statement to see how much money is in my account.财务报告书

state

→ 国家zhCN, 陈述zhCN

state

state:

see governmentgovernment,
system of social control under which the right to make laws, and the right to enforce them, is vested in a particular group in society. There are many classifications of government.
..... Click the link for more information. .

State

the fundamental instrument of political power in a class society. In a broader sense, the state is the political form of the organization of social life, which is created as a result of the rise and activity of public authority—a particular ruling system exercising management over the basic spheres of social life and depending, if necessary, on force. Because the state is constructed along territorial lines, the term is sometimes imprecisely used as a synonym for “country.” Various types of state are known: slaveholding, feudal, bourgeois, and socialist. The different forms of state organization are monarchy (absolute and constitutional), republic (parliamentary and presidential), soviet republic, unitary state, and federated state (federation). By mid-1971 there were approximately 150 states.

The basic features of the state are as follows. (1) There is a particular system of organs and institutions that together form the machinery of the state. (The coercive apparatus, that is, the police, the army, and so forth, has a specific place in this machinery.) The state, according to V. I. Lenin, “has always been a certain apparatus, which stood outside society” (Poln. sobr. soch., 5th ed., vol. 39, p. 72). The state machinery has become more and more complex and ramified, as the life of society has become more complex in its sociopolitical and technological-economic aspects. (2) There are laws, that is, obligatory rules of behavior established or sanctioned by the state. With the help of the laws, the state, as the political authority, consolidates a definite system of social relations, as well as the structure and system of activity of the state machinery. (3) The state authority is limited to the area within the borders of a definite geographical territory. Acting as a territorial organization, the state has actively assisted the process of forming nations.

The state is the fundamental, but not the sole, political institution of class society; in a developed society, besides the state, there are various parties, unions, religious bodies, and other organizations, which, together with the state, form the political organization of society. What distinguishes the state from the other political institutions of class society is the fact that it has supreme authority (the sovereignty of state power). The supremacy of state power is concretely expressed in its universality (it extends to the entire population and to all public organizations of the country), its prerogatives (it can abolish any manifestation of any other public authority), and its possession of certain means of influence that no other public authority has (for example, it has a monopoly on legislation and justice).

The state is a social phenomenon restricted by a definite historical framework. The state did not exist in the primitive communal system. It arose as a result of the social division of labor, the appearance of private property, and the division of society into classes. Economically the ruling classes require for the defense of their privileges and the consolidation of the system of exploitation a special authoritative mechanism of political domination, which takes the form of the state and its apparatus. With the appearance of the state, this mechanism no longer coincides with society, but, so to speak, stands above it and is supported by it (through taxes and collections). Although there are vast differences in the historical forms of the state, of its power, and of the organization of its apparatus, its essence, and the nature of its relationship with society—it always represents the political power of the ruling class (class dictatorship). Classes that own the means of production achieve political domination with the assistance of the state, and thus they consolidate their economic and social supremacy within the society and in its relations with other states and countries.

Thus, the state is ultimately defined by the character of productive relations and the mode of production as a whole; it is the superstructure of the economic base. The genesis of the state and the transition from one historical type of state to another cannot be understood and explained outside of this relationship. In the course of history, the state acquires an important, although relative, independence from the economic base. Its independent influence on the basic elements of social life (including the economy) and on the historical and social processes is extremely strong and is realized in different ways—that is, the state can promote the development of social relations, or it can hamper this development. As the state-organized society becomes more complex, the role of this influence becomes more important.

Over a prolonged period of the history of antagonistic class formations the state has existed as the instrument of the supremacy of the propertied minority over the exploited majority. The basic function of this type of state has consisted of the consolidation and defense of economic and political exploitation and the supremacy of the propertied classes, as well as the suppression of resistance by the unpropertied mass of people. In relation to the ruling class, the state is a specific agency administering the common affairs of individuals and groups of this class; whereas in relation to the working classes, that is, the majority of the population, the state is an instrument of suppression. At the same time, the state, as the official representative of society and the ruling system, cannot fail to carry out also general social activity, which is needed to support the necessary conditions of existence of a civilized human community (the organization of transport, communications, education, health care, and so forth). In this connection, Marx distinguished in the activity of the state “the performance of common activities arising from the nature of all communities, and the specific functions arising from the antithesis between the government and the mass of the people” (K. Marx and F. Engels, Soch., 2nd ed., vol. 25, part 1, p. 422). However, it is precisely this antithesis that becomes the main feature of the activity of the exploiting state. “The state is a machine for the oppression of one class by another, a machine for holding in obedience to one class other, subordinated classes” (Lenin, Poln. sobr. soch., 5th ed., vol. 39, p. 75). Only in the 20th century, as a result of the victory of the Great October Socialist Revolution in Russia, did there arise a completely new type of state—the socialist state, representing the political power of the laboring majority and then of the entire people (the all-national state), and opening up the perspective of transition to stateless forms of administration of society with the liquidation of classes.

Prebourgeois sociopolitical thought advanced a different kind of religious-theocratic concept of the state, as well as the so-called “patriarchal theory,” according to which the state is the continuation of the father’s authority in the family. However, this theory, as a rule, did not distinguish between society and the state. Bourgeois science did not give a satisfactory answer to the question of the essence of the state, either. Lenin noted that “one is not likely to find another question which has been so confused deliberately and unwittingly by representatives of bourgeois science ... as the question of the state” (ibid. p. 66). A fundamental aspect of the approach of bourgeois science to the state is its rejection of the concept of the state as an instrument of class supremacy in general and as the instrument of the class domination of the capital. The widely disseminated definition of the state in bourgeois literature as the combination of power, population, and territory is superficial, formal, and incomplete, precisely because it ignores class supremacy as the constructive factor that unites these three entities into the concept of the state. Advocates of the organic theory of the state depict it as a peculiar living organism and apply biological laws to it, thus justifying as natural phenomena the oppression of the masses by the exploiting state, on the one hand, and the expansionist tendencies of the state, on the other. Another tendency, the so-called juridical school, conceals the socioeconomic basis of the state behind its juridical interpretation and considers the state exclusively as a legal phenomenon (“the juridical embodiment of the nation,” “the personification of the legal order,” and so forth). Frankly idealistic attempts have been repeatedly undertaken to interpret the state as the result of particular spiritual principles, “the idea of the state.” The psychological concept of the state predominates in contemporary bourgeois political science; this explains the state by the presence in the human psyche of strivings, or “impulses,” for power and submission.

A genuinely scientific doctrine of the state was originated by Marx, Engels, and Lenin. Its formulation revealed the essence of the state as a social phenomenon and established its inherent, qualitative features, its basic purposes and functions, its role in class society, and the reflection of its essence in various forms and political regimes. The Marxist doctrine of the state, revealing the regularity of the development of the state in the course of changes in sociohistorical formations is an important starting point for the theory of socialist revolution and the path of the communist transformation of society.

A definite historical type of state corresponds to each class socioeconomic formation. The change to a new type of state is a regular process in the liquidation of obsolete forms of the state organization of society, which are paralyzing its development, and their replacement by a new state system that promotes the formation and consolidation of a more advanced social system. Therefore, the functions of each of the subsequent types of state, the methods of the fulfillment of these functions, and the political forms of the state are richer and more complex than the organization of the political power in the preceding formations.

The slaveholding state was the first state in history. It was a dictatorship of the class of slaveholders. The essence of this state reflected the first important class division of society— the division into slaves and slaveholders. The slaveholding state originated during the period between 4000 and 3000 B.C., when states were formed in ancient Egypt, in ancient China, and on the territory of Mesopotamia. The states of the ancient East are in this category (for example, ancient Egypt, Babylonia, and Assyria). In these states, remnants of the primitive communal system were preserved. The peculiarities of the development of the productive forces (such as the need to construct and maintain irrigation installations) underlay the rather significant economic role of the state in these countries, where despotism or despotic monarchy was the characteristic form of government. The system of the slaveholding state attained its most complete development in the ancient states of Greece and Rome. There were various forms of government in the advanced slaveholding states: monarchy in the Roman Empire, an aristocratic republic in Sparta, and a democratic republic in Athens. However, despite this variety in forms of government, any state of the ancient world “was a slaveowning state, irrespective of whether it was a monarchy or an aristocratic or democratic republic” (Lenin, ibid., vol. 39, p. 74).

The feudal state arose in connection with the onset of feudal productive relations. It arose in Europe in the period from the fifth to the 11th century. The basis of feudal society was the property of the feudal lord in land, and the feudal state was a dictatorship of the class of feudal lords. The fundamental form of government of the feudal state was the monarchy in all its variants. The early feudal monarchy was characteristic of the period of feudal splintering, when, in the face of a weak central power, there were numerous independent or semi-independent states (principalities, seigneuries, and so forth). In the process of the centralization of state power, the estate-representative monarchy was formed. The wealthy elements in the cities were one of the supports of the central power in this process; as a result, organs of estate representation arose (national assemblies, or Zemskii Sobors, in Russia, the estates general in France, the parliament in England, and so forth). The last historical form of the feudal state was the absolute monarchy, which developed during the period when feudal splintering was overcome once and for all. and the process of the formation of the centralized state was culminated. In an absolute monarchy, the supreme power is vested autocratically and without limitation in the monarch, without any participation of the people in the legislation or the control of the administration. In the feudal era there were distinct states called city-states, in which the republican form of government was established (for example, Novgorod. Pskov Venice Genoa, and Florence). Power belonged to the wealthy elite of the population (the urban aristocracy or patricianate) in the city-states; its representatives formed the city council (senate), which elected the higher officials. The city-states generally arose along the most important trade routes; handicrafts and commerce were best developed in them, and capitalist relations first took shape in them. Characteristic of all states of the feudal type was the enormous role of the church as a political and ideological force in feudal society, furthering the maintenance and consolidation of the feudal lords’ predominance over the mass of the exploited population.

The bourgeois state arose as the result of the bourgeois revolution directed against the feudal-absolutist monarchy and feudal productive relations. Where the bourgeoisie, in the course of these revolutions, agreed to compromises with the nobility (for example, in Great Britain), the bourgeois state took the form of a constitutional monarchy; on the other hand, where the bourgeoisie attained relatively complete supremacy, the state took the form of a democratic republic. Later, too the plurality of forms of government of the bourgeois state remained a characteristic feature of this type of state, although the differences in these forms were substantially smoothed over. “Bourgeois states are most varied in form, but their essence is the same: all these states, whatever their form, in the final analysis are inevitably dictatorships of the bourgeoisie” (Lenin, ibid., vol. 33, p. 35).

The bourgeois state of the premonopolistic period of capitalism is characterized by the following features. (1) There are voting qualifications, which eliminate, on the basis of property and other criteria, the participation of broad strata of the population in the creation of the organs of state power. Representing a significant step forward from feudalism, bourgeois democracy and its basic institutions (such as parliamentarianism and the principle of equality) are of a formal, limited, and class character. (2) The basic efforts of the state are concentrated chiefly on political functions including the guarding of the interests of the ruling classes by the military and the police inside and outside the country. The state of this period is considered the “policeman” or “night watchman.” protecting the capitalist system but not intervening directly in its functioning. (3) Within the mechanism of the state, an important position is maintained for the nobility and landowners. The bourgeois revolution, as a rule, did not smash the old state machinery, which gradually adapted itself to the needs of the capitalist system.

An enormous growth in the apparatus of the bourgeois state occurs in the era of imperialism, and especially during the general crisis of capitalism. The influence of the state on the basic elements of social life increases, and its functions expand. These processes are connected, above all, with the intensification of class contradictions. The growth of the consciousness and organization of the working class and the other toiling layers of the population and the widespread dissemination of communist ideas lead, on the one hand, to an increase in the level of class struggle and a broadening of the antimonopolistic and democratic movements, and on the other hand, to a consistent narrowing of the social base of the political supremacy of capital. In these conditions, the monopolies strengthen in every possible way the basic instrument of their supremacy—the state, with its military and police apparatus. The reinforcement of the role of the state is connected with militarism and the development of state monopoly capitalism.

In the conditions of state monopoly capitalism, with the increasing complexity of the technological-productive aspect of society as a result of the scientific-technological revolution, coupled with the expansion of the functions of coercion, the economic functions of the bourgeois state reach an important level, and so does the state’s ideological activity inside and outside the country. State monopoly capitalism unites the monopolies and the state into one mechanism, with the aims of saving the capitalist system, enriching the monopolies, suppressing the workers’ movement and the national liberation struggle, and unleashing aggressive wars. Monopoly capital no longer shares political power with any other force; the bourgeois state comes forward as the organ for the administration of the affairs of the monopolistic bourgeoisie. The process of the coalescence of the monopolies with the top circles of the state apparatus reaches its height.

The turn of monopoly capital from bourgeois democracy to reaction is a result of the narrowing of the social base of the state and the utilization by the working class and other toiling layers of the institutions of bourgeois democracy. This turn exerts a substantial influence on the political regime established by the bourgeois state and on its forms of government. Its clearest expression is the establishment of the fascist totalitarian state system. (The classic example of such a state was Nazi Germany.) However, even with the preservation of bourgeois democratic forms of government, authoritarian tendencies toward the rule of a “strong man” appear, the role of the government and its apparatus increase while the authority of the elected parliament declines, and a campaign is waged against the democratic rights and liberties of citizens and organizations. But the authoritarian course of the monopolistic bourgeoisie comes up against the opposition of the broad popular masses, led by the working class, acting to defend and expand the democratic rights they have won. This provokes an intensification of the class contradictions of bourgeois society.

The foreign policy of the imperialist state is characterized by a striving for expansion. This tendency of monopoly capital has twice in the 20th century plunged mankind into devastating world wars. The imperialist states conduct subversive activity (including ideological) against the socialist countries: they seek new forms of neocolonialist exploitation of the states of Asia. Africa, and Latin America that have embarked on the path of independence.

The expansion of the imperialist state’s economic activity is portrayed by bourgeois ideologues as a radical transformation and its conversion into a “welfare state.” The increasing complexity of the political structure of contemporary capitalism (the growth of the role of political parties, trade unions, and other unions and organizations) is depicted as a process of the “diffusion of power.” In reality, the imperialist state has been and remains the basic instrument of the class domination of the imperialist bourgeoisie: it acts as a force attempting to retard social progress and to perpetuate outmoded capitalist social relations.

In the era of the downfall of colonialism many independent states were formed in Asia, Africa, and Latin America, and the colonial and semicolonial countries struggled for their national independence. A significant number of the young independent states, in their economic and social features (such as the mixed nature of their economies), cannot be placed among the basic types of state. Some of these states have embarked on a noncapitalist path of development orienting toward the perspective of constructing a socialist society. In these states, serious economic and social transformations are being realized—for example, the carrying out of democratic agrarian reforms, the creation of a state sector of the economy, and the nationalization of the property of foreign monopolies.

As a result of the socialist revolution, which entails the destruction of the exploitative apparatus of the state, a fundamentally new type of state arises—the socialist state. The prototype of the socialist state, the first organization of the state power of the working people led by the working class was the Paris Commune of 1871. As a result of the victory of the Great October Socialist Revolution in 1917, the Soviet state arose—the first state of the working people in the world—and it established the dictatorship of the proletariat. In 1924 the Mongolian People’s Republic embarked on the path of socialist development. The defeat of German and Italian fascism and Japanese militarism in World War II (1939–45) promoted an intense growth in the revolutionary and national liberation movements all over the world and led to the triumph of popular democratic revolutions in a number of European and Asian countries and to the rise of the democratic people’s state. The formation of these states signified that socialism was becoming transformed into a worldwide system. In 1959, Cuba entered this system and became the first socialist state in the Americas.

The fundamentally new essence of the socialist state in comparison with the exploitative types of states could not fail to elicit new organizations of state power. The first form of the socialist state was the republic of soviets founded by Lenin. The system of elected (from top to bottom) soviets, built on the principle of democratic centralism and invested with absolute state power, was. within the actual historical context, the political organization that united all working people without exception and that represented the best opportunity for state leadership by the masses as represented by the working class and its party. In the people’s democracies the forms of political organization had a number of features different from those of the soviets (for example, the presence of such sociopolitical organizations as the national or patriotic, front; and two or more parties), caused by the historical peculiarities of the formation of the dictatorship of the proletariat in these countries. The variety of forms of the socialist state confirms the Leninist thesis “that all nations will arrive at socialism—this is inevitable but they will do so in not exactly the same way; each will contribute something of its own to some form of democracy, to some variety of the dictatorship of the proletariat, to the varying rate of socialist transformations in the different aspects of social life” (Lenin, Poln. sobr. soch., vol. 30, p. 123).

The socialist transformation of society places various tasks before the state of the proletarian dictatorship, depending on the level of development of the economy, the culture, the social structure, and the national peculiarities and traditions of each country. However, independently of the specific conditions in a given country, in the transitional period from capitalism to socialism every proletarian dictatorship faces tasks that result from the very essence of this period: the suppression of resistance by the overthrown exploiting classes the liquidation of private property in the basic means of production, the creation of the economic basis for socialism (socialist industrialization, the socialist transformation of agriculture, and the creation of a socialist system of economy) the formation of socialist culture, the education of the new man, and the securing of the country’s defense capability. To meet these tasks, the state carries out a number of external and internal functions: economic-organizational activities, cultural-educational activities, the control of labor and consumption standards, the defense of socialist legality and socialist property, the defense of the country against outside attack, and the struggle for peaceful coexistence among states with different social systems. The functions of the socialist state expand and change with the development of the socioeconomic structure of society and with the successes of socialist construction. Thus, as a result of the liquidation of the exploiting classes in the USSR, the state’s function in the suppression of the resistance of these classes has lost its meaning. In carrying out its functions, the socialist state acts as the main instrument of the construction of socialism and communism and represents the political organization of the overwhelming majority of the population. In the process of the socialist state’s development, its social base constantly expands and it becomes more and more the representative of the interests of the entire people.

After the complete and final victory of socialism, the dictatorship of the proletariat, having fulfilled its historical mission from the point of view of the internal development of the country, ceases to be necessary, and the proletarian state is naturally transformed into an organ of expression of the interests and the will of the entire people—the all-national state (see Program of the CPSU. 1971. p. 101). The socialist state has reached such a stage of development in the USSR, where it operates as the political organization of the entire people under the leadership of the working class headed by its vanguard the Communist Party. The social role of the soviet all-national socialist state is steadily growing. The resolutions of the Twenty-Fourth Congress of the CPSU (1971) emphasized the role of the soviet state in solving internal and external problems facing soviet society at the present stage of the construction of communism. Functions of the socialist state such as the economic-organizational and cultural-educational functions have significantly expanded. (The essence of these functions at the present stage was defined by the directives of the Twenty-Fourth Congress of the CPSU on the five-year plan for the development of the national economy of the USSR from 1971–75.)

Contemporary revisionists criticize the Marxist-Leninist doctrine of the socialist state, advancing the hypothesis of the necessity for the disappearance of the state immediately after the conquest of political power. This conception is objectively directed at weakening the socialist states. At the same time, left-wing revisionists fight for overcentralization. and the bureaucratization of all government life.

Under conditions of communist construction, the entire political system of the USSR is constantly being improved. Proletarian democracy is being transformed into all-national democracy, whose development is characterized in the Program of the CPSU as the main direction of the socialist state system. One of the leading principles of the socialist state’s activity is the broad involvement of the toiling people in the work of the state organs.

Marx and Engels revealed the historical perspective of the proletarian state. They asserted that under communism the need for a state would disappear, and therefore the proletarian state itself would gradually wither away, although this did not mean every public authority in general would disappear. By the withering away of the state, they meant the elimination of the special apparatus of coercion, the public political authority. Marx and Engels considered a level of the development of productive forces under which it would be possible to realize the principle of communism “from each according to his abilities, to each according to his needs” as the economic precondition for the withering away of the state.

Lenin emphasized the radical contrast between the proletarian dictatorship, which is a dictatorship of the majority of the population, and the states of the exploiting type. He called the proletarian state a “semistate” (see Poln. sobr. soch., 5th ed.. vol. 33. pp. 231, 167). He linked the question of the gradual withering away of the state with the disappearance of some of the functions of the socialist state—for example, that of suppressing the conquered exploiting classes in conjunction with the liquidation of such classes in the USSR. However, “for the state to wither away completely,” wrote Lenin, “complete communism is necessary” (ibid., vol. 33, p. 95).

The socialist all-national state is a transitional stage to the stateless organization of society under communism. Then the communist self-government of society will become firmly established as the nonstate form of the administration of the economic, social, and cultural processes of a classless society.

REFERENCES

Marx. K., and F. Engels. “Nemetskaia ideologiia.” Soch., 2nd ed.. vol. 3. Page 333.
Marx. K. “K kritike politicheskoi ckonomii: Predislovie.” Soch., vol. 13. Page 6.
Marx. K. “Vosemnadtsatoe briumera Lui Bonaparta.” Ibid.. vol. 8. Page 206.
Marx. K. “’Grazhdanskaia voina vo Frantsii.” Ibid., vol. 17. Page 317.
Marx. K. Kapital, vol. 3; Soch., vol. 25. part I. Page 422; vol. 25, part 2. Page 354.
Marx. K. “Kritika Gotskoi programmy.” Soch., vol. 19. Pages 16–20, 28–29.
Engels. F. “Proiskhozhdenie sem’i. chastnoi sobstvennosti i gosudarstva.” Soch., vol. 21. Pages 156–77.
Lenin, V. I. “Uroki Kommuny.” Poln. sobr. soch., 5th ed.. vol. 16. Pages 451–54.
Lenin, V. I. “Marksizm o gosudarstve.” Ibid., vol. 33. Pages 123–307.
Lenin, V. I. “Gosudarstvo i revoliutsiia.” Ibid., vol. 33. Pages 3–123.
Lenin. V. I. “Proletarskaia revoliutsiia i renegat Kautskii.” Ibid., vol. 37. Pages 237–59.
Lenin, V. I. “O gosudarstve.” Ibid., vol. 39. Pages 66–84.
Lenin. V. I. “Tezisy i doklad o burzhuaznoi demokratii i diktature proletariata 4 marta 1919.” Ibid., vol. 37. Pages 491–509.
Lenin, V. I. “Detskaia bolezn’ levizny’ v kommunizme.” Ibid.. vol. 41. Pages 1–104.
Programma Kommunistiche skoi partii Sovetskogo Soiuza. Moscow, 1971.
Mezhdunarodnoe Soveshchanie kommunisticheskikh i rabochikh partii: Dokument)’ i materiah. Moscow, 1969.
Materialy XXIV s”ezda KPSS. Moscow. 1971.
Brezhnev, L. I. Délo Lenina zhivet i pobezhdaet. Moscow. 1970.
Brezhnev, L. I. 50 let velikikh pobed sotsializma. Moscow. 1967.
Arzhanov, M. A. Gosudarstvo i pravo v ikh sootnoshenii. Moscow, 1960.
Burlatskii. F. M. Lenin, gosudarstvo. politika. Moscow, 1970.
Guliev. V. E. Imperialisticheskoe gosudarstvo. Moscow, 1965.
Sovremennye hurzhuuznye ucheniia o kapitalisticheskom gosudarstve. Moscow, 1967.
Denisov, A. I. Sushchnost’ i formy gosudarstva. Moscow, 1960.
Denisov. A. I. Sovetskoe gosudarstvo. Moscow, 1967.
Kerimov, D. A. and E. M. Chekharin. Sotsialisticheskaia demokratiia i sovremennaia ideologicheskaia bor’ba. Moscow, 1970.
Kositsyn, A. P. Sotsialisticheskoe gosudarstvo. Moscow, 1970.
Leninskoe uchenie o diktature proletariata. Moscow. 1970.
Petrov. V. S. Tip i formy gosudarstva. Leningrad. 1967.
Farberov. N. P. Gosudarstvo i demokratiia v period stroitel’stva kommunizma. Moscow, 1968.
Chirkin, V. E. Formy gosudarstva perekhodnogo k sotsialisticheskomu tipu. Moscow. 1966.
Chkhikvadze, V. M. Gosudarstvo, demokratiia, zakonnost’. Moscow. 1967.
Obshchaia teoriia gosudarstva i prava, vol. 1 of Obshchaia teoriia gosudarstva. Leningrad. 1968.
Marksistsko-leninskaia obshchaia teoriia gosudarstva i prava: Osnovnye instituty i poniatiia. Moscow, 1970. Pages 194–342.
F. Engel’s o gosudarstve i prave. Moscow [1970]. Pages 48–136.
Mamut, L. S. “K. Marks o gosudarstve kak politicheskoi organizatsii obshchestva.” Voprosy filosofii, 1968. no. 7, pp. 29–35.

G. N. MANOV

State

in a number of federated countries (USA, Mexico, Venezuela, Brazil, India, Australia, Nigeria), the name of the governmental-territorial units that form the federation. With the exception of India, states are not usually created along national lines.

The rights of a state are determined by the federal constitution and the constitution of the individual state (USA, Venezuela, Australia); however, a state does not always have the right to adopt its own constitution (in India only two of the 22 states have a constitution). The states create their own governmental bodies. As a rule, the central power either formally or in fact controls the legislative and executive activities of the states. A state is usually headed by a governor elected by the population (USA and Mexico) or chosen by the head of the federal government (India and Australia). Each state is represented in the upper chamber of the federal legislative body, either by an even number of representatives (USA, two; Mexico, two; Venezuela, two; Brazil, three; Australia, ten) or according to a norm of representation that depends on the size of the state’s population (India). The mutual relations of the states to the federation and of the states among themselves are determined by the constitutions, judicial decisions, agreements among the states, and custom.

A. A. MISHIN

state

[stāt] (control systems) A minimum set of numbers which contain enough information about a system's history to enable its future behavior to be computed. (physics) The condition of a system which is specified as completely as possible by observations of a specified nature, for example, thermodynamic state, energy state. (quantum mechanics) The condition in which a system exists; the state may be pure and describable by a wave function or mixed and describable by a density matrix.

state

1. a sovereign political power or community 2. the territory occupied by such a community 3. the sphere of power in such a community 4. one of a number of areas or communities having their own governments and forming a federation under a sovereign government, as in the US 5. the body politic of a particular sovereign power, esp as contrasted with a rival authority such as the Church
www.sosig.ac.uk/roads/subject-listing/World-cat/state.html

state

(storage, architecture, jargon, theory)How something is; itsconfiguration, attributes, condition, or information content.The state of a system is usually temporary (i.e. it changeswith time) and volatile (i.e. it will be lost or reset to someinitial state if the system is switched off).

A state may be considered to be a point in some space of allpossible states. A simple example is a light, which is eitheron or off. A complex example is the electrical activation ina human brain while solving a problem.

In computing and related fields, states, as in the lightexample, are often modelled as being discrete (rather thancontinuous) and the transition from one state to another isconsidered to be instantaneous. Another (related) property ofa system is the number of possible states it may exhibit.This may be finite or infinite. A common model for a systemwith a finite number of discrete state is a finite state machine.

state

(1) In object-oriented programming, the state of an object is the combination of the original values in the object plus any modifications made to them.

(2) The current or last-known status, or condition, of a process, transaction or setting. "Maintaining state" or "managing state" means keeping track of the process. This is an issue on the Web, because the HTTP protocol does not maintain state between one page request and the next. A website needs to keep track of customers that fill a shopping cart with an item, wander off to another page and then come back to complete the order. Likewise, Webmasters like to analyze the routes users take when visiting their sites. In order to maintain state in a stateless environment, cookie files and server protocols such as NSAPI and ISAPI are used.

Maintaining State with Voice Calls
Because everything is chopped into packets by the network, maintaining "state" is also an issue when voice is carried over the Internet (voice over IP). Techniques are devised to simulate the end-to-end connection of a regular telephone call that would "maintain the state of the call." This would readily allow the call to be barged in on, a requirement in certain call centers as well as for emergencies. See cookie, stateless, IP telephony signaling protocol, Web bug, NSAPI and ISAPI.

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Synonyms for state

noun country

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noun province

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noun government

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noun condition

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noun frame of mind

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noun ceremony

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noun circumstances

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verb say

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adj official

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phrase distressed

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phrase untidy

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Synonyms for state

noun manner of being or form of existence

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noun a condition of excited distress

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noun an organized geopolitical unit

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verb to put into words

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verb to utter publicly

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verb to declare by way of a systematic statement

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verb to put into words positively and with conviction

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Synonyms for state

noun the territory occupied by one of the constituent administrative districts of a nation

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noun the way something is with respect to its main attributes

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noun the group of people comprising the government of a sovereign state

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