typecasting

type·cast

T0446500 (tīp′kăst′)tr.v. type·cast, type·cast·ing, type·casts 1. To cast (a performer) based on personality, background, or physical appearance: "His six-foot-one frame and dark good looks attracted the attention of filmmakers who typecast him as a heavy" (Linda Mizejewski).2. To cast (a performer) in a role or roles similar to those he or she has played in the past: "After his success in Joan of Arc, [José Ferrer] knew that Hollywood would want to typecast him as neurotics and villains. (Dennis Brown).3. To cause (a performer) to be cast repeatedly in similar roles: "Her musical talent and brassy projection had been successful on Broadway, but her hard features made her look less attractive on screen and typecast her as a nasty, greedy, raddled woman" (Jeffrey Meyers).4. To perceive or represent in reductive or stereotyped ways: "Almost all of the animals we typically typecast as 'predators' just as readily take the ailing and half-dead and the (preferably fresh) dead" (Bernd Heinrich). "By relegating Goethe to classicism as strongly as he does, Nietzsche is able to typecast him, to reduce him to a singular role even as he elevates him for the strength and discipline required to adhere to classical standards" (Adrian Del Caro).

typecasting

(ˈtaɪpˌkɑːstɪŋ) n (Film) the practice of casting an actor repeatedly in the same kind of role, esp because of his or physical appearance or previous success in such roles

Typecasting

the fabrication by casting of type and other composing materials for hand composition. Handcasting of type for composition and printing was originally developed by J. Gutenberg circa 1440. In 1838, D. Bruce, Jr., of the USA built the first manually driven typecasting machine, and in 1862, I. Johnson of Great Britain proposed a universal typecaster with a mechanical drive. Type and other composition materials are usually made at type foundries or sometimes at large printing enterprises. However, the production of conventional type is declining because of the increasing use of typecasting compositors and phototypesetting machines.

The preparation of new type consists of the following principal processes: development and approval of the type designs, fabrication of type matrices, casting of characters, and preparation of full sets of characters (fonts). The matrix is needed to form the casting mold and consists of a metal bar, usually of copper, carrying a recessed, nonreverse image of the character. Punches are first fabricated in order to make the matrix; they carry a mirror image of the character in relief and are produced on steel blanks by hand or machine engraving from designs, one for each letter, supplied by the artist. Under pressure in a press, the punch forms a depression in the matrix. The matrix may also be made directly by machine engraving through use of a metal template of the character design.

Typecasting is carried out on automatic typecasting machines. The matrix is placed in the machine, where it forms the end wall of the casting mold. Molten type metal is forced into the mold automatically under pressure. The alloy hardens to produce a piece of printing type. The cooled piece of type is forced from the mold and machined to remove burrs and the tongue. It then goes to the receiving table of the machine. The conditions of casting and processing on the machine must ensure accurate height (25.1 mm) and other casting dimensions as well as a smooth and clean surface. After casting of the required number of examples of a single letter (one matrix will withstand from 20,000 to 80,000 castings), the type matrix is replaced, and the other characters are cast. Depending on the type size, a typecasting machine may produce from 2,000 to 11,000 pieces of type an hour.

The type font is compiled from the cast pieces of type according to special tables that take into account the frequency of use of each letter in texts. The font includes a specific number of uppercase and lowercase letters and the numerals and symbols needed to compose texts in the given language.

The spacing material used to produce spaces within a line is cast on the same machines by using smooth plates instead of matrices. Rules and larger spacing materials are cast on special automatic machines that continuously cast a metal strip, which is automatically cut into pieces of the necessary length. Plastics, such as a copolymer of styrene with aerylonitrile or a polycarbonate, have also been used since the 1940’s to cast large type and spacing materials. The use of plastics lowers the cost of composing materials, reduces weight, increases the life of the materials, and improves working conditions.

REFERENCES

Tikhomirov, I. V., I. V. Lobanov, and L. I. Bergman. Osnovy slovolitnogo proizvodstva. Leningrad-Moscow, 1936.
Popov, V. V. Obshchii kurs poligrafii, 6th ed. Moscow, 1964.

N. N. POLIANSKII

单词	typecasting
释义	typecasting type·cast T0446500 (tīp′kăst′)tr.v. type·cast, type·cast·ing, type·casts 1. To cast (a performer) based on personality, background, or physical appearance: "His six-foot-one frame and dark good looks attracted the attention of filmmakers who typecast him as a heavy" (Linda Mizejewski).2. To cast (a performer) in a role or roles similar to those he or she has played in the past: "After his success in Joan of Arc, [José Ferrer] knew that Hollywood would want to typecast him as neurotics and villains. (Dennis Brown).3. To cause (a performer) to be cast repeatedly in similar roles: "Her musical talent and brassy projection had been successful on Broadway, but her hard features made her look less attractive on screen and typecast her as a nasty, greedy, raddled woman" (Jeffrey Meyers).4. To perceive or represent in reductive or stereotyped ways: "Almost all of the animals we typically typecast as 'predators' just as readily take the ailing and half-dead and the (preferably fresh) dead" (Bernd Heinrich). "By relegating Goethe to classicism as strongly as he does, Nietzsche is able to typecast him, to reduce him to a singular role even as he elevates him for the strength and discipline required to adhere to classical standards" (Adrian Del Caro). typecasting (ˈtaɪpˌkɑːstɪŋ) n (Film) the practice of casting an actor repeatedly in the same kind of role, esp because of his or physical appearance or previous success in such roles Typecasting Typecasting the fabrication by casting of type and other composing materials for hand composition. Handcasting of type for composition and printing was originally developed by J. Gutenberg circa 1440. In 1838, D. Bruce, Jr., of the USA built the first manually driven typecasting machine, and in 1862, I. Johnson of Great Britain proposed a universal typecaster with a mechanical drive. Type and other composition materials are usually made at type foundries or sometimes at large printing enterprises. However, the production of conventional type is declining because of the increasing use of typecasting compositors and phototypesetting machines. The preparation of new type consists of the following principal processes: development and approval of the type designs, fabrication of type matrices, casting of characters, and preparation of full sets of characters (fonts). The matrix is needed to form the casting mold and consists of a metal bar, usually of copper, carrying a recessed, nonreverse image of the character. Punches are first fabricated in order to make the matrix; they carry a mirror image of the character in relief and are produced on steel blanks by hand or machine engraving from designs, one for each letter, supplied by the artist. Under pressure in a press, the punch forms a depression in the matrix. The matrix may also be made directly by machine engraving through use of a metal template of the character design. Typecasting is carried out on automatic typecasting machines. The matrix is placed in the machine, where it forms the end wall of the casting mold. Molten type metal is forced into the mold automatically under pressure. The alloy hardens to produce a piece of printing type. The cooled piece of type is forced from the mold and machined to remove burrs and the tongue. It then goes to the receiving table of the machine. The conditions of casting and processing on the machine must ensure accurate height (25.1 mm) and other casting dimensions as well as a smooth and clean surface. After casting of the required number of examples of a single letter (one matrix will withstand from 20,000 to 80,000 castings), the type matrix is replaced, and the other characters are cast. Depending on the type size, a typecasting machine may produce from 2,000 to 11,000 pieces of type an hour. The type font is compiled from the cast pieces of type according to special tables that take into account the frequency of use of each letter in texts. The font includes a specific number of uppercase and lowercase letters and the numerals and symbols needed to compose texts in the given language. The spacing material used to produce spaces within a line is cast on the same machines by using smooth plates instead of matrices. Rules and larger spacing materials are cast on special automatic machines that continuously cast a metal strip, which is automatically cut into pieces of the necessary length. Plastics, such as a copolymer of styrene with aerylonitrile or a polycarbonate, have also been used since the 1940’s to cast large type and spacing materials. The use of plastics lowers the cost of composing materials, reduces weight, increases the life of the materials, and improves working conditions. REFERENCES Tikhomirov, I. V., I. V. Lobanov, and L. I. Bergman. Osnovy slovolitnogo proizvodstva. Leningrad-Moscow, 1936. Popov, V. V. Obshchii kurs poligrafii, 6th ed. Moscow, 1964. N. N. POLIANSKII ThesaurusSeetypecast
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