| 释义 |
DictionarySeegroupreference group
reference group the actual (or notional) groups or social categories with which SOCIAL ACTORS identify and make comparisons in guiding their personal behaviour and social ATTITUDES, e.g. the identification of young people with rock stars, or sports people. The term was introduced by the social psychologist Muztafer Sherif in 1948. Reference groups may or may not be synonymous with a social actor's membership groups. Negative as well as positive reference groups may be involved. See also ANTICIPATORY SOCIALIZATION, RELATIVE DEPRIVATION.reference group
group (groop) A number of similar objects or structures considered together, e.g., bacteria with similar metabolic characteristics. Atomic molecules and compounds with similar structures or properties are classified with certain groups. alcohol groupThe hydroxyl, -OH, which imparts alcoholic characteristics to organic compounds. These exist in three forms: primary, -CH2OH; secondary, =CHOH; and tertiary, =COH. amino acid groupThe NH2 group that characterizes the amines.azo groupIn organic chemistry, the group -N=N-. blood group See: blood groupclinical cooperative groupA network of clinicians and scientists who work together from widely separated locations to study and treat relatively rare diseases, e.g., certain forms of cancer. In cancer care, prominent clinical cooperative groups include the Children's Oncology Group (COG), the Gynecology Oncology Group (GOG), and the Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG). coli-aerogenes groupColiform bacteria. See: coliform (2)colon-typhoid-dysentery groupThe collective term for Escherichia, Salmonella, and Shigella bacteria.control groupControl (4).diagnosis-related group Abbreviation: DRG
An indexing or classification system for standardizing prospective payment for medical care. Diseases and conditions are assigned to a single DRG when they are felt to share similar clinical and health care utilization features. The reimbursement for treating all individuals within the same DRG is the same regardless of actual cost to the health care facility. See: table | DRG Numerical Designation | Diagnosis |
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| 371, 372, 373, 374,388, 389, 390, 391 | Childbirth with or without operative obstetrics; with or without complications | | 359 | Uterine and adnexal procedures for nonmalignant diseases | | 430 | Psychoses | | 498, 500, 243 | Spinal fusion and other back and neck procedures; medical back pain | | 143, 125, 112 | Chest pain; circulatory disorders other than acute myocardial infarction with cardiac catheterization | | 116 | Permanent pacemaker placement or percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty with coronary artery stent | | 182, 183 | Esophagitis, gastritis, and miscellaneous digestive disorders | | 89, 91 | Simple pneumonia and pleurisy | | 494 | Laparoscopic cholecystectomy | | 127, 87 | Heart failure and shock; pulmonary edema | | 294 | Diabetes mellitus | | 106 | Coronary bypass graft surgery with cardiac catheterization | | 209 | Major joint and limb reattachment procedures (esp. hip and knee replacement) | | 25 | Seizures and headache | | 462 | Rehabilitation | | 14 | Specific cerebrovascular disorders, excluding transient ischemic attack | | 79, 97, 98 | Complicated respiratory infections; bronchitis and asthma | | 174 | Gastrointestinal hemorrhage | | 167 | Appendectomy | | 148 | Major small and large bowel procedures | | 483 | Tracheostomy | | 475 | Respiratory system diagnosis with ventilator support | | 416 | Septicemia | | 320 | Kidney and urinary tract infections | | 297 | Nutritional and miscellaneous metabolic disorders | | 128 | Deep vein thrombosis | | 130 | Peripheral vascular disorders | | 277 | Cellulitis | | 294 | Renal failure | | 489 | HIV disease with major related conditions |
focus groupAn assembly of individuals affected by a specific subject (as by disease, health care delivery system, marketed service, professional or management issue) to solicit and study their opinions, identify interests, and make strategic plans to meet expressed needs. Hh blood group See: blood grouphistorical control groupIn a research study, a person or group of persons who were treated in the past and who provide contrast and comparison to participants currently being studied. Because a wide variety of variables may change over time, the use of historical controls as opposed to a contemporary control group is often an indication that an investigation has less methodological rigor. isogenous groupA cluster of cells that have come from one cell, e.g., the clusters of chondrocytes in cartilage.Kell blood group See: blood groupLeapfrog Group See: Leapfrog Groupmutual help groupSupport group.Mycobacterium simiae-avium group Abbreviation: SAV mycobacterium
An emerging group of nontuberculous bacilli found widely in nature. They are slow-growing, acid-fast, and occasionally cause opportunistic infections in immunocompromised patients. They are generally resistant to most antituberculous drugs. peptide groupThe -CONH radical. prosthetic groupThe nonamino acid component of a conjugated protein. It is usually the portion of an enzyme that is not an amino acid. See: apoenzyme; holoenzymerabies virus groupA genus of viruses whose official designation is Lyssavirus. The group includes the causative agent of rabies in humans. reference groupControl (3).resource utilization group Abbreviation: RUG
Any of 44 classifications into which nursing home patients may be assigned according to their activity levels, underlying illnesses, the complexity of care they need, their cognitive status, and other variables affecting their care. The primary use is for insurance reimbursement calculations. saccharide groupThe monosaccharide unit, C6H10O5, a component of higher polysaccharides.support groupA group of patients or families of patients with similar problems such as breast cancer, multiple sclerosis, or alcoholism, who meet to assist one another in coping with their problems and seeking solutions. The composition and focus of support groups vary. Some groups comprise patients who have or have had the same disorder. Discussions often center on current treatments, resources available for assistance, and what individuals can do to improve or maintain their health. Other groups involve those who have had the same psychological and emotional trauma, such as rape or the death of a loved one. Benefits expressed by members include the knowledge that they are not alone and that others have experienced the same or similar problems and have learned to cope effectively. Synonym: mutual help groupT-group See: T-groupreference group
reference group a social group with which an individual identifies or to membership of which he or she aspires. The activities and values of the reference group provide a basis for the individual's beliefs and lifestyles. For example, young people often identify with rock stars. The need to imitate the lifestyle of such idols can be exploited in MARKETING. Promotional material such as advertisements may feature these heroes, thereby suggesting that if consumers purchase a particular product they will be like their chosen reference group, and be viewed as such by others. |