| 单词 | absolute zero | |||
| 释义 | absolute zeroabsolute zeroabsolute zeroab′solute ze′ron. absolute zero
absolute zeroabsolute zero,the zero point of the ideal gas temperature scale, denoted by 0 degrees on the KelvinKelvin temperature scale,a temperature scale having an absolute zero below which temperatures do not exist. Absolute zero, or 0°K;, is the temperature at which molecular energy is a minimum, and it corresponds to a temperature of −273. ..... Click the link for more information. and RankineRankine temperature scale, temperature scale having an absolute zero, below which temperatures do not exist, and using a degree of the same size as that used by the Fahrenheit temperature scale. ..... Click the link for more information. temperature scales, which is equivalent to −273.15°C; and −459.67°F;. For most gases there is a linear relationship between temperature and pressure (see gas lawsgas laws, physical laws describing the behavior of a gas under various conditions of pressure, volume, and temperature. Experimental results indicate that all real gases behave in approximately the same manner, having their volume reduced by about the same proportion of the ..... Click the link for more information. ), i.e., gases contract indefinitely as the temperature is decreased. Theoretically, at absolute zero the volume of an ideal gas would be zero and all molecular motion would cease. In actuality, all gases condense to solids or liquids well above this point. Although absolute zero cannot be reached, temperatures within a few billionths of a degree above absolute zero have been achieved in the laboratory. At such low temperatures, gases assume nontraditional states, the Bose-Einstein and fermionic condensatescondensate, matter in the form of a gas of atoms, molecules, or elementary particles that have been so chilled that their motion is virtually halted and as a consequence they lose their separate identities and merge into a single entity. ..... Click the link for more information. . See also low-temperature physicslow-temperature physics, science concerned with the production and maintenance of temperatures much below normal, down to almost absolute zero, and with various phenomena that occur only at such temperatures. ..... Click the link for more information. ; temperaturetemperature, measure of the relative warmth or coolness of an object. Temperature is measured by means of a thermometer or other instrument having a scale calibrated in units called degrees. The size of a degree depends on the particular temperature scale being used. ..... Click the link for more information. . Absolute zeroThe temperature at which an ideal gas would exert no pressure. The Kelvin scale of temperatures is defined in terms of the triple point of water, T3 = 273.16° (where the solid, liquid, and vapor phases coexist), and absolute zero. Temperature is measured most simply via the constant-volume ideal-gas thermometer, in which a small amount of gas is introduced (in order to limit the effect of interactions between molecules) and then sealed off, and the gas pressure P referenced to its value at the triple point P(T3) is measured. The ideal-gas law applies if the molecules in a gas exert no forces on one another and if they are not attracted to the walls. Absolute zero is the temperature at which the pressure of a truly ideal gas would vanish. See Temperature measurement According to classical physics, all motion would cease at absolute zero; however, the quantum-mechanical uncertainty principle requires that there be a small amount of residual motion (zero-point motion) even at absolute zero. See Kinetic theory of matter, Uncertainty principle Temperature can also be defined from the Boltzmann distribution. If a collection of spin-1/2 magnetic ions is placed in a magnetic field, the ratio of the occupancy of the lower to the higher energy state is given by the equation below. Negative temperatures notwithstanding, the third law of thermodynamics states that the absolute zero of temperature cannot be attained by any finite number of steps. The lowest (and hottest) temperatures that have been achieved are on the order of a picokelvin (10-12K). These are spin temperatures of nuclei which are out of equilibrium with the lattice vibrations and electrons of a solid. The lowest temperatures to which the electrons have been cooled are on the order of 10 microkelvins in metallic systems. See Low-temperature physics, Temperature absolute zeroThe zero value of the thermodynamic temperature scale, i.e. 0 K (–273.15 °C). Absolute zero is the lowest temperature theoretically possible. At absolute zero molecular motion almost ceases.Absolute Zerothe point from which absolute temperatures are measured; it lies at 273.16°K below the temperature of the triple point of water. The existence of absolute temperature and of absolute zero follows from the second law of thermodynamics; the third law of thermodynamics indicates that absolute zero cannot be attained. As the temperature approaches absolute zero, the thermal characteristics of matter such as the entropy, heat capacity, and coefficient of thermal expansion tend to zero. The sharp drop in the intensity of the thermal motion of atoms and molecules near absolute zero results in the ordered crystalline structure that all substances, with the exception of liquid helium, have under these conditions. According to classical physics, at absolute zero the energy of thermal (random) motion of molecules and atoms in a substance is equal to zero. According to quantum mechanics, however, at absolute zero the atoms or molecules at sites in a crystalline lattice are not completely at rest but undergo “zero” vibrations and have so-called zero energy. If the atomic mass and the interaction energy between atoms are very small, the zero vibrations may hinder the formation of a crystalline lattice. This is the case in the helium isotopes 3He and 4He, which remain liquid right down to the lowest attainable temperatures. Obtaining temperatures that are as close as possible to absolute zero is a complicated experimental problem, but temperatures have been reached which are within millionths of a degree of absolute zero. absolute zero[′ab·sə‚lüt ′zir·ō]absolute zeroabsolute zeroThe temperature at which molecular activity is at a minimum. Absolute zero is -273.15 degrees Celsius and -459.67 degrees Fahrenheit. See Kelvin.absolute zerozero[ze´ro]ab·so·lute ze·roAbsolute ZeroThe lowest possible temperature—0º Kelvin, -273.15º Celsius, -459.67º F. At absolute zero, all molecular motion stops.ab·so·lute ze·ro(ab'sŏ-lūt' zēr'ō)absolute zerothe lowest possible temperature for all substances, at which their molecules possess no heat energy. -273.15 °C is usually accepted as absolute zero.See AZ absolute zero
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absolute zero - (cryogenics) the lowest temperature theoretically attainable (at which the kinetic energy of atoms and molecules is minimal); 0 Kelvin or -273.15 centigrade or -459.67 Fahrenheit