proof

P0596500 (pro͞of)n.1. The evidence or argument that compels the mind to accept an assertion as true.2. a. The validation of a proposition by application of specified rules, as of induction or deduction, to assumptions, axioms, and sequentially derived conclusions.b. A statement or argument used in such a validation.3. a. Convincing or persuasive demonstration: was asked for proof of his identity; an employment history that was proof of her dependability.b. The state of being convinced or persuaded by consideration of evidence.4. Determination of the quality of something by testing; trial: put one's beliefs to the proof.5. Law a. The establishment of the truth or falsity of an allegation by evidence.b. The evidence offered in support of or in contravention of an allegation.6. The alcoholic strength of a liquor, expressed by a number that is twice the percentage by volume of alcohol present.7. Printing a. A trial sheet of printed material that is made to be checked and corrected. Also called proof sheet.b. A trial impression of a plate, stone, or block taken at any of various stages in engraving.8. a. A trial photographic print.b. Any of a limited number of newly minted coins or medals struck as specimens and for collectors from a new die on a polished planchet.9. Archaic Proven impenetrability: "I was clothed in Armor of proof" (John Bunyan).adj.1. Fully or successfully resistant; impervious. Often used in combination: waterproof watches; a fireproof cellar door.2. Of standard alcoholic strength: proof liquor.3. Used to proofread or correct typeset copy: a proof copy of the manuscript.v. proofed, proof·ing, proofs v.tr.1. Printing a. To make a trial impression of (printed or engraved matter).b. To proofread (copy).2. a. To activate (dormant dry yeast) by adding water.b. To work (dough) into proper lightness.3. To treat so as to make resistant: proof a fabric against shrinkage.v.intr.1. Printing To proofread.2. To become properly light for cooking: The batter proofed overnight.

[Middle English prove, preve, from Anglo-Norman prove and from Old French prueve, both from Late Latin proba, from Latin probāre, to prove; see prove.]

proof′er n.

proof

(pruːf) n1. any evidence that establishes or helps to establish the truth, validity, quality, etc, of something2. (Law) law the whole body of evidence upon which the verdict of a court is based3. (Mathematics) maths logic a sequence of steps or statements that establishes the truth of a proposition. See also direct¹⁷, induction⁴, induction⁸4. the act of testing the truth of something (esp in the phrase put to the proof)5. (Law) Scots law trial before a judge without a jury6. (Printing, Lithography & Bookbinding) printing a trial impression made from composed type, or a print-out (from a laser printer, etc) for the correction of errors7. (Art Terms) (in engraving, etc) a print made by an artist or under his supervision for his own satisfaction before he hands the plate over to a professional printer8. (Photography) photog a trial print from a negative9. (Brewing) a. the alcoholic strength of proof spiritb. the strength of a beverage or other alcoholic liquor as measured on a scale in which the strength of proof spirit is 100 degreesadj10. (foll by: against) able to resist; impervious (to): the roof is proof against rain. 11. (Brewing) having the alcoholic strength of proof spirit12. (Arms & Armour (excluding Firearms)) of proved strength or impenetrability: proof armour. vb13. (Printing, Lithography & Bookbinding) (tr) to take a proof from (type matter, a plate, etc)14. (Journalism & Publishing) to proofread (text) or inspect (a print, etc), as for approval15. to render (something) proof, esp to waterproof[C13: from Old French preuve a test, from Late Latin proba, from Latin probāre to test]

proof

(pruf)

n. 1. evidence sufficient to establish a thing as true or believable. 2. anything serving as such evidence. 3. the act of testing or trying anything; test; trial: to put a thing to the proof. 4. the establishment of the truth of anything; demonstration. 5. (in judicial proceedings) evidence that seems to substantiate or corroborate a charge or allegation. 6. an arithmetical operation serving to check the correctness of a calculation. 7. Math., Logic. a sequence of steps, statements, or demonstrations that leads to a valid conclusion. 8. a test to determine the quality, durability, etc., of materials used in manufacture. 9. the strength of an alcoholic liquor, esp. with reference to the standard whereby 100 proof signifies an alcoholic content of 50 percent. 10. Photog. a trial print from a negative. 11. Print. a. a trial impression, as of composed type, taken to correct errors and make alterations. b. one of a number of early and superior impressions taken before the printing of the ordinary issue. 12. one of a limited number of coins of a new issue struck from polished dies on a blank having a polished or matte surface. 13. the state of having been tested. adj. 14. able to withstand; impenetrable, impervious, or invulnerable: proof against attack; proof against leakage. 15. used for testing or proving; serving as proof. 16. of standard strength, as an alcoholic liquor. 17. of tested or proven strength or quality: proof armor. v.t. 18. to examine for flaws, errors, etc.; check against a standard. 19. Print. prove (def. 7). 20. proofread. 21. to treat or coat for the purpose of rendering resistant to deterioration, damage, etc. (often used in combination). 22. a. to combine (yeast) with warm water so that a bubbling action occurs. b. to cause (bread dough, etc.) to rise by adding baker's yeast. v.i. 23. (of yeast) to bubble or foam when mixed with warm water, milk, etc. [1175–1225; Middle English prove, prooff, alter. (by association with the vowel of prove) of preove, pref < Middle French preve, proeve < Late Latin proba a test, n. derivative of Latin probāre to approve of, examine, prove]

-proof

a combining form of proof, with the meaning “resistant, impervious to” that specified by the initial element: childproof; waterproof.

proof

(pro͞of) A demonstration of the truth of a mathematical or logical statement, based on axioms and theorems derived from these axioms.

proof

evidence, proof - Evidence—from Latin e-, "out," and videre, "to see"— is information that helps form a conclusion; proof is factual information that verifies a conclusion.
proof in the pudding - A shortening of the saying "the proof of the pudding is in the eating," i.e. a thing is tested by putting it to its intended use.
proof - The strength of alcohol.
adduce - To cite as an instance or as proof or evidence.

proof

Past participle: proofed
Gerund: proofing

Imperative
proof
proof

Present
I proof
you proof
he/she/it proofs
we proof
you proof
they proof

Preterite
I proofed
you proofed
he/she/it proofed
we proofed
you proofed
they proofed

Present Continuous
I am proofing
you are proofing
he/she/it is proofing
we are proofing
you are proofing
they are proofing

Present Perfect
I have proofed
you have proofed
he/she/it has proofed
we have proofed
you have proofed
they have proofed

Past Continuous
I was proofing
you were proofing
he/she/it was proofing
we were proofing
you were proofing
they were proofing

Past Perfect
I had proofed
you had proofed
he/she/it had proofed
we had proofed
you had proofed
they had proofed

Future
I will proof
you will proof
he/she/it will proof
we will proof
you will proof
they will proof

Future Perfect
I will have proofed
you will have proofed
he/she/it will have proofed
we will have proofed
you will have proofed
they will have proofed

Future Continuous
I will be proofing
you will be proofing
he/she/it will be proofing
we will be proofing
you will be proofing
they will be proofing

Present Perfect Continuous
I have been proofing
you have been proofing
he/she/it has been proofing
we have been proofing
you have been proofing
they have been proofing

Future Perfect Continuous
I will have been proofing
you will have been proofing
he/she/it will have been proofing
we will have been proofing
you will have been proofing
they will have been proofing

Past Perfect Continuous
I had been proofing
you had been proofing
he/she/it had been proofing
we had been proofing
you had been proofing
they had been proofing

Conditional
I would proof
you would proof
he/she/it would proof
we would proof
you would proof
they would proof

Past Conditional
I would have proofed
you would have proofed
he/she/it would have proofed
we would have proofed
you would have proofed
they would have proofed

proof

A trial image taken of a print.

Thesaurus

Noun	1.	proof - any factual evidence that helps to establish the truth of something; "if you have any proof for what you say, now is the time to produce it"cogent evidenceevidence, grounds - your basis for belief or disbelief; knowledge on which to base belief; "the evidence that smoking causes lung cancer is very compelling"confirmation, substantiation, verification, check - additional proof that something that was believed (some fact or hypothesis or theory) is correct; "fossils provided further confirmation of the evolutionary theory"validation, establishment - the cognitive process of establishing a valid proof
	2.	proof - a formal series of statements showing that if one thing is true something else necessarily follows from itmath, mathematics, maths - a science (or group of related sciences) dealing with the logic of quantity and shape and arrangementlogic - the branch of philosophy that analyzes inferencemathematical proof - proof of a mathematical theoremlogical proof - proof of a logical theoremmonstrance, demonstration - proof by a process of argument or a series of proposition proving an asserted conclusionargument, statement - a fact or assertion offered as evidence that something is true; "it was a strong argument that his hypothesis was true"
	3.	proof - a measure of alcoholic strength expressed as an integer twice the percentage of alcohol present (by volume)quantity, measure, amount - how much there is or how many there are of something that you can quantify
	4.	proof - (printing) an impression made to check for errorstest copy, trial impressionprinting, impression - all the copies of a work printed at one time; "they ran off an initial printing of 2000 copies"galley proof - a proof taken before the type is broken up to print pagesfoundry proof - a proof taken from a form before duplicate plates are madeprinting process, printing - reproduction by applying ink to paper as for publication
	5.	proof - a trial photographic print from a negativephotographic print, print - a printed picture produced from a photographic negative
	6.	proof - the act of validating; finding or testing the truth of somethingvalidation, substantiationdetermination, finding - the act of determining the properties of something, usually by research or calculation; "the determination of molecular structures"authentication, certification - validating the authenticity of something or someonedocumentation, support - documentary validation; "his documentation of the results was excellent"; "the strongest support for this view is the work of Jones"monetisation, monetization - establishing something (e.g. gold or silver) as the legal tender of a countryprobate - the act of proving that an instrument purporting to be a will was signed and executed in accord with legal requirements
Verb	1.	proof - make or take a proof of, such as a photographic negative, an etching, or typesetproduce, create, make - create or manufacture a man-made product; "We produce more cars than we can sell"; "The company has been making toys for two centuries"
	2.	proof - knead to reach proper lightness; "proof dough"knead, work - make uniform; "knead dough"; "work the clay until it is soft"
	3.	proof - read for errors; "I should proofread my manuscripts"proofreadinsure, see to it, ensure, ascertain, check, assure, control, see - be careful or certain to do something; make certain of something; "He verified that the valves were closed"; "See that the curtains are closed"; "control the quality of the product"
	4.	proof - activate by mixing with water and sometimes sugar or milk; "proof yeast"alter, change, modify - cause to change; make different; cause a transformation; "The advent of the automobile may have altered the growth pattern of the city"; "The discussion has changed my thinking about the issue"
	5.	proof - make resistant (to harm); "proof the materials against shrinking in the dryer"bombproof - make safe against bombingsbulletproof - make bulletproof; "bulletproof the car"childproof, child-proof - make safe against children; "childproof the apartment"foolproof, goofproof, goof-proof - proof against human misuse or error; "foolproof this appliance"fireproof - make resistant to fireweatherproof - make resistant to bad weatherstrengthen - gain strength; "His body strengthened"
Adj.	1.	proof - (used in combination or as a suffix) able to withstand; "temptation-proof"; "childproof locks"imperviable, impervious - not admitting of passage or capable of being affected; "a material impervious to water"; "someone impervious to argument"

proof

noun1. evidence, demonstration, testimony, confirmation, verification, certification, corroboration, authentication, substantiation, attestation You must have proof of residence in the state.2. (Printing) trial print, pull, slip, galley, page proof, galley proof, trial impression I'm correcting the proofs of the Spanish edition right now.adjective1. impervious, strong, tight, resistant, impenetrable, repellent The fortress was proof against attack.Proverbs
"The proof of the pudding is in the eating"

proof

noun1. That which confirms:attestation, authentication, confirmation, corroboration, demonstration, evidence, substantiation, testament, testimonial, testimony, validation, verification, warrant.2. A fact or circumstance that gives logical support to an assertion, claim, or proposal:argument, ground (often used in plural), reason, wherefore, why.Idiom: why and wherefore.3. A procedure that ascertains effectiveness, value, proper function, or other quality:assay, essay, test, trial, tryout.adjectiveHaving the capacity to withstand:immune, impervious, insusceptible, resistant, resistive, unsusceptible.

Translations

校样证据样张

proof

(pruːf) noun1. (a piece of) evidence, information etc that shows definitely that something is true. We still have no proof that he is innocent.证据2. a first copy of a printed sheet, that can be corrected before the final printing. She was correcting the proofs of her novel.校样3. in photography, the first print from a negative. （相片的）样张 -proof able to withstand or avoid something. waterproof covering. （后缀）表示＂耐...的＂，＂防...的＂

proof

→ 校样zhCN, 证据zhCN

proof

proof,

in printing, a trial impression for inspection. Proofreading is the inspection and marking of proof for correction of errors and imperfections. Proofreaders' marks are included in dictionaries. Directions for proofreading are given in several sources including The Chicago Manual of Style, published by the Univ. of Chicago Press (15th ed. 2003); Words into Type, by M. E. Skillin and R. M. Gay (3d ed. 1974); and The Fine Art of Copyediting, by E. M. Stainton (1991).

proof,

in law: see evidenceevidence,
in law, material submitted to a judge or a judicial body to resolve disputed questions of fact. The rules discussed in this article were developed in England for use in jury trials.
..... Click the link for more information. .

proof,

in mathematics, finite sequence of propositions each of which is either an axiomaxiom,
in mathematics and logic, general statement accepted without proof as the basis for logically deducing other statements (theorems). Examples of axioms used widely in mathematics are those related to equality (e.g.
..... Click the link for more information. or follows from preceding propositions by one of the rules of logical inference (see symbolic logicsymbolic logic
or mathematical logic,
formalized system of deductive logic, employing abstract symbols for the various aspects of natural language. Symbolic logic draws on the concepts and techniques of mathematics, notably set theory, and in turn has contributed to
..... Click the link for more information. ). Mathematical proofs are quite distinct from inductive, statistical, heuristic, analogical, and other types of reasoning or persuasion that are sometimes accepted as proofs in other fields of science or human affairs. Proof theory has developed into one of the important branches of modern mathematical logic. Some schools of mathematical logic reject certain methods in proofs, such as use of the law of excluded middle (either p is true or p is false) or of mathematical definitions involving properties that are not effectively verifiable.

Proof

in logic, the process (method) of establishing the truth; the grounding of the validity of a proposition.

Corresponding to the different possible aspects and levels in the investigation and use of the concepts “truth” (“validity”) and “grounding,” the term “proof allows a number of interpretations that differ from one another in degree of generality and definiteness. However, in all the modifications of the concept of proof, two opposed (but interconnected) tendencies can be clearly traced. The first is conditioned by the relativity and the contextual nature of the concept of truth, since it designates a more or less exact and complete correspondence to some part of reality. The second is connected with the requirement that a proof (precisely as a proof, and not simply as a reason in favor of the assertion in question) should guarantee the truth of the thesis—in this lies the specific character of the concept of a proof that distinguishes it from the broader class of procedures that could more naturally be called confirmation of theses and happen to be more or less convincing. In other words, a proof should serve as a complete confirmation of the truth of the proposition being proved and therefore should be of a deductive nature—hence the tendency to an increasingly greater formalization of the concept of a proof.

Thus, the concept of a proof contains a profound contradiction: this concept is genuinely necessary for solving problems that in principle do not permit a complete, exhaustive, definitive solution. However, one can find this concept in the ideal form of complete definiteness only in those situations in which the solution, in some sense, has been predetermined and is already contained in the very statement of the problem—when it is possible to achieve a proof of logically true propositions, the only ones for which one can carry out a proof that is completely formalized (and thus leaves nothing indefinite or inexplicit).

The opposition of the contextual and formal aspects of the concept of proof appears primarily in the difference between the broad and narrow senses of this term.

Proof in the broad sense is any procedure for establishing the truth of a proposition (which is called the thesis, or conclusion, of the given proof) both with the aid of certain logical inferences and by means of sense perception of certain physical objects and phenomena, as well as of references to (indications or mentions of) such perceptions. This is precisely the character of proofs in legal practice, where the term “proof applies to singular indications of this kind and even to the naming of the objects indicated—hence the expressions “to produce proof (evidence)” and “material proof.” Such is the mode of grounding most assertions in the humanities, and, in an even more distinct form, the empirical (experimental, based on observational data) proofs in the natural sciences. All such proofs (if we do not consider the proofs of certain singular facts leading to an immediate inference from a single “production of evidence”) have as components deductive fragments—inferences that connect the references to experience with the thesis being proved (or an intermediate thesis). Nevertheless, all these proofs can be considered inductive: there occurs in them a transition from particular premises to general conclusions (induction), a transition carried out (most frequently in an implicit form) according to the rules of inductive logic.

Proofs in the narrow sense of the word, which are characteristic of the deductive sciences (logic, mathematics, and the divisions of theoretical physics and theoretical cybernetics that are structured according to their example and on their basis), are chains of (correct) inferences that lead from true premises (propositions primitive to the given proof) to the theses being proved (the conclusions). The premises of a proof are also called its grounds, arguments, or reasons. However, these terms are no less applicable to the designation of the intermediate transitions from premises to a conclusion or of any type of explanation (commentaries) that accompanies such transitions in these proofs. The truth of premises should not be substantiated in the proof itself, but should in some way be established beforehand.

The consistent development of this traditional conception of proof (derived from Aristotle), when it was connected with the axiomatic method, required at the end of the 19th century its considerable refinement and even revision. Although the acceptance of axioms as true propositions still agreed with classical notions (it was sufficient, it seemed, to require that they be empirically grounded), the discovery of the possibility of constructing different axiomatic systems (for example, non-Euclidian geometries) that are suitable, at least in principle, for describing the same physical reality, made it necessary to abandon the notion of axioms as either “self-evident truths” or empirical truths. Such a notion (which proceeds from as far back as Greek science) contradicted, so it turned out, the possibility of accepting as axioms of the different geometric systems (but, of course, not of one and the same system) assertions that are negations of each other. It also contradicted the possibility discovered in this connection of placing at the basis of scientific theories (and thereby also as premises of a proof) propositions the question of whose truth is not only not predetermined from the beginning but may not even be raised. In other words, there emerged a relativity in the opposition of the concepts of a deduction (from a hypothesis) and a proof—since axioms (independently of their hypothetical “truth” or “falsity”) are the hypotheses on which the proof is based.

But this revision of the concept of proof, which was carried out at the turn of the century by D. Hilbert, was not entirely consistent. In connection with the increasingly acute problems of the noncontradiction of scientific theories (confidence in which could no longer be based on confidence in the truth of the fundamental propositions of the theory), Hilbert advanced a program for formalizing the proof of deductive theories that proposed not only a clear indication of all the primitive concepts and primitive propositions (axioms) of any given theory but also an equally clear indication of all the logical procedures used in the deductions (in particular, in the proofs) of this theory. With such a formulation of the question, the problem of the persuasiveness (correctness) of a proof takes on (for the first time!) a completely objective character.

The proof (more correctly, the formal proof) is regarded simply as a “string” of formulas each of which either is an axiom (that is, belongs to some previously isolated list of well-formed formulas) or immediately follows one of the rules of inference (which are also precisely listed) from the preceding formulas of the string. The conclusion of the given proof is simply its last formula (in particular, the proof of any axiom consists of one formula—itself). With such a treatment, the scientific theory being examined ceases to be a theory in the ordinary sense: it turns out to be represented in the form of a calculus, or formal system, that consists of formulas obtained from formulas of some basic store (axioms) by means of the purely “mechanical” application of the rules of inference (the application of which, like the verification of the correctness of this application, does not pre-suppose any material understanding of them). A formula for which there is a formal proof is called a proved formula or a formal theorem.

Thus, the carrying out of this part of Hilbert’s program permitted the realization of the ideal advanced much earlier by G. W. von Leibniz: “to replace reasoning by calculation.” To ascertain whether a given string of formulas is a proof, there is a simple, uniform, and moreover, strictly mechanical method—the algorithm. Such an algorithm for determining whether a given arbitrary formula is a theorem is possible only for a few, relatively simple, formal theories, but this fact does not exclude the possibility of a search by a machine for a deduction (a search for a proof) for many important classes of formulas. The elaboration of such mechanical algorithms of inference is one of the goals of mathematical logic, the theory of algorithms, and theoretical cybernetics.

The presentation of proofs as strings (linear sequences) of formulas is not the only possible one; often it is more convenient to define formal proofs as “trees” of formulas whose “branches” are formed by the premises through applications of the rules of inference. Such a form of proof turned out to be convenient, in particular, for the study of logical inferences that the German mathematician G. Gentzen undertook in 1934 within the framework of Hilbert’s proof theory. In his modifications of the logical calculus in the form of the so-called calculus of natural deduction, the formal logical means are closer in their structure to traditional (material) methods of inference than in Hilbert’s initial scheme. There are no axioms (or very few of them) in these calculi, but auxiliary rules of inference are introduced, so that as a result the overall “store of theorems” derivable by the new and the former means proves to be the same. Thus, the difference between formal axioms and material rules also proves to be relative.

The consistent formalization of the concept of proof reveals the possibility of transferring many “creative” human functions to computers. But this does not result in the conclusion that it is possible to reduce all material aspects of the concept of proof to formal aspects—the rules of inference, although they do deal with formal objects (formulas), are formulated in a natural language, while all problems concerning the nature of formal calculi as a whole are raised and resolved by purely intuitive means. These intuitive arguments (and intuitive proofs) constitute an object of proof theory itself.

Moreover, it turned out (K. Godel, 1931) that the task of a complete and consistent formalization of even such relatively simple mathematical theories as arithmetic (number theory) is in principle unrealizable. Therefore, in them there is always some “remainder that cannot be formalized.” Finally, no formalization of deductive theories eliminates the problem of their interpretation, that is, finding the correspondence to some reality that they describe and that is external to them (and, perhaps, consists of objects of a high level of abstraction). In the final analysis, the adequacy of this correspondence can only be shown by the grounding of the truth of the theory as a whole. It is natural that within the framework of mathematical logic ever-increasing influence has been exerted by that part of the doctrine (an alternative to Hilbert’s conception) of mathematical intuitionism (a doctrine that, to a considerable extent, is accepted by the representatives of the constructivist trend) according to which the concept of rigorous mathematical proof (to say nothing of the general concept of proof) cannot in general be exhausted by any formal definition given once and for all.

An even more resolute revision of the notions about the essence of axiomatic-deductive methods has been undertaken within the framework of the so-called ultraintuitionistic program. Ultraintuitionism is characterized by the attempt at a consistent and strict observance, as applied to the deductive sciences, of the principle of sufficient reason. On the one hand, it suggests an extremely broad understanding of intuitive (deductive) proof and, on the other, advances a conception of formal proof that, taking into account both Hilbert’s “formalistic” scheme and the intuitionistic criticism of that scheme, is at the same time so flexible that its use allows us to hope that in problems of the foundation of mathematics and logic the limitations stipulated by Gódel’s results, which previously seemed insurmountable, will be overcome.

REFERENCES

Engels, F. “Anti-Diuring.” In K. Marx and F. Engels, Soch., 2nd ed., vol. 20.
Lenin, V. I. “Materializm i empiriokrititsizm.” Poln. sobr. soch., 5th ed., vol. 18.
Aristotle. Analitiki pervaia i vtoraia. Leningrad, 1952. (Translated from Greek.)
Nachala Evklida, books 1-15. Translated from Greek with a commentary by D. D. Mordukhai-Boltovskii. Moscow-Leningrad, 1948-50.
Bacon, F. Novyi organon. Moscow-Leningrad, 1938. (Translated from English.)
Mill, J. S. Sistema logiki sillogisticheskoi i induktivnoi. Moscow, 1914. (Translated from English.)
Hilbert, D. Osnovaniia geometrii. Moscow-Leningrad, 1948. (Translated from German.)
Russell, B. Chelovecheskoe poznanie. Moscow, 1957. (Translated from English.)
Tarski, A. Vvedenie v logiku i metodologiiu deduktivnykh nauk. Moscow, 1948. (Translated from English.)
Heyting, A. Intuitsionizm. Moscow, 1965. (Translated from English.)
Kleene, S. C. Vvedenie v metamatematiku. Moscow, 1957. (Translated from English.)
Pólya, G. Matematika i pravdopodobnye rassuzhdeniia, vols. 1-2. Moscow, 1957. (Translated from English.)
Asmus, V. F. Uchenie logiki o dokazatel’stve i oproverzhenii. [Moscow] 1954.
Starchenko, A. A. Logika v sudebnom issledovanii. Moscow, 1958.

IU. A. GASTEV

proof

[prüf] (engineering) Reproduction of a die impression by means of a cast. (food engineering) The strength of the ethyl alcohol in distilled spirits; in the United States, each degree of proof is equal to 0.5% of alcohol by volume. To activate yeast by mixing it with water or milk and letting the mixture stand for a given period of time. (graphic arts) The inked impression of composed type or a plate; used for inspection purposes or for pasting up with other artwork. (mathematics) A deductive demonstration of a mathematical statement.

proof

1. Law the whole body of evidence upon which the verdict of a court is based 2. Maths logic a sequence of steps or statements that establishes the truth of a proposition 3. Scots law trial before a judge without a jury 4. (in engraving, etc.) a print made by an artist or under his supervision for his own satisfaction before he hands the plate over to a professional printer 5. Photog a trial print from a negative 6. a. the alcoholic strength of proof spirit b. the strength of a beverage or other alcoholic liquor as measured on a scale in which the strength of proof spirit is 100 degrees 7. having the alcoholic strength of proof spirit

proof

(logic)A finite sequence of well-formed formulas, F1,F2, ... Fn, where each Fi either is an axiom, or follows bysome rule of inference from some of the previous F's, and Fnis the statement being proved.

See also proof theory.

proof

(2)A left-associative natural language parser by CraigR. Latta . Ported to Decstation 3100, Sun-4.

ftp://scam.berkeley.edu/pub/src/local/proof/.

E-mail: . Mailing list:proof-requestf@xcf.berkeley.edu (Subject: add me).

proof

proof

proof

proof

-proof

proof

proof

proof

proof

proof

proof

proof

proof

proof

110 proof

bulletproof

burden of proof

put to the proof

the proof of the pudding

be living proof of (something)

be living proof that

proof positive

the proof is in the pudding

the proof of the pudding is in the eating

carded

get proofed

proofed

proof (one)

goof-proof

proof is in the pudding

The proof of the pudding is in the eating.

burden of proof

proof of the pudding, the

the proof of the pudding is in the eating

be (the) living proof that (or of)

the proof of the pudding is in the eating

be ˌliving ˈproof of something

the proof of the ˈpudding (is in the ˈeating)

proof ˈpositive

carded

proofed

drool-proof

goof-proof

burden of proof, the

proof of the pudding is in the eating, the

proof

proof,

proof,

proof,

Proof

REFERENCES

proof

proof

proof

proof

Proof

Proof

Cross-references

proof

Proof

Proof

PROOF

proof

Synonyms for proof

noun evidence

Synonyms

noun trial print

Synonyms

adj impervious

Synonyms

Synonyms for proof

noun that which confirms

Synonyms

noun a fact or circumstance that gives logical support to an assertion, claim, or proposal

Synonyms

noun a procedure that ascertains effectiveness, value, proper function, or other quality

Synonyms

adj having the capacity to withstand

Synonyms

Synonyms for proof