suppurative pancreatitis

pancreatitis

(pang?kre-a-tit'is, pan?) [ pancreat- + -itis] Inflammation of the pancreas, sometimes accompanied by damage to neighboring organs (e.g., the bowel, lungs, spleen, or stomach) or by a systemic inflammatory response. acute pancreatitis; chronic pancreatitis;

acute pancreatitis

Pancreatitis of sudden onset, marked clinically by epigastric pain, nausea, vomiting, and elevated serum pancreatic enzymes. Varying degrees of pancreatic inflammation, autodigestion, necrosis, hemorrhage, gangrene, or pseudocyst formation may develop. The disease may be relatively mild, resolving in 3 or 4 days, or severe enough to cause multiple organ system failure, shock, and death (in about 5% of patients). The patient may assume a sitting or fetal position in attempting to ease the pain because lying supine or walking tends to increase discomfort.

Etiology

Alcohol abuse and obstruction of the pancreatic duct by gallstones are the most common causes of the disease; less often, pancreatitis results from exposure to drugs (e.g., thiazide diuretics or pentamidine), hypertriglyceridemia, hypercalcemia, abdominal trauma, or viral infections (e.g., mumps or coxsackievirus).

Treatment

The patient receives nothing by mouth until pain, nausea, and vomiting have resolved and diagnostic markers (e.g., serum lipase level) show evidence of normalizing. Standard supportive measures include the administration of fluids and electrolytes, sometimes in massive quantities if dehydration or third-spacing of fluids in the abdomen occurs.

CAUTION!

Refeeding patients before pancreatic inflammation has resolved may cause a relapse.

Prognosis

Several techniques are used to determine how well (or how poorly) patients with pancreatitis will progress during their illness and whether they may benefit from intensive care. The best of these is the Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation (APACHE II) system; it grades patients with pancreatitis on the basis of 14 measurable physiological parameters, including the patient's body temperature, heart rate, mean arterial pressure, respiratory rate, serum creatinine and sodium levels, arterial pH, white blood cell count, Glasgow coma scale, and age.

Other methods for determining the severity of illness in pancreatitis rely on abnormalities seen on computed tomography (CT) imaging or the measurement of other physiological criteria, including the serum calcium and glucose levels, fluid deficit, and liver function.

Patient care

Intravenous fluids, antiemetics, and pain relievers are administered parenterally. A nasogastric tube may be inserted and placed on low, intermittent suctioning for patients with intractable nausea and vomiting or to reduce hydrochloric acid levels or relieve distention. Required nutritional support is best provided by jejunal enteral feedings that maintain gut integrity. These are as effective as parenteral feeding is and have the benefit of reducing the potential for infection and hypoglycemia. Total parenteral nutrition may be needed for patients with evidence of severe pancreatitis. Such patients may be critically ill and will require close monitoring of vital signs, oxygenation and ventilation, body temperature, cardiac and hemodynamic status, fluid and electrolytes, balance, body weight, serum calcium levels, renal function, level of consciousness, peripheral circulation, possible delirium, and possible multiorgan system failure. Severe pancreatitis often results in a prolonged and complicated hospitalization. Throughout the illness, range-of-motion exercises, correct positioning, prophylaxis against deep venous thrombosis, oral hygiene, and other physical support measures prevent debilitation and complications of prolonged illness. Both patient and family may need support, esp. in the presence of complications (pulmonary, cardiovascular, renal, immune, and coagulation abnormalities). After pancreatitis has resolved, alcoholic patients should be encouraged to seek help from Alcoholics Anonymous or other supportive programs. Follow-up with a gastroenterologist, primary care provider, or nutritionist may be helpful during convalescence and recovery. Patients should return for prompt reevaluation if they have nausea, vomiting, epigastric pain, fevers, or jaundice after discharge.

alcoholic pancreatitis

Pancreatitis due to excessive (typically chronic) alcohol consumption. It is the second most common cause of pancreatitis, after ductal obstruction by gallstones.

autoimmune pancreatitis

Chronic pancreatitis, usually found in association with other autoimmune disorders (e.g., inflammatory bowel disease, rheumatoid arthritis, or Sjogren's syndrome). It is a relatively rare disease, suggested by the finding of antibodies against lactoferrin and carbonic anhydrase in the blood of affected patients. Biopsy specimens reveal infiltration of the organ by lymphocytes. It is treated with corticosteroids. Synonym: autoimmune-related pancreatitis

autoimmune-related pancreatitis

Autoimmune pancreatitis.

centrilobar pancreatitis

Pancreatitis located around divisions of the pancreatic duct.

chronic pancreatitis

Pancreatitis due to repeated or massive pancreatic injury, marked by the formation of scar tissue, which leads to malfunction of the pancreas. The disease may be diagnosed with endoscopic procedures, with radiographic studies (e.g., x-rays of the abdomen showing pancreatic calcification), or with so-called tubeless tests that assess malabsorption caused by failure of the pancreas to release digestive enzymes into the gastrointestinal tract.

Symptoms

The pain may be mild or severe, tending to radiate to the back. Jaundice, weakness, emaciation, malabsorption of proteins and fats, and diarrhea are present.

drug-induced pancreatitis

Pancreatitis due to medications, such as antiretroviral agents used to treat HIV/AIDS.

gallstone pancreatitis

Pancreatitis caused by the obstruction of the ampulla of Vater by a biliary stone.

interstitial pancreatitis

Pancreatitis with overgrowth of interacinar and intra-acinar connective tissue.

perilobar pancreatitis

Fibrosis of the pancreas between acinous groups.

purulent pancreatitis

Pancreatitis with abscess formation. Synonym: suppurative pancreatitis

suppurative pancreatitis

Purulent pancreatitis.

tropical pancreatitis

Abbreviation: TP
Pancreatitis of unclear cause, found primarily in children in Northern Africa and Southeast Asia.

单词	suppurative pancreatitis
释义	DictionarySeepancreatitisEncyclopediaSeePancreatitis suppurative pancreatitis pancreatitis (pang?kre-a-tit'is, pan?) [ pancreat- + -itis] Inflammation of the pancreas, sometimes accompanied by damage to neighboring organs (e.g., the bowel, lungs, spleen, or stomach) or by a systemic inflammatory response. acute pancreatitis; chronic pancreatitis; acute pancreatitis Pancreatitis of sudden onset, marked clinically by epigastric pain, nausea, vomiting, and elevated serum pancreatic enzymes. Varying degrees of pancreatic inflammation, autodigestion, necrosis, hemorrhage, gangrene, or pseudocyst formation may develop. The disease may be relatively mild, resolving in 3 or 4 days, or severe enough to cause multiple organ system failure, shock, and death (in about 5% of patients). The patient may assume a sitting or fetal position in attempting to ease the pain because lying supine or walking tends to increase discomfort. Etiology Alcohol abuse and obstruction of the pancreatic duct by gallstones are the most common causes of the disease; less often, pancreatitis results from exposure to drugs (e.g., thiazide diuretics or pentamidine), hypertriglyceridemia, hypercalcemia, abdominal trauma, or viral infections (e.g., mumps or coxsackievirus). Treatment The patient receives nothing by mouth until pain, nausea, and vomiting have resolved and diagnostic markers (e.g., serum lipase level) show evidence of normalizing. Standard supportive measures include the administration of fluids and electrolytes, sometimes in massive quantities if dehydration or third-spacing of fluids in the abdomen occurs. CAUTION! Refeeding patients before pancreatic inflammation has resolved may cause a relapse. Prognosis Several techniques are used to determine how well (or how poorly) patients with pancreatitis will progress during their illness and whether they may benefit from intensive care. The best of these is the Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation (APACHE II) system; it grades patients with pancreatitis on the basis of 14 measurable physiological parameters, including the patient's body temperature, heart rate, mean arterial pressure, respiratory rate, serum creatinine and sodium levels, arterial pH, white blood cell count, Glasgow coma scale, and age. Other methods for determining the severity of illness in pancreatitis rely on abnormalities seen on computed tomography (CT) imaging or the measurement of other physiological criteria, including the serum calcium and glucose levels, fluid deficit, and liver function. Patient care Intravenous fluids, antiemetics, and pain relievers are administered parenterally. A nasogastric tube may be inserted and placed on low, intermittent suctioning for patients with intractable nausea and vomiting or to reduce hydrochloric acid levels or relieve distention. Required nutritional support is best provided by jejunal enteral feedings that maintain gut integrity. These are as effective as parenteral feeding is and have the benefit of reducing the potential for infection and hypoglycemia. Total parenteral nutrition may be needed for patients with evidence of severe pancreatitis. Such patients may be critically ill and will require close monitoring of vital signs, oxygenation and ventilation, body temperature, cardiac and hemodynamic status, fluid and electrolytes, balance, body weight, serum calcium levels, renal function, level of consciousness, peripheral circulation, possible delirium, and possible multiorgan system failure. Severe pancreatitis often results in a prolonged and complicated hospitalization. Throughout the illness, range-of-motion exercises, correct positioning, prophylaxis against deep venous thrombosis, oral hygiene, and other physical support measures prevent debilitation and complications of prolonged illness. Both patient and family may need support, esp. in the presence of complications (pulmonary, cardiovascular, renal, immune, and coagulation abnormalities). After pancreatitis has resolved, alcoholic patients should be encouraged to seek help from Alcoholics Anonymous or other supportive programs. Follow-up with a gastroenterologist, primary care provider, or nutritionist may be helpful during convalescence and recovery. Patients should return for prompt reevaluation if they have nausea, vomiting, epigastric pain, fevers, or jaundice after discharge. alcoholic pancreatitis Pancreatitis due to excessive (typically chronic) alcohol consumption. It is the second most common cause of pancreatitis, after ductal obstruction by gallstones. autoimmune pancreatitis Chronic pancreatitis, usually found in association with other autoimmune disorders (e.g., inflammatory bowel disease, rheumatoid arthritis, or Sjogren's syndrome). It is a relatively rare disease, suggested by the finding of antibodies against lactoferrin and carbonic anhydrase in the blood of affected patients. Biopsy specimens reveal infiltration of the organ by lymphocytes. It is treated with corticosteroids. Synonym: autoimmune-related pancreatitis autoimmune-related pancreatitis Autoimmune pancreatitis. centrilobar pancreatitis Pancreatitis located around divisions of the pancreatic duct. chronic pancreatitis Pancreatitis due to repeated or massive pancreatic injury, marked by the formation of scar tissue, which leads to malfunction of the pancreas. The disease may be diagnosed with endoscopic procedures, with radiographic studies (e.g., x-rays of the abdomen showing pancreatic calcification), or with so-called tubeless tests that assess malabsorption caused by failure of the pancreas to release digestive enzymes into the gastrointestinal tract. Symptoms The pain may be mild or severe, tending to radiate to the back. Jaundice, weakness, emaciation, malabsorption of proteins and fats, and diarrhea are present. drug-induced pancreatitis Pancreatitis due to medications, such as antiretroviral agents used to treat HIV/AIDS. gallstone pancreatitis Pancreatitis caused by the obstruction of the ampulla of Vater by a biliary stone. interstitial pancreatitis Pancreatitis with overgrowth of interacinar and intra-acinar connective tissue. perilobar pancreatitis Fibrosis of the pancreas between acinous groups. purulent pancreatitis Pancreatitis with abscess formation. Synonym: suppurative pancreatitis suppurative pancreatitis Purulent pancreatitis. tropical pancreatitis Abbreviation: TP Pancreatitis of unclear cause, found primarily in children in Northern Africa and Southeast Asia.
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