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Petra
Pe·tra P0223200 (pē′trə, pĕt′rə) An ancient ruined city of Edom in present-day southwest Jordan. It flourished as a trade center and the capital of Nabataea from the 4th century bc until its capture by the Romans in ad 106. The city was taken by Muslims in the 7th century and by Crusaders in the 12th century. The ruins of the "rose-red city" were discovered in 1812.Petra (ˈpɛtrə; ˈpiːtrə) n (Placename) an ancient city in the south of present-day Jordan; capital of the Nabataean kingdomTranslations
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Petra
Petra (pē`trə), ancient city, in present-day Jordan, known to the Arabs as Wadi Musa for the stream that flows through it. A narrow, winding pass between towering walls leads to the flat, open valley upon which stood the ancient city. The valley is surrounded by hills in which tombs have been carved in the pink sandstone. The site includes some 800 structures, the best known of which is the Khazneh el-Farun (or so-called Pharoah's Treasury), a mausoleum, monument, or temple with a two-story facade and Hellenistic split pediment. Petra was early occupied by the Edomites (see EdomEdom
, Idumaea,
or Idumea
, mountainous country, called also Mt. Seir. According to the Book of Genesis, it was given to Esau, also called Edom, and his descendants. It extended along the eastern border of the Arabah valley, from the Dead Sea to Elat.
..... Click the link for more information. ), and the city is indentified by some with SelaSela
or Selah
[Heb.,=rock], in the Bible, unidentified town, S of the Dead Sea. Amaziah captured it and renamed it Joktheel. Some identify Sela with Petra. Sela in the first chapter of Judges seems to be another rock.
..... Click the link for more information. in the Bible (2 Kings 14.7). The Nabataeans (an Arab tribe; see NabataeaNabataea
, ancient kingdom of Arabia, south of Edom, in present-day Jordan. It flourished from the 4th cent. B.C. to A.D. 106, when it was conquered by Rome. The history of Nabataea consists mainly of the struggle to control the trade routes between Asia and the Mediterranean.
..... Click the link for more information. ) had their capital there from the 4th cent. B.C. until the Roman occupation in A.D. 106. Under the Romans in the 2d and 3d cent. it was included in the province of Arabia Petraea. Petra was for many centuries the focal point of a vast caravan trade but declined after an earthquake in A.D. 363 and with the rise of PalmyraPalmyra
, ancient city of central Syria. A small modern village known as Tudmor or Tadmor (the Syrian Arabic name of Palmyra) is nearby; residents were relocated from the ancient site in the early 1930s.
..... Click the link for more information. ; it did, however, remain a religious center of Arabia. An early seat of Christianity, it was conquered by the Muslims in the 7th cent. and in the 12th cent. was captured by the Crusaders, who built a citadel there. Petra was unknown to the Western world until its ruins were visited by Johann BurckhardtBurckhardt, Johann Ludwig or John Lewis
, 1784–1817, European explorer, b. Switzerland, educated in Germany.
..... Click the link for more information. in 1812. Bibliography See M. I. Rostovtsev, Caravan Cities (1932, repr. 1971); I. Browning, Petra (1974); M. G. Amadasi Guzzo and E. Equini Schneider, Petra (2002); J. Taylor, Petra and the Lost Kingdom of the Nabataeans (2002). Petra an ancient city and fortress in southern Jordan. The area was probably first settled at the end of the second millennium B.C. In the first millennium B.C., Petra was the capital of the Edomites, and from the end of the third or the beginning of the second century B.C. to A.D. 106 it was the capital of the Nabatean kingdom. Later it became part of the Roman province of Arabia. Changing trade routes caused the city gradually to lose importance, and in the fifth century it fell into neglect. Studied by archaeologists since the beginning of the 20th century, Petra is the site of a complex covering more than 3 sq km and comprising rock-cut structures dating from various periods. The complex contains more than 1,000 burial vaults, including the Khazneh and the Deir; sanctuaries; temples; dwellings; and public buildings, including three markets, the temple Qasr Firun, and a theater from Roman times that seated 3,000 spectators. REFERENCESKaufman, S. A. “Ob arkhitekture drevnego arabskogo naroda nabateev i ee roli v razvitii antichnoi arkhitektury.” In the collection Voprosy vseobshchei istorii arkhitektury, collection 1. Moscow, 1961.
Kennedy, A. B. W. Petra, Its History and Monuments. London, 1925.
Kammerer, A. Pétra et la Nabatène, parts 1-2. Paris, 1929-30.
Harding, G. L. The Antiquities of Jordan. London, 1960.L. A. EL’NITSKII Petra an ancient city in the south of present-day Jordan; capital of the Nabataean kingdom PETRA
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