| 单词 | protectionism | |||
| 释义 | protectionismpro·tec·tion·ismP0612500 (prə-tĕk′shə-nĭz′əm)pro•tec•tion•ism(prəˈtɛk ʃəˌnɪz əm)n. protectionism
ProtectionismProtectionisman economic policy used by a state to support the national economy. Protectionism is carried out by means of commercial and political barriers that protect the domestic market from the import of foreign goods and lower the competitiveness of foreign goods with domestically produced goods. It characteristically involves financial encouragement of the national economy and the stimulation of exports. V. I. Lenin stressed protectionism’s link with a certain historical structure of public economy and with the interests of the class that is dominant in this structure and that relies on the support of the government. “Protection or Free Trade is an issue between entrepreneurs (sometimes between the entrepreneurs of different countries, sometimes between different factions of entrepreneurs in a given country)” (Poln. sobr. soch., 5th ed., vol. 2, p. 190). The nature of protectionism and thus the elements of trade policies (prohibition of imports, duty rates, structure of tariffs, quantitative restrictions) varied depending on the general economic policy of a given epoch. In the period of the primitive accumulation of capital and the emergence of capitalist relations, the theorists and practitioners of protectionism were the mercantilists, who demanded that state authority protect domestic industry from foreign competition. Protectionism was widespread in France (Colbert’s protectionist tariffs of 1664 and 1667), the Austrian monarchy, many German states, and Russia (first under Peter I). Customs protection played an important role in the development of the manufacturing and factory industry. Under the banner of protectionism, Napoleonic France waged an economic struggle against Great Britain and declared the continental blockade of 1806–14. The era of pre-monopoly capitalism was characterized by “defensive” protectionism in most countries of Western Europe and in the USA. Defensive protectionism sought to protect national industry from the more developed industry of Great Britain, which pursued from the 1840’s a policy of “free trade.” K. Marx and F. Engels provided a profound analysis of protectionism and free trade in their works. The period in which capitalism entered the monopoly stage was characterized by “offensive” protectionism. Offensive protectionism protects from foreign competition not the weak industries but the most developed and highly monopolized ones, in order to win foreign markets. If monopoly profits are obtained within a country, it becomes possible to sell goods in foreign markets at low, dumping prices. The present-day protectionism of developed capitalist states expresses primarily the interests of large national and international monopolies. It mainly involves the capture, division, and redistribution of markets of goods and capital. It is carried out with the aid of a complex system of state-monopoly measures, which control and regulate foreign trade. The increase in internationalization of capitalist production and the further development of state-monopoly capitalism lead to the point at which, in addition to traditional methods of border regulation, increasing use is made of domestic economic and administrative levers for protectionist purposes. In addition, currency-financing and monetary-credit restrictions are used to limit the use of foreign goods. One component of present-day protectionism is agrarian protectionism, which arose during the world agrarian crisis at the end of the 19th century and which protects the interests of national monopolies. The development of capitalist integration has led to the appearance of a kind of “collective” protectionism, which is carried out through coordinated activity by groups of developed capitalist countries. An example is the foreign-trade policy of the Common Market countries. A specific feature of present-day protectionism is the adaptation of the capitalist states’ trade policies to the new situation that has evolved in the world. The protectionism of developing countries is of a fundamentally different character. Their foreign economic policy is aimed at protecting the branches of the national economy that are developing from expansion by the imperialist powers. This protectionism helps the young sovereign states achieve economic independence. REFERENCESMarx, K. “Rech’ o svobode torgovli.” In K. Marx and F. Engels, Soch., 2nd ed., vol. 4.Engels, F. “Protektsionizm i svoboda torgovli.” Ibid., vol. 21. Lenin, V. I. K kharakteristike ekonomicheskogo romantizma. Poln. sobr. soch., 5th ed., vol. 2. Lenin, V. I. Imperializm, kak vysshaia stadiia kapitalizma. Ibid., vol. 27. Mileikovskii, A. G. “Mezhdunarodnoe razdelenie truda i burzhuaznaia politicheskaia ekonomiia.” In Burzhuaznaia politicheskaia ekonomiia o problemakh sovremennogo kapitalizma. Moscow, 1965. Mezhdunarodnye ekonomicheskie otnosheniia. Edited by N. N. Liubimov. Moscow, 1969. I. I. DIUMULEN protectionismProtectionismProtectionismprotectionismprotectionismthe measures taken by a country to protect certain of its domestic industries from foreign competition and, on occasion, to assist the country's balance of payments. See TARIFF, QUOTA, DUMPING, LOCAL CONTENT RULES, SUBSIDIES, FREE TRADE, WORLD TRADE ORGANIZATION.protectionisma deliberate policy on the part of governments to erect trade barriers such as TARIFFS and QUOTAS in order to protect domestic industries from foreign competition.While there are arguments for protection, especially appealing to sectional interests, protectionism cannot, for the most part, be vindicated as being in the best interests of the national and international community. Take, for example, the often cited contention that tariffs are needed to equalize wage rates between countries. The UK and US textile industries complain that their domestic positions are undermined by foreign suppliers who employ ‘cheap labour’. It should be noted, however, that for the economy as a whole, high wage rates are the result, not the cause, of productive efficiency - other industries successfully meet foreign competition in both domestic and foreign markets despite higher wages. This is because they rank higher in the order of COMPARATIVE ADVANTAGE. Protection of industries that come low in the order of comparative advantage distorts the industrial ranking and leads to inefficient resource utilization. Foreign competition would force contraction of the textile industries, and the resources released from it could then be devoted to products in which the country has a comparative advantage. Protection might be necessary, it is suggested, in the short term to facilitate an orderly restructuring of industries (particularly where manpower resources are highly localized), but there is the danger that such protection might become permanent in the face of vested interests. Other arguments for protection, while superficially appealing, can usually be achieved more effectively by alternative means. Thus, selective tariffs and quotas may assist in restoring BALANCE-OF-PAYMENTS EQUILIBRIUM but distort the ordering of industries by comparative advantage. By contrast, aggregate fiscal and monetary policies and exchange-rate adjustments affect all foreign transactions. There are, however, some seemingly respectable arguments for protection. From the viewpoint of the welfare of the world as a whole, the most popular claim made for tariffs, etc., is the so-called INFANT-INDUSTRY argument. Protection can be an effective means of stimulating the development of an industry that is well suited to a country (in terms of potential comparative advantage) but that finds it impossible to get started unless it is protected from imports. Over time, suitably protected, such an industry is able to acquire internal economies of scale (i.e. lower costs through exploiting a larger domestic market) and to take advantage of various external economies (a well-trained labour force or the ‘learning-by-doing’ effect). Eventually the new industry is able to become equally or more efficient than its older competitors. The tariff can then be removed, leaving behind a viable and competitive industry. Such temporary protection of industries does not conflict with the goal of free traders: maximum specialization on the basis of comparative advantage. It is only through the temporary equalization of competitive conditions that the industry is able to reach that stage of development that allows it to fully realize its potential. There are problems, however. Industries are frequently selected for protection not on the basis of a favourable comparative advantage but for nationalistic reasons (e.g. diversification of the economy); ‘infant industry’ becomes a slogan to justify promiscuous protection without regard to merit. The protection afforded may be over-excessive and continue for longer than is strictly necessary. In some circumstance, tariffs can be employed to improve a country's TERMS OF TRADE by forcing down prices in exporting countries. This applies especially to major importers who are large enough to exercise buying power. It is to be noted, however, that the gain from lower-priced imports may be offset by two adverse effects of tariffs: their diversion of resources to less productive uses and the fact that trade partners are likely to retaliate by imposing tariffs of their own. See also IMPORT RESTRICTIONS, NOMINAL RATE OF PROTECTION, EFFECTIVE RATE OF PROTECTION, BEGGAR-MY-NEIGHBOUR POLICY, MULTI-FIBRE ARRANGEMENT, DUMPING, LOCAL CONTENT RULE, WORLD TRADE ORGANIZATION. protectionism
Words related to protectionism
|
|||
| 随便看 |
英语词典包含2567994条英英释义在线翻译词条，基本涵盖了全部常用单词的英英翻译及用法，是英语学习的有利工具。