| 释义 |
abstraction
ab·strac·tion A0029100 (ăb-străk′shən, əb-)n.1. a. The act of abstracting or the state of having been abstracted.b. An abstract concept, idea, or term.c. An abstract quality.2. Preoccupation; absent-mindedness.3. An abstract work of art.
ab·strac′tion·al, ab·strac′tive adj.abstraction (æbˈstrækʃən) n1. absence of mind; preoccupation2. the process of formulating generalized ideas or concepts by extracting common qualities from specific examples3. an idea or concept formulated in this way: good and evil are abstractions. 4. (Logic) logic an operator that forms a class name or predicate from any given expression. See also lambda calculus5. (Art Terms) an abstract painting, sculpture, etc6. the act of withdrawing or removing abˈstractive adj abˈstractively advab•strac•tion (æbˈstræk ʃən)
n. 1. an abstract or general idea or term. 2. the act of considering something in terms of general qualities, apart from concrete realities, specific objects, or actual instances. 3. absent-mindedness; inattention. 4. the quality of being abstract. [1540–50; < Late Latin] ab•strac′tion•al, adj. ab•strac′tive, adj. abstractionthe taking of another’s property for one’s own use.See also: Property and OwnershipThesaurus| Noun | 1. |  abstraction - a concept or idea not associated with any specific instance; "he loved her only in the abstract--not in person"abstractright - an abstract idea of that which is due to a person or governmental body by law or tradition or nature; "they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights"; "Certain rights can never be granted to the government but must be kept in the hands of the people"- Eleanor Roosevelt; "a right is not something that somebody gives you; it is something that nobody can take away"concept, conception, construct - an abstract or general idea inferred or derived from specific instancesabsolute - something that is conceived or that exists independently and not in relation to other things; something that does not depend on anything else and is beyond human control; something that is not relative; "no mortal being can influence the absolute"teacher - a personified abstraction that teaches; "books were his teachers"; "experience is a demanding teacher"thing - a special abstraction; "a thing of the spirit"; "things of the heart" | | 2. |  abstraction - the act of withdrawing or removing somethingremotion, removal - the act of removing; "he had surgery for the removal of a malignancy" | | 3. | abstraction - the process of formulating general concepts by abstracting common properties of instancesgeneralisation, generalizationtheorisation, theorization - the production or use of theories | | 4. |  abstraction - an abstract painting painting, picture - graphic art consisting of an artistic composition made by applying paints to a surface; "a small painting by Picasso"; "he bought the painting as an investment"; "his pictures hang in the Louvre" | | 5. |  abstraction - preoccupation with something to the exclusion of all elseabstractednesspreoccupancy, preoccupation, engrossment, absorption - the mental state of being preoccupied by somethingrevery, reverie - an abstracted state of absorption | | 6. | abstraction - a general concept formed by extracting common features from specific examplesabstract entityentity - that which is perceived or known or inferred to have its own distinct existence (living or nonliving)psychological feature - a feature of the mental life of a living organismattribute - an abstraction belonging to or characteristic of an entitygroup, grouping - any number of entities (members) considered as a unitrelation - an abstraction belonging to or characteristic of two entities or parts togethercommunication - something that is communicated by or to or between people or groupsquantity, measure, amount - how much there is or how many there are of something that you can quantifyotherworld - an abstract spiritual world beyond earthly realityset - (mathematics) an abstract collection of numbers or symbols; "the set of prime numbers is infinite" |
abstractionnoun1. concept, thought, idea, view, theory, impression, formula, notion, hypothesis, generalization, theorem, generality Is it worth fighting in the name of an abstraction?2. absent-mindedness, musing, preoccupation, daydreaming, vagueness, remoteness, absence, inattention, dreaminess, obliviousness, absence of mind, pensiveness, woolgathering, distractedness, bemusedness He noticed her abstraction and asked, 'What's bothering you?'abstractionnounThe condition of being so lost in solitary thought as to be unaware of one's surroundings:absent-mindedness, bemusement, brown study, daydreaming, muse, reverie, study, trance.TranslationsAbstraktionAbwesenheitabstracciónabstractionastrazionesottrazioneabstraksjonabstrakcjaабстракцияabstraction
abstraction1. Logic an operator that forms a class name or predicate from any given expression 2. an abstract painting, sculpture, etc. AbstractionThe omission or severe simplification of details in a drawing, leaving only massing, form and solids, so that the basis of the design can be explained. Abstraction (1) A method of scientific investigation based on disregard for the nonessential facets and signs of the phenomenon or process under investigation. This method makes it possible to simplify the representation of the phenomenon under investigation and to examine it in its “pure form,’1 as it were. (2) A product of cognition—such as a concept, a description, a law, a model, an ideal object—examined in juxtaposition with concrete, empirical reality, which in this product is not fixed in all its wealth of traits and interconnections. (3) Cognitive activity with the aim of obtaining an abstraction—the process of abstraction. The use of abstraction, as with any other method of investigation, is determined by the type of situation faced by the researcher and by the range of procedures that are necessary or possible in a given situation. A situation is characterized by the task (the goal characteristic of the method) and by the specifics of the subject under investigation (ontological characteristics). From the point of view of ontology, abstraction assumes a relative independence of phenomena and of their aspects and involves separation of essential and nonessential aspects. As a rule, the procedures of abstraction consist in the restructuring of the subject under investigation and the substitution for it of another object that is equivalent to it from the point of view of the given situation. The restructuring relates either to the representation of the object under investigation (rejection of nonessential aspects), to the empirical material, or to the program of observation and description (rejection of superfluous information). For instance, the geometrical properties of an electrical series do not depend on the components of a branch, such as resistance, inductance, or capacitance. Therefore, in the topological study of series, all the branches are usually replaced by sections which represent the network as a linear graph. The goal characteristic of abstraction may differ, but in all cases it is linked to certain cognitive tasks and to the inclusion of abstraction in a broader framework of cognitive activity. In fact, the classification of types of abstraction is based on the distinction of goal characteristics: isolating abstraction aims at the articulation and clear delineation of the phenomenon under investigation; generalizing abstraction aims at obtaining an overall representation of the phenomenon; an idealization aims at replacing an actual empirical situation with an idealized schema, such as absolute solid in mechanics, with a view to simplification of the situation under investigation and more effective utilization of existing methods and means of investigation. The realization of abstraction as a method involves two types of operation. The first is the elucidation of the possibility and advisability of substitution or restructuring of the object under investigation; the second is the process of substitution itself. The products of this process are properly modified representations of the subject, models, selected empirical material, and so on. The simplest form of abstraction is the practical substitution of one object for another. In this form abstraction takes place even among animals; in particular, it is the basis for the development of conditioned reflexes. In humans such practical substitution is expressed by and centers on words in action with symbols. Ideas about essential and nonessential aspects of phenomena and about dependence relationships are formed. The realization of the specifics of symbol formations and of their relations to reality, to tasks, and to goals occurs at the same time. Such a realization is quite clearly visible in Aristotle (see, for example, Metafizika, Moscow-Leningrad, 1934, pp. 129–130). The method of abstraction itself appears at a high level of cognitive development. Therefore, we should distinguish the historical process of formation of those products of cognitive activity which are now characterized as abstraction from the processes of abstraction in its modern form. In the former case the abstractness of the products of cognition themselves was not the result of any special purposeful procedure of abstraction; rather, it was the final result of human activity. In the development of science in the past, models such as the physical point or the ideal gas were usually considered the final phase in the construction of a theoretical concept; this phase involved the justification of the concept and the definition of the limits of its applicability. On the other hand, abstraction as a specialized procedure is distinguished and takes shape in cognition only on the basis of a theoretical construction. When the modern researcher uses this procedure, he often sets himself from the very beginning the task of simplifying the phenomenon under investigation and of constructing an abstract, idealized model of it; idealization here is the point of departure for the construction of a theory. In view of this, abstraction as a method arises as a result of a theoretical realization of the character of the course of the historical process of cognition, which is considered as the process of obtaining abstraction. REFERENCESGorskii, D. P. Voprosy abstraktsii i obrazovanie poniatii. Moscow, 1961.
Logika nauchnogo issledovaniia. Moscow, 1965.
Rozov, M. A. Nauchnaia abstraktsiia i ee vidy. Novosibirsk, 1965.M. A. ROZOV abstraction[ab′strak·shən] (hydrology) The draining of water from a stream by another having more rapid corroding action. The part of precipitation that does not become direct runoff. abstraction (1)Generalisation; ignoring or hiding details to capture somekind of commonality between different instances. Examples areabstract data types (the representation details are hidden),abstract syntax (the details of the concrete syntax areignored), abstract interpretation (details are ignored toanalyse specific properties).abstraction (programming)Parameterisation, making something a functionof something else. Examples are lambda abstractions (makinga term into a function of some variable), higher-order functions (parameters are functions), bracket abstraction(making a term into a function of a variable).
Opposite of concretisation.abstraction(1) The level at which a subject is viewed or programmed. For example, the highest abstraction level of a system is the overall system, which includes everything. Each subsequent abstraction layer encapsulates the details below it. See abstraction layer.
(2) In object technology, abstraction is one of the basic principles. It allows for creating user-defined and self-contained data types, known as objects. The details of the processing are contained within the object. See object-oriented programming and encapsulation.abstraction
abstraction [ab-strak´shun] 1. the mental process of forming ideas that are theoretical or representational rather than concrete.2. the withdrawal of any ingredient from a compound.3. malocclusion in which the occlusal plane is farther from the eye-ear plane, causing lengthening of the face.ab·strac·tion (ab-strak'shŭn), 1. Distillation or separation of the volatile constituents of a substance.
See also: odontoptosis. 2. Exclusive mental concentration.
See also: odontoptosis. 3. The making of an abstract from the crude drug.
See also: odontoptosis. 4. Malocclusion in which the teeth or associated structures are lower than their normal occlusal plane.
See also: odontoptosis. 5. The processes or the results of discernment of formulation of general concepts from specific examples, and/or ascertainment of a given aspect of a concept from the whole. [L. abs-traho, pp. -tractus, to draw away] ab·strac·tion (ăb-strak'shŭn) 1. Distillation or separation of the volatile constituents of a substance. 2. Exclusive mental concentration. 3. The making of an abstract from a crude drug. 4. Malocclusion in which the teeth or associated structures are lower than their normal occlusal plane. 5. The process of selecting a certain aspect of a concept from the whole. [L. abs-traho, pp. -tractus, to draw away]ab·strac·tion (ăb-strak'shŭn) Malocclusion in which the teeth or associated structures are lower than their normal occlusal plane. [L. abs-traho, pp. -tractus, to draw away]Abstraction
AbstractionTaking from someone with an intent to injure or defraud. Wrongful abstraction is an unauthorized and illegal withdrawing of funds or an appropriation of someone else's funds for the taker's own benefit. It may be a crime under the laws of a state. It is different from Embezzlement, which is a crime committed only if the taker had a lawful right to possession of the money when it was first taken. abstraction
Synonyms for abstractionnoun conceptSynonyms- concept
- thought
- idea
- view
- theory
- impression
- formula
- notion
- hypothesis
- generalization
- theorem
- generality
noun absent-mindednessSynonyms- absent-mindedness
- musing
- preoccupation
- daydreaming
- vagueness
- remoteness
- absence
- inattention
- dreaminess
- obliviousness
- absence of mind
- pensiveness
- woolgathering
- distractedness
- bemusedness
Synonyms for abstractionnoun the condition of being so lost in solitary thought as to be unaware of one's surroundingsSynonyms- absent-mindedness
- bemusement
- brown study
- daydreaming
- muse
- reverie
- study
- trance
Synonyms for abstractionnoun a concept or idea not associated with any specific instanceSynonymsRelated Words- right
- concept
- conception
- construct
- absolute
- teacher
- thing
noun the act of withdrawing or removing somethingRelated Wordsnoun the process of formulating general concepts by abstracting common properties of instancesSynonyms- generalisation
- generalization
Related Wordsnoun an abstract paintingRelated Wordsnoun preoccupation with something to the exclusion of all elseSynonymsRelated Words- preoccupancy
- preoccupation
- engrossment
- absorption
- revery
- reverie
noun a general concept formed by extracting common features from specific examplesSynonymsRelated Words- entity
- psychological feature
- attribute
- group
- grouping
- relation
- communication
- quantity
- measure
- amount
- otherworld
- set
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