steel

modified form of iron: The building is reinforced with steel beams.
Not to be confused with:steal – to take the property of another without permission: Did he steal your purse?stele – stone marker or monument: An ancient stele marked the grave.

steel

S0725700 (stēl)n.1. A generally hard, strong, durable, malleable alloy of iron and carbon, usually containing between 0.2 and 1.5 percent carbon, often with other constituents such as manganese, chromium, nickel, molybdenum, copper, tungsten, cobalt, or silicon, depending on the desired alloy properties, and widely used as a structural material.2. Something, such as a sword, that is made of steel.3. A quality suggestive of this alloy, especially a hard, unflinching character.4. Steel gray.adj.1. a. Made with, relating to, or consisting of steel: steel beams; the steel industry; a bicycle with a steel frame.b. Very firm or strong: a steel grip.2. Of a steel gray.tr.v. steeled, steel·ing, steels 1. To cover, plate, edge, or point with steel.2. To make hard, strong, or obdurate; strengthen: He steeled himself for disappointment.

[Middle English stel, from Old English stȳle, stēl.]

steel

(stiːl) n1. (Metallurgy) a. any of various alloys based on iron containing carbon (usually 0.1–1.7 per cent) and often small quantities of other elements such as phosphorus, sulphur, manganese, chromium, and nickel. Steels exhibit a variety of properties, such as strength, machinability, malleability, etc, depending on their composition and the way they have been treatedb. (as modifier): steel girders. See also stainless steel2. (Metallurgy) something that is made of steel3. (Clothing & Fashion) a steel stiffener in a corset, etc4. (Tools) a ridged steel rod with a handle used for sharpening knives5. the quality of hardness, esp with regard to a person's character or attitudes6. (Stock Exchange) stock exchange the quotation for steel shares. See also steels7. (modifier) resembling steel: steel determination. vb (tr) 8. (Metallurgy) to fit, plate, edge, or point with steel9. to make hard and unfeeling: he steeled his heart against her sorrow; he steeled himself for the blow. [Old English stēli; related to Old High German stehli, Middle Dutch stael] ˈsteely adj ˈsteeliness n

Steel

(stiːl) n1. (Biography) Danielle, full name Danielle Fernande Schüelein-Steel. born 1950, US writer of romantic fiction2. (Biography) Baron David (Martin Scott). born 1938, British politician; leader of the Liberal Party (1976–88); Presiding Officer of the Scottish Parliament (1999–2003)

steel

(stil)

n. 1. any of various forms of refined iron containing less carbon than pig iron and more than wrought iron and possessing varying qualities of hardness, elasticity, and strength. 2. a thing or things made of this metal. 3. a flat strip of this metal used for stiffening, esp. in corsets; stay. 4. a sword. 5. a rounded rod of ridged steel, fitted with a handle and used esp. for sharpening knives. adj. 6. made of steel. 7. of, pertaining to, or like steel. v.t. 8. to fit with steel, as by pointing, edging, or overlaying. 9. to cause to resemble steel in some way. 10. to render insensible, inflexible, unyielding, determined, etc.: She steeled herself to open the door. [before 900; (n.) Middle English stele Old English (Anglian) stēle, c. Old Frisian stēl(en), Old Saxon stehli; akin to Middle Low German stāl, Old High German stahal]

steel

(stēl) Any of various hard, strong, and flexible alloys of iron and carbon. Often, other metals are added to give the steel a particular property. Chromium and nickel, for example, are added to steel to make it stainless. Steel is widely used in many kinds of tools and as a structural material in building.

steel

Past participle: steeled
Gerund: steeling

Imperative
steel
steel

Present
I steel
you steel
he/she/it steels
we steel
you steel
they steel

Preterite
I steeled
you steeled
he/she/it steeled
we steeled
you steeled
they steeled

Present Continuous
I am steeling
you are steeling
he/she/it is steeling
we are steeling
you are steeling
they are steeling

Present Perfect
I have steeled
you have steeled
he/she/it has steeled
we have steeled
you have steeled
they have steeled

Past Continuous
I was steeling
you were steeling
he/she/it was steeling
we were steeling
you were steeling
they were steeling

Past Perfect
I had steeled
you had steeled
he/she/it had steeled
we had steeled
you had steeled
they had steeled

Future
I will steel
you will steel
he/she/it will steel
we will steel
you will steel
they will steel

Future Perfect
I will have steeled
you will have steeled
he/she/it will have steeled
we will have steeled
you will have steeled
they will have steeled

Future Continuous
I will be steeling
you will be steeling
he/she/it will be steeling
we will be steeling
you will be steeling
they will be steeling

Present Perfect Continuous
I have been steeling
you have been steeling
he/she/it has been steeling
we have been steeling
you have been steeling
they have been steeling

Future Perfect Continuous
I will have been steeling
you will have been steeling
he/she/it will have been steeling
we will have been steeling
you will have been steeling
they will have been steeling

Past Perfect Continuous
I had been steeling
you had been steeling
he/she/it had been steeling
we had been steeling
you had been steeling
they had been steeling

Conditional
I would steel
you would steel
he/she/it would steel
we would steel
you would steel
they would steel

Past Conditional
I would have steeled
you would have steeled
he/she/it would have steeled
we would have steeled
you would have steeled
they would have steeled

Thesaurus

Noun	1.	steel - an alloy of iron with small amounts of carbon; widely used in construction; mechanical properties can be varied over a wide rangealloy, metal - a mixture containing two or more metallic elements or metallic and nonmetallic elements usually fused together or dissolving into each other when molten; "brass is an alloy of zinc and copper"atomic number 26, Fe, iron - a heavy ductile magnetic metallic element; is silver-white in pure form but readily rusts; used in construction and tools and armament; plays a role in the transport of oxygen by the bloodalloy steel - steel who characteristics are determined by the addition of other elements in addition to carbonaustenitic steel - steel that has enough nickel and chromium or manganese to retain austenite at atmospheric temperaturescase-hardened steel - steel with a surface that is much harder than the interior metalcarbon steel - steel whose characteristics are determined by the amount of carbon it containscrucible steel - steel made by the mixture of molten wrought iron, charcoal, and other substances in a crucibleDamascus steel, Damask steel - a hard resilient steel often decorated and used for sword bladeschisel steel - steel used in making chiselshard steel - steel with more than 0.3% carbonmedium steel - steel with 0.15-0.3% carbonlow-carbon steel, mild steel, soft-cast steel - steel with less than 0.15% carbonpearlite - a lamellar mixture of cementite and ferrite formed during the cooling of austenite; a constituent of steel and cast ironquenched steel - steel that has been hardened by immersing it in water or oil to cool itstructural steel - a strong steel that is rolled into shapes that are used in construction
	2.	steel - a cutting or thrusting weapon that has a long metal blade and a hilt with a hand guardsword, blade, brandbacksword - a sword with only one cutting edgeblade - the flat part of a tool or weapon that (usually) has a cutting edgebroadsword - a sword with a broad blade and (usually) two cutting edges; used to cut rather than stabcavalry sword, saber, sabre - a stout sword with a curved blade and thick backcutlas, cutlass - a short heavy curved sword with one edge; formerly used by sailorsfalchion - a short broad slightly convex medieval sword with a sharp pointfencing sword - a sword used in the sport of fencingfoible - the weaker part of a sword's blade from the forte to the tipforte - the stronger part of a sword blade between the hilt and the foiblehaft, helve - the handle of a weapon or toolhilt - the handle of a sword or daggerrapier, tuck - a straight sword with a narrow blade and two edgesweapon, weapon system, arm - any instrument or instrumentality used in fighting or hunting; "he was licensed to carry a weapon"tip, peak, point - a V shape; "the cannibal's teeth were filed to sharp points"
	3.	steel - knife sharpener consisting of a ridged steel rodsharpener - any implement that is used to make something (an edge or a point) sharper; "a knife sharpener"
Verb	1.	steel - get ready for something difficult or unpleasantnervebrace, poise - prepare (oneself) for something unpleasant or difficult
	2.	steel - cover, plate, or edge with steelcover - provide with a covering or cause to be covered; "cover her face with a handkerchief"; "cover the child with a blanket"; "cover the grave with flowers"

steel

verbTo prepare (oneself) for action:brace, forearm, fortify, gird, ready, strengthen.Idiom: gird one's loins.

Translations

钢钢的使有决心去做某事

steel

(stiːl) noun, adjective (of) a very hard alloy of iron and carbon, used for making tools etc. tools of the finest steel; steel knives/chisels; He had a grip of steel (= a very strong grip). 钢（铁） verb to harden and strengthen (oneself, one's nerves etc) in preparation for doing, or resisting, something. He steeled himself to meet the attack / to tell his wife the truth. 使有决心（去做某事） ˈsteely adjective hard, cold, strong or bright like steel. 似钢的ˈsteeliness noun钢性steel wool a pad, ball etc of steel shavings used for scouring (pans etc) and polishing. 钢丝绒ˈsteelworks noun singular or plural a factory where steel is made. 钢铁厂

steel

→ 钢zhCN

Steel

steel,

alloy of iron, carbon, and small proportions of other elements. Iron contains impurities in the form of silicon, phosphorus, sulfur, and manganese; steelmaking involves the removal of these impurities, known as slag, and the addition of desirable alloying elements.

Production

Steel was first made by cementation, a process of heating bars of iron with charcoal in a closed furnace so that the surface of the iron acquired a high carbon content. The crucible method, originally developed to remove the slag from cementation steel, melts iron and other substances together in a fire-clay and graphite crucible. The famous blades of Damascus and of Toledo, Spain, were made by the cementation and crucible techniques.

The Bessemer processBessemer process
[for Sir Henry Bessemer], industrial process for the manufacture of steel from molten pig iron. The principle involved is that of oxidation of the impurities in the iron by the oxygen of air that is blown through the molten iron; the heat of oxidation raises the
..... Click the link for more information. , the open-hearth process, and the basic oxygen processbasic oxygen process,
method of producing steel from a charge consisting mostly of pig iron. The charge is placed in a furnace similar to the one used in the Bessemer process of steelmaking except that pure oxygen instead of air is blown into the charge to oxidize the impurities
..... Click the link for more information. are more widely used in modern steelmaking. The open-hearth uses a type of furnace called a regenerative furnace; instead of a firebox at one end and a flue at the other, it has devices at each end for the intake and outflow of both fuel and air. The air is preheated by a system of current reversals that causes very high temperatures. This process, developed c.1866 by Sir William Siemens, uses iron ore and pig iron. In the basic oxygen process, or Linz-Donawitz process, developed in the 1950s, the design of the furnace is changed, and oxygen added to the air intake permits more rapid refining of the charge (material in the furnace). The electric-arc furnace is another modern development; it provides a means of making large quantities of high-grade steel, with the advantages of positive temperature control, freedom from contamination of the product by the fuel, and simultaneous deoxidation and desulfurization actions.

Steel is shaped for commercial use in rolling mills, where successive passages of the red-hot ingot between variously shaped rollers give it the desired form. Pittsburgh, one of the world's great steel centers, built its first rolling mill in 1811; Bessemer steel rails were rolled in Chicago as early as 1865.

Types and Uses

Steel is often classified by its carbon content: a high-carbon steel is serviceable for dies and cutting tools because of its great hardness and brittleness; low- or medium-carbon steel is used for sheeting and structural forms because of its amenability to welding and tooling. Alloy steels, now most widely used, contain one or more other elements to give them specific qualities. Aluminum steel is smooth and has a high tensile strength. Chromium steel finds wide use in automobile and airplane parts on account of its hardness, strength, and elasticity, as does the chromium-vanadium variety. Nickel steel is the most widely used of the alloys; it is nonmagnetic and has the tensile properties of high-carbon steel without the brittleness. Nickel-chromium steel possesses a shock resistant quality that makes it suitable for armor plate. Wolfram (tungsten), molybdenum, and high-manganese steel are other alloys. Stainless steel, which was developed in England, has a high tensile strength and resists abrasion and corrosion because of its high chromium content.

Bibliography

See R. M. Brick, Structure and Properties of Alloys (1965); K. Warren, The American Steel Industry, 1850–1970 (1973).

steel

A hard and malleable metal when heated; produced by melting and refining it according to the carbon content; used for structural shapes due to its alloy of iron and carbon which has a malleable high tensile strength.

Steel

(in Russian, ognivo or kresalo), a piece of iron or steel usually with an oval or rectangular-oval shape, struck against a piece of flint in order to kindle a fire. The steel was widely used from the time iron came into use until matches were invented in the 19th century, although it survived in a number of rural areas in Europe until the early 20th century. The steel, together with the flint and tinder, was carried in a leather pouch attached to the belt.

Steel

a workable (malleable) alloy of iron with carbon (up to 2 percent) and other elements. Steel is the most important product of ferrous metallurgy and is the basic material for almost all branches of industry. The scale of steel production characterizes to a considerable extent the technological and economic level of development of a state.

History. Steel as a material used by man has a very long history. The oldest method for production of steel in a spongy state is blooming. Here, iron was reduced from ores by charcoal in hearths (later, small shaft furnaces). To obtain cast steel, early masters used a crucible process, which involved melting small pieces of steel and cast iron in refractory crucibles. Crucible steel was of extremely high quality, but the process was expensive and unproductive. The crucible process, which was used for producing Damascus steels, continued in existence until the beginning of the 20th century, when it was replaced altogether by electric-furnace steelmaking processes. The 14th century saw the development of a process known as bloomery conversion, in which previously produced cast iron was refined in a refinery hearth. (The two-stage process of obtaining cast iron and then converting the iron into steel forms the basis of modern steelmaking processes.) Puddling was first used in the late 18th century; just as in bloomery conversion, the starting material was cast iron, and the product a spongy metal (bloom), but the quality of the metal produced was higher, and the process itself was more efficient. Although puddling played an important role in the development of technology, it was not able to meet the growing demand for steel. Mass production of cast steel became possible only with the development of the Bessemer process and the open-hearth process in the second half of the 19th century and then of the Thomas-Gilchrist process. Electric furnaces for smelting steel were introduced in the late 19th century. The open-hearth process predominated until the mid-20th century, accounting for approximately 80 percent of world output. In the 1950’s, the basic oxygen process was introduced, and its role grew sharply in the years that followed. In addition to these methods for the mass production of steel, other more expensive and less efficient methods are being developed that permit the production of especially pure, high-quality metal. Among them are melting in arc vacuum furnaces, vacuum induction melting, electroslag melting, electron-beam melting, and melting in plasma arc furnaces.

Structure and properties of steel. As the most important material of modern technology, steel must satisfy a wide range of requirements; there is a large number of steel types, which differ in chemical composition, structure, and properties. The principal component of steel is iron. Polymorphism, the capacity of the crystal lattice to undergo a change in structure upon heating and cooling, is characteristic of both iron and steel. Two crystal lattices are known for pure iron, namely, body-centered cubic (α-iron; at higher temperatures, δ-iron) and face-centered cubic (γ-iron). The temperatures at which the allotropic forms undergo reversible transitions (910°C and 1400°C) are referred to as transformation points, and carbon and other components and admixtures of steel can alter these points. The interaction between carbon and the allotropic forms of iron leads to the formation of solid solutions. The solubility of carbon in α-iron is very low, and the solution formed is called ferrite. Practically all the carbon contained in steel dissolves in γ-iron, which exists at higher temperatures (solubility limit of carbon in γ-iron, 2.01 percent); this solution is called austenite. The content of carbon in steel always exceeds carbon’s solubility in α-iron; the excess carbon forms a chemical compound with iron, namely, iron carbide, or cementite (Fe₃C). Thus at room temperature, the structure of steel consists of particles of ferrite and cementite, which are present either in the form of individual inclusions (free ferrite and cementite) or as a fine mechanical mixture called pearlite. Information on the temperature and concentration boundaries defining the various phases (ferrite, cementite, pearlite, austenite) constitutes a phase diagram of the Fe-C alloys.

A relatively low strength and hardness and a high ductility and impact strength are characteristic of ferrite. Cementite is brittle but very hard and strong. Pearlite possesses a valuable combination of strength, hardness, ductility, and toughness. The ratio between these phases in the structure of steel is determined mainly by the content of carbon; it is the different properties of these phases also that account for such a great variety of properties of steel. Thus, steel containing ∼0.1 percent carbon (ferrite predominating in the structure) is characterized by high ductility; steel of this type is used for the production of thin sheets, from which parts of automobile bodies and other parts with complex shapes are formed. Steel with a carbon content of ∼0.6 percent usually has a pearlite structure; possessing high strength and hardness with sufficient ductility and toughness, it finds use in, for example, railroad rails, wheels, and axles. If steel contains approximately 1 percent carbon, particles of free cementite are present in addition to pearlite; the great hardness possessed by this steel after the hardening process makes the steel suitable for use in tools. The range of properties of steel is broadened through alloying, as well as through heat treatment, thermo-chemical treatment, and thermomechanical treatment. Thus, in the hardening of steel, the metastable martensite phase forms, which is a supersaturated solid solution of carbon in α-iron characterized by high hardness but also by high brittleness. By combining hardening with tempering the required combination of hardness and ductility may be imparted to steel.

Classification. Modern metallurgy involves the smelting of cast iron and steel scrap. Depending on the type of furnace vessel (basic oxygen furnace, open-hearth furnace, electricarc furnace), steel can be classified as, for example, basic oxygen steel, open-hearth steel, or electric steel. In addition, a distinction is made between metals smelted in furnaces having basic or acid linings; steels are correspondingly classified as basic or acid, for example, acid open-hearth steel.

On the basis of chemical composition, steels are divided into carbon and alloy steels. Carbon steels contain, in addition to Fe and C, Mn (0.1–1.0 percent) and Si (up to 0.4 percent), as well as the harmful impurities S and P. These elements, which are introduced into the steel during the production process, come mainly from the charge materials. Depending on the carbon content, distinctions are made between low-carbon (up to 0.25 percent C), medium-carbon (0.25–0.6 percent) and high-carbon (more than 0.6 percent) steels. Alloy steels contain, in addition to the components given above, such alloying elements as Cr, Ni, Mo, W, V, Ti, Nb, Zr, and Co, which are added to improve the steel’s fabricating and performance characteristics or to impart special properties. Mn (content of more than 1 percent) and Si (more than 0.8 percent) may also serve as alloying elements. Based on the extent of alloying, that is, on the total content of the alloying elements, distinctions are made between low-alloy (less than 2.5 percent), medium-alloy (2.5–10 percent), and high-alloy (more than 10 percent) steels. Alloy steels are often named according to the predominant component, for example, tungsten, high-chromium, chromium-molybdenum, chromium-nickel-manganese, and chromium-nickel-molybdenum-vanadium steels.

Depending on their use, steels are classified as structural, tool, or special. Structural steels are used in construction, as well as in the manufacture of machine and mechanism parts, boilers, and bodies of ships and railroad cars. They may be carbon steels (up to 0.7 percent C) or alloy steels (with Cr and Ni the principal alloying elements). The names of structural steels sometimes reflect the intended use, as seen in boiler, valve, spring, shipbuilding, gun, and artillery-shell steels and in armor plate. Tool steel is used in the production of cutters, milling cutters, punches, gauges, and other metal-cutting, impact, and measuring tools and instruments. Tool steels may also be carbon steels (usually 0.8–1.3 percent C) or alloy steels (chiefly with Cr, Mn, Si, W, Mo, V). Highspeed steel is one of the most widely used tool steels. Special steels include electrical steels, stainless steels, acid-resistant steels, scale-resistant steels, heat-resistant steels, and the steels used in permanent magnets. Many steels of this group have a low carbon content and a high degree of alloying.

Based on quality, distinctions are made between commercial, quality, high-quality, and very high quality steels. The differences between these grades derive from the amounts of harmful impurities (S and P) and nonmetallic inclusions. Thus, in certain commercial steels, the S content may reach 0.055–0.06 percent, and the P content 0.05–0.07 percent (with free-cutting steel an exception, containing up to 0.3 percent S and up to 0.16 percent P). In quality steels, no more than 0.035 percent of each of these elements is permitted, and in high quality steels, no more than 0.025 percent. Very high quality steels must contain less than 0.015 percent S. Sulfur adversely affects the mechanical properties of steel and is the cause of red-shortness, that is, brittleness in the heated state, while phosphorus increases the tendency of the metal to become cold-short, that is, brittle at reduced temperatures.

Depending on the mode of cooling the metal in the mold, distinctions are made between killed, semikilled, and rimmed steels. The behavior of the metal during crystallization is explained by the degree of deoxidation; the more completely oxygen is removed from the steel, the more quietly the solidification proceeds. Upon pouring steel that is only slightly deoxidized, there is a marked evolution of carbon monoxide gas, and the steel appears to be boiling in the mold; solidification results in rimmed steel. Semikilled steel occupies a position intermediate between killed and rimmed steels. Each of these types of metal has advantages and disadvantages; the selection of the method of deoxidation and pouring is dictated by the steel’s intended use and the engineering and economic factors governing the production process.

Marking of steel. There is no single worldwide system for marking steel. In the USSR, much work has been done on standardizing the designations used for the various types of steel, work reflected in state standards and specifications. The grades of commercial carbon steel are indicated by the letters “St” and a number (StO, ST1, ST2). Quality carbon steels are marked with a number that indicates the mean content of carbon in hundredths of a percent (05, 08, 10, 25, 40). Killed steels are sometimes marked with the letters “sp,” semikilled steels with “ps,” and rimmed steels with “kp” (St3sp, St5ps, 08kp). The letter “G” indicates a high content of Mn (14G, 18G). Free-cutting steels are marked with the letter “A” (A12, A30), and carbon tool steels with the letter “U” (U8, U10, U12, with the numbers indicating the content of carbon in tenths of a percent).

Alloy steels are marked with letters indicating the components present and numbers giving the mean content of these components. In the USSR, an arbitrary system of designations for the chemical composition of steel has been adopted. Here, Iu designates aluminum, R boron, F vanadium, V tungsten, K cobalt, S silicon, G manganese, D copper, M molybdenum, N nickel, B niobium, T titanium, U carbon, P phosphorus, Kh chromium, and Ts zirconium. The first integers in the marking give the mean content of carbon (in hundredths of a percent for structural steels and in tenths of a percent for tool and stainless steels); a letter or letters indicating the alloying elment then follows, and the numbers appearing thereafter give the mean content of this element. For example, steel marked 3Khl3 contains 0.3 percent carbon and 13 percent chromium, while that marked 2Khl7N2 contains 0.2 percent carbon, 17 percent chromium, and 2 percent nickel. When the content of an alloying element is less than 1.5 percent, numbers do not appear after the letter or letters designating the element. Thus, steel marked 12KhN3A contains less than 1.5 percent chromium. The letter “A” at the end of the marking indicates that the steel is high-quality; the letters “Sh” indicate very high quality. The markings of certain alloy steels include a letter or letters indicating the steel’s intended use. For example, ShKh9 is a steel with 0.9–1.2 percent chromium, designed for use in ball bearings, and E3 is an electrical steel with 3 percent silicon. Steels that have undergone industrial testing are often marked with the letters “El” or “EP” (ElektrostaP Works), “DI” (Dne-prospetsstal’ Works), and “ZI” (Zlatoust Works), with the corresponding serial number (EI268).

REFERENCES

Staleplaviinoe proizvodstvo: Spravochnik, vols. 1–2. Edited by A. M. Samarin. Moscow, 1964.
Mes’kin, V. S. Osnovy legirovaniia stali, 2nd ed. Moscow, 1964.
Houdremont, E. Spetsial’nyestali, 2nd ed., vols. 1–2. Moscow, 1966. (Translated from German.)
Dröge, V. Stal’ kak konstruktsionnyi material. Moscow, 1967. (Translated from German.)
Guliaev, A. P. Chistaia stal’. Moscow, 1975.S. I. VENETSKIISteel in art. In the Middle Ages, Arab weapons and armor of steel with designs and inscriptions produced by engraving or damascening were highly valued. Embossing, coating, and polishing were added to these techniques in decorating the weapons of medieval Europe. The technique of polishing steel to a mirror finish was developed in the 16th century. It rendered the surface resistant to corrosion and found use in the finishing of clocks and scientific instruments and devices. The technique also served as a stimulus for the production of household items from steel. In the 18th and early 19th centuries, the aesthetic properties of steel were strikingly evoked in articles produced by masters of the Tula Armament Factory (furniture, mirrors, samovars, fireplace screens). The craft of steel engraving practiced at Zlatoust has enjoyed renown since the mid-19th century. In modern art, steel has found use in the facing of interiors as well as in sculpture, as seen in V. I. Mukhina’s The Worker and the Female Kolkhoznik.

REFERENCES

Tul’skie “zlatokuznetsy.” Leningrad, 1974. (Album.)

steel

[stēl] (metallurgy) An iron base alloy, malleable under proper conditions, containing up to about 2% carbon.

steel

A malleable alloy of iron and carbon produced by melting and refining pig iron and/or scrap steel; graded according to the carbon content (in a range from 0.02 to 1.7%); other elements, such as manganese and silicon, may be included to provide special properties. Also see high steel and tempered steel.

steel

1. a. any of various alloys based on iron containing carbon (usually 0.1--1.7 per cent) and often small quantities of other elements such as phosphorus, sulphur, manganese, chromium, and nickel. Steels exhibit a variety of properties, such as strength, machinability, malleability, etc., depending on their composition and the way they have been treated b. (as modifier): steel girders 2. something that is made of steel 3. a ridged steel rod with a handle used for sharpening knives

Steel

1. Danielle, full name Danielle Fernande Schüelein-Steel. born 1950, US writer of romantic fiction 2. Baron David (Martin Scott). born 1938, British politician; leader of the Liberal Party (1976--88); Presiding Officer of the Scottish Parliament (1999--2003)

steel

steel

steel

steel

Steel

steel

steel

steel

steel

steel

steel

steel

nerves of steel

have a mind like a steel trap

have nerves of steel

of steel

ring of steel

steel (one's) heart against (someone or something)

steel (someone or oneself) against (someone or something)

steel (someone or oneself) for (something)

have a mind as sharp as a steel trap

(as) sharp as a steel trap

have a mind as sharp as a steel trap

nerves of steel

steel oneself for someone or something

steel someone against someone or something

*true as steel

mind like a steel trap, have a

steel one's heart against

nerves of steel

have nerves of steel

ring of steel

have nerves of ˈsteel

of ˈsteel

Steel

steel,

Production

Types and Uses

Bibliography

steel

Steel

Steel

REFERENCES

REFERENCES

steel

steel

steel

Steel

STEEL

steel

Synonyms for steel

verb to prepare (oneself) for action

Synonyms

Synonyms for steel

noun an alloy of iron with small amounts of carbon

Related Words

noun a cutting or thrusting weapon that has a long metal blade and a hilt with a hand guard

Synonyms

Related Words

noun knife sharpener consisting of a ridged steel rod

Related Words

verb get ready for something difficult or unpleasant

Synonyms

Related Words

verb cover, plate, or edge with steel

Related Words