song

Song

also Sung S0887900 (so͝ong) A Chinese dynasty (960-1279). Its rule was marked by economic prosperity, technological innovation, and a flourishing of art and culture.

[Mandarin Sòng, named by its founder Zhao Kuangyin after Sòng, the medieval prefecture where the title of emperor was conferred upon him and where his army was located at the time (roughly the region around modern Shangqiu in Henan province), from Middle Chinese səwŋ`.]

song

S0560800 (sông, sŏng)n.1. Music a. A brief composition written or adapted for singing.b. The act or art of singing: broke into song.2. A distinctive or characteristic sound made by an animal, such as a bird or an insect.3. a. Poetry; verse.b. A lyric poem or ballad.Idiom: for a song Informal At a low price: bought the antique tray for a song.

[Middle English, from Old English sang; see seng^wh- in Indo-European roots.]

song

(sɒŋ) n1. (Music, other) a. a piece of music, usually employing a verbal text, composed for the voice, esp one intended for performance by a soloistb. the whole repertory of such piecesc. (as modifier): a song book. 2. (Poetry) poetical composition; poetry3. (Zoology) the characteristic tuneful call or sound made by certain birds or insects4. (Music, other) the act or process of singing: they raised their voices in song. 5. (Commerce) for a song at a bargain price6. on song informal Brit performing at peak efficiency or ability[Old English sang; related to Gothic saggws, Old High German sang; see sing] ˈsongˌlike adj

Song

(sʊŋ) n (Biography) the Pinyin transliteration of the Chinese name for Sung

song

(sɔŋ, sɒŋ)

n. 1. a short metrical composition intended or adapted for singing, esp. one in rhymed stanzas. 2. poetical composition; poetry. 3. the art or act of singing; vocal music. 4. something that is sung. 5. a patterned, sometimes elaborate vocal signal produced by an animal, as the distinctive sounds of male birds, frogs, etc., during the mating season. Idioms: for a song, at a very low price: I bought the rug for a song. [before 900; Middle English song, sang, Old English, c. Old Saxon, Old High German sang, Old Norse sǫngr, Gothic saggws] song′like`, adj.

Song

(sɔŋ)

n. Sung.

Thesaurus

Noun	1.	song - a short musical composition with words; "a successful musical must have at least three good songs"vocalreligious song - religious music for singingmusical composition, opus, piece of music, composition, piece - a musical work that has been created; "the composition is written in four movements"anthem - a song of devotion or loyalty (as to a nation or school)aria - an elaborate song for solo voiceballad, lay - a narrative song with a recurrent refrainbarcarole, barcarolle - a boating song sung by Venetian gondoliersrefrain, chorus - the part of a song where a soloist is joined by a group of singersditty - a short simple song (or the words of a poem intended to be sung)coronach, dirge, requiem, threnody, lament - a song or hymn of mourning composed or performed as a memorial to a dead persondrinking song - a song celebrating the joys of drinking; sung at drinking partiesfolk ballad, folk song, folksong - a song that is traditionally sung by the common people of a region and forms part of their culturelied - a German art song of the 19th century for voice and pianolove song, love-song - a song about love or expressing love for another personberceuse, cradlesong, lullaby - a quiet song intended to lull a child to sleeplyric, words, language - the text of a popular song or musical-comedy number; "his compositions always started with the lyrics"; "he wrote both words and music"; "the song uses colloquial language"golden oldie, oldie - a song that was formerly popularpartsong - a song with two or more voice partsprothalamion, prothalamium - a song in celebration of a marriageroundelay - a song in which a line or phrase is repeated as the refrainbanquet song, scolion - a song (sometimes improvised) sung by guests at a banquetserenade - a song characteristically played outside the house of a womantorch song - a popular song concerned with disappointment in lovework song - a usually rhythmical song to accompany repetitious work
	2.	song - a distinctive or characteristic sound; "the song of bullets was in the air"; "the song of the wind"; "the wheels sang their song as the train rocketed ahead"sound - the sudden occurrence of an audible event; "the sound awakened them"
	3.	song - the act of singing; "with a shout and a song they marched up to the gates"strainvocal music - music that is vocalized (as contrasted with instrumental music)carol - a joyful song (usually celebrating the birth of Christ)cradlesong, lullaby - the act of singing a quiet song to lull a child to sleep
	4.	song - the characteristic sound produced by a bird; "a bird will not learn its song unless it hears it at an early age"birdcall, birdsong, callanimal communication - communication between animals (of the same species)bell-like call - a birdcall that resembles the tone of a belltwo-note call - a birdcall having two notes; "the two-note call of the cuckoo"
	5.	song - a very small sum; "he bought it for a song"buy, steal, bargain - an advantageous purchase; "she got a bargain at the auction"; "the stock was a real buy at that price"
	6.	Song - the imperial dynasty of China from 960 to 1279; noted for art and literature and philosophySong dynasty, Sung, Sung dynastydynasty - a sequence of powerful leaders in the same family

song

noun1. ballad, air, tune, lay, strain, carol, lyric, chant, chorus, melody, anthem, number, hymn, psalm, shanty, pop song, ditty, canticle, canzonet a voice singing a Spanish song2. birdsong, call, warbling, chirp, chirping, warble, twitter, twittering, cheep, chirrup, chirruping, cheeping It's been a long time since I heard a blackbird's song in the evening.on song on form, fit, in good shape, in good condition, toned up, in good trim When he is on song he is a world beater.

Translations

歌曲鸟语歌歌唱

song

(soŋ) noun1. something (to be) sung. He wrote this song for his wife to sing.歌2. singing. He burst into song.歌唱3. the sound(s) made by a bird. birdsong.鸟语ˈsongbird noun any of the types of bird which have a pleasant song. 鸣禽ˈsongwriter noun a person who writes songs (usually pop songs) for a living. 流行歌曲作者

song

→ 歌曲zhCN

song

song,

relatively brief, simple vocal composition, usually a setting of a poetic text, often strophic, for accompanied solo voicevoice,
sound produced by living beings. The source of the sound in human speaking and singing is the vibration of the vocal cords, which are inside the larynx, and the production of the sounds is called phonation.
..... Click the link for more information. . The song literature of Western music embodies two broad classifications—folk songfolk song,
music of anonymous composition, transmitted orally. The theory that folk songs were originally group compositions has been modified in recent studies. These assume that the germ of a folk melody is produced by an individual and altered in transmission into a
..... Click the link for more information. and art song.

Apart from the recently discovered cuneiform tablet containing a song from the Middle East of the 2d millennium B.C., now thought to be the oldest notated music known, and apart from ancient Greek song (see Greek musicGreek music,
the music of the ancient and modern inhabitants of Greece. Ancient Greek Music

The music of ancient Greece was inseparable from poetry and dancing. It was entirely monodic, there being no harmony as the term is commonly understood.
..... Click the link for more information. ), the manuscripts of which are lost, the first outstanding examples of art song before the baroque period are those of the troubadourstroubadours
, aristocratic poet-musicians of S France (Provence) who flourished from the end of the 11th cent. through the 13th cent. Many troubadours were noblemen and crusader knights; some were kings, e.g.
..... Click the link for more information. , trouvèrestrouvères
, medieval poet-musicians of central and N France, fl. during the later 12th and the 13th cent. The trouvères imitated the troubadours of the south.
..... Click the link for more information. , minnesingersminnesinger
, a medieval German knight, poet, and singer of Minne, or courtly love. Originally imitators of Provençal troubadours, minnesingers developed their own style in the 13th and 14th cent.
..... Click the link for more information. , and meistersingersmeistersinger
[Ger.,=mastersinger], a member of one of the musical and poetic guilds that flourished in German cities during the 15th and 16th cent. The guilds or schools comprised chiefly artisans who claimed artistic descent from the courtly minnesingers.
..... Click the link for more information. . The refined, lyrical air de cour of late 16th-century France, for one or more voices with lute accompaniment, provided the inspiration for the ayre composed by the early 17th-century English lutenists, among whom were John Dowland, Thomas Campion, and Thomas Morley.

The Italians centered their principal attention upon the development of the operaopera,
drama set to music. Characteristics

The libretto may be serious or comic, although neither form necessarily excludes elements of the other. Opera differs from operetta in its musical complexity and usually in its subject matter.
..... Click the link for more information. . The principle of accompanied monody, which originated in Italy and is inseparable from the early development of opera, also marked the beginning of modern accompanied song, although the speech rhythms of recitative and the elaborateness of most opera arias are usually thought of as being beyond the realm of song. A direct influence is shown in the German lied of the 17th cent., a monodic song with a basso continuo accompaniment. Outstanding among earlier examples are the Arien of Heinrich Albert (1604–51) and those of Adam Krieger (1634–66).

The German romantic lieder of the 19th cent., in which the vocal line and the piano accompaniment are of equal musical significance, are considered to be among the finest of all art songs. The lied style was articulated by Schubert and developed further by Schumann, Brahms, and Hugo Wolf. Among the poets whose lyrics they used were Goethe, Chamisso, Eichendorff, Rückert, Wilhelm Müller, Heine, and Mörike. Among modern German songs those of Hindemith and of Schoenberg are outstanding. Some of these require the technique of Sprechstimme, a pitched declamation that is a hybrid of song and speech.

In France a renewed interest in song composition began in the 19th cent. with Berlioz and was continued in the works of Franck, Fauré, Debussy, Ravel, and Poulenc. The foremost Russian composers of the genre include Glinka, Rachmaninoff, Tchaikovsky, Gretchaninov, and Glière. The dramatic songs of Moussorgsky are particularly significant. In the United States the songs of Stephen Foster had such national appeal as to become incorporated into the folk tradition. Charles Ives brought a striking originality to the modern American art song.

See balladballad,
in literature and music, short, narrative poem or song usually relating a single, dramatic event. Two forms of the ballad are often distinguished—the folk ballad, dating from about the 12th cent., and the literary ballad, dating from the late 18th cent.
..... Click the link for more information. ; carolcarol,
popular hymn, of joyful nature, in celebration of an occasion such as May Day, Easter, or Christmas. The earliest English carols date from the 15th cent. The carol is characterized by simplicity of thought and expression. Many are thought to be adaptations of pagan songs.
..... Click the link for more information. ; chanteychantey
or shanty
, work song with marked rhythm, particularly one sung by a group of sailors while hoisting sail or anchor or pushing the capstan. Often it has solo stanzas sung by a leader, the chanteyman, with a chorus repeated after each by the entire group.
..... Click the link for more information. ; hymnhymn,
song of praise, devotion, or thanksgiving, especially of a religious character (see also cantata).

Early Christian hymnody consisted mainly of the Psalms and the great canticles Nunc dimittis, Magnificat, and Benedictus
..... Click the link for more information. ; plainsongplainsong
or plainchant,
the unharmonized chant of the medieval Christian liturgies in Europe and the Middle East; usually synonymous with Gregorian chant, the liturgical music of the Roman Catholic Church.
..... Click the link for more information. ; rock musicrock music,
type of music originating in the United States in the mid-1950s and increasingly popular throughout much of the world. Origins of Rock

Essentially hybrid in origin, rock music includes elements of several black and white American music styles: black
..... Click the link for more information. ; and spiritualspiritual,
a religious folk song of American origin, particularly associated with African-American Protestants of the southern United States. The African-American spiritual, characterized by syncopation, polyrhythmic structure, and the pentatonic scale of five whole tones, is,
..... Click the link for more information. . See also birdsongbirdsong.
Song, call notes, and certain mechanical sounds constitute the language of birds. Song is produced in the syrinx, whose firm walls are derived from the rings of the trachea, and is modified by the larynx and tongue.
..... Click the link for more information. .

Bibliography

See P. Warlock, The English Ayre (1926); E. Schumann, German Song (1948); S. Kagen, Music for the Voice (1949); D. Ivey, Song: Anatomy, Imagery, and Styles (1970); D. Stevens, ed., A History of Song (1960, rev. 1970); H. T. Finck, Songs and Song Writers (1900, repr. 1973); J. Hall, Art Song (1974); M. Booth, The Experience of Songs (1981); S. S. Prawer, The Penguin Book of Lieder (1987); R. Lissauer, The Encyclopedia of Popular Music (1991, rev. ed. 1996).

Song

the most common type of vocal music. A distinction is made between folk songs and songs intended for performance by professional musicians. Songs are also categorized by genre, form, method of performance, and other considerations (for example, revolutionary and everyday songs, lyrics, hymns, songs for one voice and multipart songs, solo and choral songs, songs with or without instrumental accompaniment, songs for professional singers, and songs for mass performance). One word is used to designate both song (Russian, pesnia) and art song (romans) in some languages (German, Lied; French, chanson; and English, “song”).

The song is characterized by a special type of connection between the music and the lyrics. The melody is the generalized, total expression of the imagery in the text or lyrics. Unlike the melody of the art song, that of the song is not connected with particular poetic images or inflections in the text. Rather, the melody and the text are similar in structure: they consist of equal (and in music, identical) units known as strophes or couplets. Often, there is a refrain, or pripev. The phrasing and articulation of the music correspond to the articulation of the poetic strophe. Consequently, the melody of a song can be performed with different lyrics, if the strophic structure and meter of the original text are preserved.

The folk song is found among all the peoples of the world. Its origins are closely associated with labor processes. In remote antiquity ritual songs emerged: calendar songs celebrating the new year, spring, bathing, or harvest and family songs marking a birth, wedding, or funeral. Nonritual, lyrical songs were extensively developed. A strophic structure is characteristic of most of the folk-song genres. The narrative song incorporates a variety of plot situations. Often, the narration is combined with a monologue and dialogue. The most common form is the monologue song. The inner world of the hero, the emotional and psychological content of a song, is often unveiled allegorically through various types of parallelism and symbolism. The folk song influenced the development of the literary song. Today the song, a genre of professional music, coexists with the folk song.

As a genre of professional music, the song originated many centuries ago. In Europe the most important stages in the development of the song as a professional art form were the creative work of the classical poet-lyricist, who wrote both verses and melodies; the creative work of the troubadours, the trouvères, the minnesingers and the Meistersingers; the development of the secular, choral polyphonic song (chanson); the rise of various forms of everyday solo and ensemble songs; and the emergence of the Hussite songs, Huguenot hymns, and Protestant chorales.

The lyrical chamber song, which developed in the second half of the 18th century, was accompanied by a keyboard instrument. The mass revolutionary song flourished during the Great French Revolution, when it was used to propagandize new ideas and to appeal for support in the struggle against the enemies of the Revolution. The “Marseillaise” and “Ça ira,” which originated during this period as artistic symbols of the people’s liberation struggle, retained their significance in later periods. During the 19th century song genres were important in music. The art song and the song became separate forms. However, it is not always easy to establish the dividing line between them.

Closely associated with the rise of the working class and the beginning of its struggle for liberation was the development of the workers’ revolutionary song, which was performed at demonstrations and meetings, as well as in the underground, in penal servitude, and in exile. Among the most famous of the revolutionary songs and hymns that achieved worldwide popularity are the “Internationale” (France), the “Warszawianka” (Poland), “Garibaldi’s Hymn” (Italy), and “Riego’s Hymn” (Spain). The workers’ revolutionary song consistently served an important organizational and educational purpose in Russia. A number of songs became widely known, including “Boldly, Comrades, in Step,” “Rage, Tyrants,” and “We’re Renouncing the Old World” (“The Workers’ Marseillaise”). In the 20th century, during the prerevolutionary years and the Great October Socialist Revolution, there was an extraordinary flowering of the Russian revolutionary song.

The folk song and the revolutionary song were the sources for the Soviet mass song. (The term “mass song” originated in the postrevolutionary period.) The mass song has sensitively reflected the most important features of the spiritual life of the toiling people at various stages in the country’s history. It became one of the leading genres in Soviet music, especially during the 1930’s and during the Great Patriotic War (1941–45), and it has attracted the attention of many Soviet poets, including M. Isakovskii, V. Lebedev-Kumach, M. Svetlov, A. Surkov, and A. Fat’ianov. Moreover, the mass song has greatly influenced other genres, including the art song, the opera, the cantata, and motion-picture music. Among the mass songs that have won broad popularity are Dunaevskii’s “Song of the Homeland” and “Song of Kakhovka,” Belyi’s “The Eaglet,” Blanter’s “Katiusha,” A.. V. Aleksandrov’s “The Sacred War,” Novikov’s “Hymn of the Democratic Youth of the World,” Solov’ev-Sedoi’s “Moscow Region Nights,” Pakhmutova’s “Song of Uneasy Youth,” Muradeli’s “Buchenwald Tocsin,” and Ostrovskii’s “Let There Always Be Sunshine.” Many mass songs have become well known abroad.

In the 1920’s the song also began to flower in other European countries, in connection with the development of the social and revolutionary movement after the October Revolution of 1917. (Songs by Eisler of Germany and Schulhoff of Czechoslovakia are associated with this period.)

The variety stage song, or popular song, which is often linked with jazz, has been extensively developed in the 20th century.

Since the end of the 1940’s, there has been a rebirth in a number of countries of the traditions of the chansonnier, a singer who creates the melodies and, often, even the words for his songs (for example, G. Brassens and C. Aznavour of France, and B. Okudzhava of the USSR). Contemporary foreign popular and mass songs are characterized by a high degree of ideological and artistic heterogeneity. They have been negatively influenced by mass culture (“pop music,” for example). However, at their best, foreign songs reflect progressive social aspirations, including the youth movement for peace and social progress, which has brought recognition to a number of popular singers (for example, the Americans Pete Seeger and Joan Baez). The social, organizing role of song is especially evident at festivals of democratic youth.

TEXTS

Chulkov, M. D. Sobranie raznykh pesen, parts 1–4. St. Petersburg, 1770–74.
Pesni, sobrannye P. V. Kireevskim, fascs. 1–10. Moscow, 1860–74. New series, fasc. 1. Moscow, 1911. Fasc. 2, parts 1–2. Moscow, 1917–29.
Sobolevskii, A. I. Velikorusskie narodnyepesni, vols. 1–7. St. Petersburg, 1895–1902.
Pesni russkikh rabochikh. Moscow-Leningrad, 1962.
Russkii geroicheskii epos (byliny). Moscow, 1970.
Poeziia krest’ianskikh prazdnikov (collection of songs). Leningrad, 1970.

REFERENCES

Anichkov, E. V. Vesenniaia obriadovaia pesnia na Zapade i u slavian, parts 1–2. St. Petersburg, 1903–05.
Lafarg, P. “Svadebnye pesni i obychai.” In his book Ocherki po istorii kul’tury, 2nd ed. Moscow-Leningrad, 1928.
Veselovskii, A. N. Istoricheskaia poetika. Leningrad, 1940.
Chernyshevskii, G. “Pesni raznykh narodov.” Poln. sobr. soch., vol. 2. Moscow, 1949.
Belinskii, V. G. [”Stat’i o narodnoi poezii”]. Poln. sobr. soch, vol. 5. Moscow, 1954.
Bocharov, A. G. Sovetskaia massovaia pesnia. Moscow, 1956.
Korev, lu. S. Sovetskaia massovaia pesnia. Moscow, 1956.
Popova, T. V. Russkoe narodnoe muzykal’noe tvorchestvo, fasc. 3. Moscow, 1957. Chapter 4.
Propp, V. Ia. Russkii geroicheskii epos. Moscow, 1958.
Druskin, M. S. Russkaia revoliutsionnaia pesnia. Leningrad, 1959.
Sokhor, A. N. Russkaia sovetskaia pesnia. Leningrad, 1959.
Herder, J. G. von. Izbr. soch. Moscow-Leningrad, 1959.
Vasina-Grossman, V. A. Vokal’nye formy, 2nd ed. Moscow, 1963.
Kulakovskii, L. V. Pesnia, ee iazyk, struktura, sud’by. Moscow, 1962.
Kolpakova, N. P. Russkaia narodnaia bytovaia pesnia. Moscow-Leningrad, 1962.
Russkaia narodnaia pesnia: Bibliograficheskii ukazatel’, 1735–1945. Moscow, 1962.
Sydow, A. Das Lied, Ursprung, Wesen und Wandel. Göttingen [1962].
Lazutin, S. G. Russkie narodnye pesni. Moscow, 1965.
Hegel, G. W. F. Estetika, vol. 3. Moscow, 1971. Pages 523–26.

V. A. VASINA-GROSSMAN and I. K. GALKINA

song

1. a. a piece of music, usually employing a verbal text, composed for the voice, esp one intended for performance by a soloist b. the whole repertory of such pieces c. (as modifier): a song book 2. poetical composition; poetry 3. the characteristic tuneful call or sound made by certain birds or insects

song

Song

song

song

Song

song

Song

song

song

song

song

song

song,

Bibliography

Song

TEXTS

REFERENCES

song

SONG

song

Synonyms for song

noun ballad

Synonyms

noun birdsong

Synonyms

phrase on song

Synonyms

Synonyms for song

noun a short musical composition with words

Synonyms

Related Words

noun a distinctive or characteristic sound

Related Words

noun the act of singing

Synonyms

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noun the characteristic sound produced by a bird

Synonyms

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noun a very small sum

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noun the imperial dynasty of China from 960 to 1279

Synonyms

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