SVR

resistance

(ri-zis'tans) [L. resistere, to remain standing] 1. Opposition to a disease, a toxin, or to a physical force.2. In psychoanalysis, a condition in which the ego avoids bringing into consciousness conflicts and unpleasant events responsible for neurosis; the reluctance of a patient to give up old patterns of thought and behavior. It may take various forms such as silence, failure to remember dreams, forgetfulness, and undue annoyance with trivial aspects of the treatment situation. 3. Force applied to a body part by weights, machinery, or another person to load muscles as an exercise to increase muscle strength.

airway resistance

The impedance to the flow of air into and out of the respiratory tract, measured in cm H₂O/L/s. Normal airway resistance is 4 cm H₂O/L/s.

antibiotic resistance

The ability of microorganisms to survive in the presence of antibiotics. Mutations have provided some bacteria with genes for enzymes that destroy antibiotics such as penicillins, cephalosporins, or aminoglycosides. Other mutations have changed the structure of bacterial cell walls formerly penetrable by antibiotics or have created new enzymes for cellular functions previously blocked by drugs. Synonym: antimicrobial resistance See: vancomycin-resistant enterococci; resistance transfer factor; methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus

CAUTION!

The indiscriminate use of antibiotics provides the selection pressure that creates ever more resistant strains.

antimicrobial resistance

Antibiotic resistance.

antiviral resistance

The developed resistance of a virus to specific antiviral therapy.

bacterial resistance

The ability of bacteria to survive and cause continuous infection in the presence of antibiotics. See: antiviral resistance; antibiotic resistance; multidrug resistance; transfer factor

bedtime resistance

Misbehaving, stalling tactics, or temper tantrums used by children to avoid going to bed on time. Bedtime resistance may be caused by a variety of emotional or psychological factors, e.g., fear of the dark, loneliness, or the desire for more attention.

beta-lactamase resistance

The ability of microorganisms that produce the enzyme beta-lactamase (penicillinase) to resist the action of certain types of antibiotics, including some but not all forms of penicillin. Beta-lactamases make these microorganisms resistant to antibiotics by catalyzing the destruction of the beta-lactam ring that is essential for their antibacterial activity.

cross resistance

The ability of bacteria, viruses, or cancer cells to live and reproduce despite treatment with more than one drug. In cancer therapy, resistance to a wide range of unrelated drugs may occur after resistance to a single agent has developed. Synonym: multidrug resistance; multiple drug resistance See: gene amplification

drug resistance

The ability of a disease, esp. one caused by infectious pathogens, to withstand drug treatment.

expiratory resistance

1. The impedence to airflow from the trachea, bronchi, mouth or nose during exhalation. 2. The use of a restricted orifice, or flow resistor, during positive-pressure ventilation to retard the flow of exhaled gases.3. An objective measure of bronchospasm.

extended-spectrum beta-lactamase resistance

Abbreviation: ESBL
An enzymatically mediated antibiotic resistance found in gram-negative bacilli (such as Klebsiella pneumoniae, Enterobacter cloacae, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa), that make these bacteria resistant to cephalosporins and penicillin antibiotics.

glucocorticoid resistance

1. A rare genetically inherited insensitivity of peripheral tissues to the effects of steroid hormones produced by the adrenal cortex. Affected patients produce excessive compensatory quantities of ACTH and may be affected by hyperandrogenism or mineralocorticoid excess. 2. Insensitivity to treatment with glucocorticoid drugs, e.g., prednisone for asthma or Crohn disease.

insulin resistance

Cellular phenomena that prevent insulin from stimulating the uptake of glucose from the bloodstream and the synthesis of glycogen. Insulin resistance is one of the fundamental metabolic defects found in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus.

manual resistance

See: resistance exercise

mechanical resistance

See: resistance exercise

multidrug resistance

Abbreviation: MDR
Cross resistance.

multiple drug resistance

Cross resistance.

peripheral resistance

The resistance of the arterial vascular system, esp. the arterioles and capillaries, to the flow of blood.

systemic vascular resistance

Abbreviation: SVR
The resistance to the flow of blood through the body's blood vessels. It increases as vessels constrict (as when a drug like norepinephrine is given) and decreases when vessels dilate (as in septic shock). Any change in the diameter, elasticity, or number of vessels recruited can influence the measured amount of resistance to the flow of blood through the body.

threshold resistance

The amount of pressure necessary in overcoming resistance to flow.

transthoracic resistance

The amount of resistance to the flow of electrical energy across the chest. This is an important factor to consider when electrical therapies such as defibrillation, cardioversion, and transthoracic pacing are used to treat abnormal cardiac rhythms.

viscous resistance

Nonelastic opposition of tissue to ventilation due to the energy required to displace the thorax and airways.

systemic vascular resistance

response

(ri-spons') [L. responsum, an answer] 1. A reaction, e.g., contraction of a muscle or secretion of a gland, resulting from a stimulus. See: reaction2. The total of an individual's reactions to specific conditions, e.g., the response of a patient to a certain treatment or to a challenge to the immune system.

acute phase response

Acute phase reaction.

auditory evoked response

Response to auditory stimuli determined by a method independent of the individual's subjective response. The electroencephalogram has been used to record response to sound. By measuring intensity of sound and presence of response, one can test the acuity of hearing of psychiatric patients, people who are asleep, and children too young to cooperate in a standard hearing test.

brainstem auditory evoked response

Evoked response audiometry.

clinical benefit response

Abbreviation: CBR
An improvement in at least one important symptom or element of the quality of life of a cancer patient that directly results from treatment, without any decline in any other element of the patient's quality of life.

Patient care

Some cancers are not curable or responsive to treatment with surgery, radiation, or chemotherapy. However, one or more of their most distressing symptoms may be manageable, e.g. alleviation of pain by therapy. Palliation of pain, nausea, or breathlessness, even in the absence of cure, is a clinically beneficial goal of treatment for some incurable tumors, such as cancers of the pancreas.

complete response

Abbreviation: CR
In cancer care, the eradication by treatment of all of a readily identifiable tumor. A complete response differs from a cure in that microscopic amounts of tumor the may remain in the patient and later produce a relapse.

conditioned response

See: conditioned reflex

Cushing response

See: Cushing, Harvey

defense-oriented response

A coping mechanism by which people try to protect themselves from anxiety or psychological harm.

dose response

1. The relationship between the quantity or intensity of a treatment regimen and its effect on living cells, tissues, or organisms.2. The relationship between the intensity of an exposure, e.g., to an infectious pathogen, physical stressor, or a toxin, and its effect on living organisms.

durable response

In cancer care, a long-lasting positive reaction to tumor therapy, usually lasting at least a year.

end of treatment response

Abbreviation: EOT, ETR
In the treatment of chronic hepatitis C, the eradication of detectable virus from the blood after a complete course of antiviral therapy.

evoked response

Evoked potential.

F response

In electrodiagnostic study of spinal reflexes, the time required for a stimulus applied to a motor nerve to travel in the opposite direction up the nerve to the spinal cord and return.

galvanic skin response

The measurement of the change in the electrical resistance of the skin in response to stimuli.

histological response

The improvement in the appearance of microscopic tissue specimens after treatment of the patient with chemotherapy. Although it is not indicative of a cure, the improved appearance of biopsy specimens after treatment often suggests the patient's prognosis will improve as well.

immune response

The body's reaction to foreign antigens so that they are neutralized or eliminated, thus preventing the diseases or injuries these antigens might cause. It requires that the body recognize the antigen as nonself. There are several major components to the immune response. The nonspecific immune response, or inflammation, is the response of the body's tissues and cells to injury from any source, e.g., trauma, organisms, chemicals, ischemia. As the initial response of the immune system to any threat, it involves vascular, chemical, and white blood cell activities. The specific immune response, involving T cells and B cells, is a reaction to injury or invasion by particular organisms or foreign proteins. The cell-mediated immune response refers to the activity of T lymphocytes (T cells) produced by the thymus in response to antigen exposure. Without T cells, the body cannot protect itself against many disease-causing microbes. The loss of T cells in patients with AIDS, for example, leads to infections with many opportunistic microbes that would otherwise be relatively well tolerated by persons with intact cellular immunity. T-cell activity also is the basis for delayed hypersensitivity, rejection of tissue transplants, and responses to cancers. The humoral immune response refers to the production of antigen-specific antibodies by plasma B lymphocytes (B cells); antibodies attach to foreign antigens in the bloodstream, helping to inactivate or remove them. See: cell-mediated immunity; humoral immunity; inflammation

inflammatory response

Inflammation.

minor response

In cancer care, a reduction in tumor size by less than 50% but more than 25%.

parachute response

Parachute reflex.

partial response

Abbreviation: PR
In cancer care, a reduction in the size of readily identifiable tumors by 50% or more.

physiological stress response

Stress response.

primary immune response

The initial reaction to an immunogen, during which T and B lymphocytes are activated and antibodies specific to the antigen are produced. This reaction is considered relatively weak but produces large numbers of antigen-specific memory cells.

PSA response

A decrease in the level of prostate-specific antigen (PSA) of at least 50% in a patient receiving treatment for prostate cancer.

relative dose response

Abbreviation: RDR
1. A progressively increasing reaction of a cell, tissue, or organism to a stimulus. 2. A test used to estimate liver stores of vitamin A in order to identify those with marginal vitamin A deficiency.

relaxation response

The physiological responses produced when one sits quietly with the eyes closed and breathes slowly and methodically. The responses include slower heart rate, decreased blood pressure, and lowered cutaneous resistance. A brief word or phrase (such as a mantra) may be repeated to oneself to help focus the mind or reduce stray thoughts. This approach to meditation or stress reduction may be undertaken once or twice a day, usually for 10 to 30 Min. The relaxation response helps reduce anxiety, high blood pressure, pain, postmenopausal symptoms, and use of medications.

reticulocyte response

An increase in reticulocyte production in response to the administration of a hematinic agent.

secondary immune response

The rapid, strong response by T and B cells to a second or subsequent appearance of an immunogen. This occurs because of the availability of T and B lymphocyte memory cells.

somatosensory evoked response

Abbreviation: SER
Response produced by small, painless electrical stimuli administered to large sensory fibers in mixed nerves of the hand or leg. The electroencephalographic record of the character of the subsequent waves produced helps determine the functional state of the nerves involved.

stress response

The predictable physiological response that occurs in humans as a result of injury, surgery, shock, ischemia, or sepsis. Synonym: physiological stress response

This response is hormonally mediated and is divided into three distinct phases:

Ebb phase (lag phase): For 12 to 36 hr after the precipitating event, the body attempts to conserve its resources. Vital signs (heart, respiration, temperature) are less than normal. Flow phase (hypermetabolic phase): This stage peaks in 3 to 4 days and lasts 9 to 14 days, depending on the extent of the injury or infection and the person's physical and nutritional status. Carbohydrate, protein, and fat are mobilized from tissue stores and catabolized to meet the energy needs of an increased metabolic rate (hypermetabolism). Serum levels of glucose and electrolytes such as potassium can increase dramatically. If this stage is not controlled by removal of the cause or activator, multiple system organ failure or death can result. Anabolic phase (recovery): The anabolic, or healing, phase occurs as the catabolism declines and electrolyte balances are restored. Aggressive nutritional support is often necessary to promote a positive nitrogen balance.

sustained virological response

Abbreviation: SVR
In the treatment of chronic hepatitis C, having no detectable viral RNA in the blood 6 months after the completion of antiviral therapy. SVR is evidence of disease remission, and in many people, of cure.

tonic immobility response

Muscular paralysis that occurs during significant stress or injury, e.g., as an animal is fleeing or trying to fight off a predator. It is a common reaction experienced by animals and humans faced with overwhelming force, e.g., in battle or during sexual assault.

triple response

Any of the three phases of vasomotor reactions that occur when a sharp object is drawn across the skin. In order of appearance, these are red reaction, flare or spreading flush, and wheal.

ultra-rapid virological response

Abbreviation: URVR
The clearing of all hepatitis C viral RNA from the bloodstream after just 2 weeks of antiviral therapy.

unconditioned response

An inherent response rather than a learned response. See: conditioned reflex

visual evoked response

Abbreviation: VER
A reaction produced in response to visual stimuli. While the patient is watching a pattern projected on a screen, the electroencephalogram is recorded. The characteristics of the wave form, its latency, and the amplitude of the wave can be compared with the normal, and important information concerning the function of the visual apparatus in transmitting stimuli to the brain can be obtained.

SVR

SVR

resistance

airway resistance

antibiotic resistance

CAUTION!

antimicrobial resistance

antiviral resistance

bacterial resistance

bedtime resistance

beta-lactamase resistance

cross resistance

drug resistance

expiratory resistance

extended-spectrum beta-lactamase resistance

glucocorticoid resistance

insulin resistance

manual resistance

mechanical resistance

multidrug resistance

multiple drug resistance

peripheral resistance

systemic vascular resistance

threshold resistance

transthoracic resistance

viscous resistance

systemic vascular resistance

response

acute phase response

auditory evoked response

brainstem auditory evoked response

clinical benefit response

Patient care

complete response

conditioned response

Cushing response

defense-oriented response

dose response

durable response

end of treatment response

evoked response

F response

galvanic skin response

histological response

immune response

inflammatory response

minor response

parachute response

partial response

physiological stress response

primary immune response

PSA response

relative dose response

relaxation response

reticulocyte response

secondary immune response

somatosensory evoked response

stress response

sustained virological response

tonic immobility response

triple response

ultra-rapid virological response

unconditioned response

visual evoked response

sustained virological response

SVR

SVR

Synonyms for SVR

noun Russia's intelligence service responsible for foreign operations, intelligence-gathering and analysis, and the exchange of intelligence information

Synonyms

Related Words