repair

re·pair¹

R0156200 (rĭ-pâr′)v. re·paired, re·pair·ing, re·pairs v.tr.1. To restore to sound condition after damage or injury; fix: repaired the broken watch.2. To set right; remedy: repair an oversight.3. To restore or renew: repair the immune system.4. To make up for or compensate for (a loss or wrong, for example).v.intr. To make repairs.n.1. a. The work, act, or process of repairing.b. often repairs An instance or a result of repairing: The accident resulted in a costly repair to the car. My bike is in the shop for repairs.2. a. The state of being fit for use: The furnace is out of repair.b. General condition after use or repairing: in good repair.

[Middle English reparen, repairen, from Old French reparer, from Latin reparāre : re-, re- + parāre, to prepare, put in order; see perə- in Indo-European roots.]

re·pair′a·bil′i·ty n.re·pair′a·ble adj.re·pair′a·bly adv.re·pair′er n.

re·pair²

R0156200 (rĭ-pâr′)intr.v. re·paired, re·pair·ing, re·pairs 1. To betake oneself; go: repair to the dining room.2. To go frequently or habitually: repairs to the restaurant every week.n. Archaic 1. An act of going or sojourning: our annual repair to the mountains.2. A place to which one goes frequently or habitually; a haunt.

[Middle English repairen, to return, from Old French repairier, from Late Latin repatriāre, to return to one's country; see repatriate.]

repair

(rɪˈpɛə) vb (tr) 1. to restore (something damaged or broken) to good condition or working order2. to heal (a breach or division) in (something): to repair a broken marriage. 3. to make good or make amends for (a mistake, injury, etc)n4. the act, task, or process of repairing5. a part that has been repaired6. state or condition: in good repair. [C14: from Old French reparer, from Latin reparāre, from re- + parāre to make ready] reˈpairable adj reˈpairer n

repair

(rɪˈpɛə) vb (intr) 1. (usually foll by to) to go (to a place): to repair to the country. 2. (usually foll by to) to have recourse (to) for help, etc: to repair to one's lawyer. 3. (usually foll by from) archaic to come back; returnn4. the act of going or returning5. a haunt or resort[C14: from Old French repairier, from Late Latin repatriāre to return to one's native land, from Latin re- + patria fatherland; compare repatriate]

re•pair¹

(rɪˈpɛər)

v.t. 1. to restore to a good or sound condition after decay or damage; mend. 2. to restore or renew. 3. to remedy; make up for; compensate for. n. 4. an act, process, or work of repairing. 5. Usu., repairs. a. an instance or operation of repairing. b. a repaired part or an addition made in repairing. 6. the good condition resulting from continued maintenance and repairing: to keep in repair. 7. condition with respect to soundness and usability: a house in good repair. [1300–50; Middle English < Middle French reparer < Latin reparāre = re- re- + parāre to prepare] re•pair′a•ble, adj. re•pair`a•bil′i•ty, n. re•pair′er, n. syn: See renew.

re•pair²

(rɪˈpɛər)

v.i. 1. to betake oneself; go: He repaired in haste to Paris. 2. to go customarily. n. 3. a resort or haunt. 4. the act of going, esp. customarily. [1300–50; < Old French repairier to return < Late Latin repatriāre to return to one's fatherland; see repatriate]

repair

The restoration of an item to serviceable condition through correction of a specific failure or unserviceable condition. See also overhaul; rebuild.

restore

repair1. 'restore'

To restore an old building, painting, or piece of furniture means to repair and clean it, so that it returns to its original condition.

Several million pounds will be required to restore the theatre.I asked whether the pictures could be restored.2. 'repair'

To repair something that has been damaged or that is not working properly means to mend it.

No one knew how to repair the engine.

repair

Past participle: repaired
Gerund: repairing

Imperative
repair
repair

Present
I repair
you repair
he/she/it repairs
we repair
you repair
they repair

Preterite
I repaired
you repaired
he/she/it repaired
we repaired
you repaired
they repaired

Present Continuous
I am repairing
you are repairing
he/she/it is repairing
we are repairing
you are repairing
they are repairing

Present Perfect
I have repaired
you have repaired
he/she/it has repaired
we have repaired
you have repaired
they have repaired

Past Continuous
I was repairing
you were repairing
he/she/it was repairing
we were repairing
you were repairing
they were repairing

Past Perfect
I had repaired
you had repaired
he/she/it had repaired
we had repaired
you had repaired
they had repaired

Future
I will repair
you will repair
he/she/it will repair
we will repair
you will repair
they will repair

Future Perfect
I will have repaired
you will have repaired
he/she/it will have repaired
we will have repaired
you will have repaired
they will have repaired

Future Continuous
I will be repairing
you will be repairing
he/she/it will be repairing
we will be repairing
you will be repairing
they will be repairing

Present Perfect Continuous
I have been repairing
you have been repairing
he/she/it has been repairing
we have been repairing
you have been repairing
they have been repairing

Future Perfect Continuous
I will have been repairing
you will have been repairing
he/she/it will have been repairing
we will have been repairing
you will have been repairing
they will have been repairing

Past Perfect Continuous
I had been repairing
you had been repairing
he/she/it had been repairing
we had been repairing
you had been repairing
they had been repairing

Conditional
I would repair
you would repair
he/she/it would repair
we would repair
you would repair
they would repair

Past Conditional
I would have repaired
you would have repaired
he/she/it would have repaired
we would have repaired
you would have repaired
they would have repaired

Thesaurus

Noun	1.	repair - the act of putting something in working order againfixing, mend, mending, reparation, fix, fixtureimprovement - the act of improving something; "their improvements increased the value of the property"darning - the act of mending a hole in a garment with crossing threadspatching - the act of mending a hole in a garment by sewing a patch over itmaintenance, upkeep, care - activity involved in maintaining something in good working order; "he wrote the manual on car care"quick fix, quickie, quicky, band aid - hurried repairrestoration - the act of restoring something or someone to a satisfactory statereconstruction - the activity of constructing something againrestitution - the act of restoring something to its original state
	2.	repair - a formal way of referring to the condition of something; "the building was in good repair"condition, status - a state at a particular time; "a condition (or state) of disrepair"; "the current status of the arms negotiations"
	3.	repair - a frequently visited placehangout, haunt, stamping ground, resortarea, country - a particular geographical region of indefinite boundary (usually serving some special purpose or distinguished by its people or culture or geography); "it was a mountainous area"; "Bible country"gathering place - a favorite haunt where people gather
Verb	1.	repair - restore by replacing a part or putting together what is torn or broken; "She repaired her TV set"; "Repair my shoes please"fix, furbish up, mend, bushel, doctor, touch on, restoreameliorate, improve, meliorate, amend, better - to make better; "The editor improved the manuscript with his changes"tinker, fiddle - try to fix or mend; "Can you tinker with the T.V. set--it's not working right"; "She always fiddles with her van on the weekend"fill - plug with a substance; "fill a cavity"patch, piece - repair by adding pieces; "She pieced the china cup"cobble - repair or mend; "cobble shoes"repoint, point - repair the joints of bricks; "point a chimney"troubleshoot, trouble-shoot - solve problems; "He is known to be good at trouble-shooting"patch up, patch - mend by putting a patch on; "patch a hole"resole, sole - put a new sole on; "sole the shoes"revamp, vamp - provide (a shoe) with a new vamp; "revamp my old boots"reheel, heel - put a new heel on; "heel shoes"darn - repair by sewing; "darn socks"bust, break - ruin completely; "He busted my radio!"
	2.	repair - make amends for; pay compensation for; "One can never fully repair the suffering and losses of the Jews in the Third Reich"; "She was compensated for the loss of her arm in the accident"recompense, compensate, indemnifypay - give money, usually in exchange for goods or services; "I paid four dollars for this sandwich"; "Pay the waitress, please"give - deliver in exchange or recompense; "I'll give you three books for four CDs"
	3.	repair - move, travel, or proceed toward some place; "He repaired to his cabin in the woods"resortgo, locomote, move, travel - change location; move, travel, or proceed, also metaphorically; "How fast does your new car go?"; "We travelled from Rome to Naples by bus"; "The policemen went from door to door looking for the suspect"; "The soldiers moved towards the city in an attempt to take it before night fell"; "news travelled fast"
	4.	repair - set straight or right; "remedy these deficiencies"; "rectify the inequities in salaries"; "repair an oversight"remediate, remedy, amend, rectifycorrect, right, rectify - make right or correct; "Correct the mistakes"; "rectify the calculation"
	5.	repair - give new life or energy to; "A hot soup will revive me"; "This will renovate my spirits"; "This treatment repaired my health"reanimate, recreate, revivify, vivify, revive, renovate, animate, quickenenergize, perk up, energise, stimulate, arouse, brace - cause to be alert and energetic; "Coffee and tea stimulate me"; "This herbal infusion doesn't stimulate"resuscitate, come to, revive - return to consciousness; "The patient came to quickly"; "She revived after the doctor gave her an injection"

repair

¹verb1. mend, fix, recover, restore, heal, renew, patch, make good, renovate, patch up, put back together, restore to working order He has repaired the roof.
mend damage, destroy, harm, ruin, wreck2. put right, make up for, compensate for, rectify, square, retrieve, redress They needed to repair the damage done by the interview.noun1. mend, restoration, overhaul, adjustment Many of the buildings are in need of repair.2. darn, mend, patch She spotted a couple of obvious repairs in the dress.3. condition, state, form, shape (informal), nick (informal), fettle The road was in bad repair.

repair

²verb go, retire, withdraw, head for, move, remove, leave for, set off for, betake yourself We repaired to the pavilion for lunch.

repair¹

verbTo restore to proper condition or functioning:doctor, fix, fix up, mend, overhaul, patch, revamp, right.Idiom: set right.

repair²

verb1. To look to when in need:apply, go, refer, resort, run, turn.Idioms: fall back on, have recourse to.2. To visit regularly:frequent, hang around, haunt, resort.Slang: hang out.

Translations

修理纠正维修维修状况补救

repair

(riˈpeə) verb1. to mend; to make (something) that is damaged or has broken down work again; to restore to good condition. to repair a broken lock / torn jacket.修理2. to put right or make up for. Nothing can repair the harm done by your foolish remarks. 补救，纠正 noun1. (often in plural) the act of repairing something damaged or broken down. I put my car into the garage for repairs; The bridge is under repair.维修2. a condition or state. The road is in bad repair; The house is in a good state of repair.维修状况reˈpairable adjective (negative unrepairable) able to be mended. 可修理的reparable (ˈrepərəbl) adjective able to be put right. 可修理的ˌrepaˈration (repə-) noun1. the act of making up for something wrong that has been done. 补救2. money paid for this purpose. 赔偿reˈpairman (-mӕn) noun a man who repairs televisions etc. 修理工人

repair

→ 修理zhCN

May I have a repair kit? (US)
Can I have a repair kit? (UK) → 我能要一套修车工具吗？
Where is the nearest bike repair shop? → 附近哪儿有自行车修理铺？
Can you repair it? → 能给修一下吗？
Do you have a repair kit? → 您这儿有修车工具吗？
Is there a repair shop near here? (US)
Is there a garage near here? (UK) → 附近有修车行吗？
Could you give me a ride to the repair shop? (US)
Can you give me a lift to the garage? (UK) → 我能搭您的车去修车行吗？
Could you tow me to a repair shop? (US)
Can you tow me to a garage? (UK) → 您能帮忙把我的车拖到修车行去吗？
Can you repair this? → 这个能修理吗？
Can you repair these shoes? → 能不能修理这双鞋？
Can you repair my watch? → 能修理我的手表吗？
Can you repair my glasses? → 能给我修理一下我的眼镜吗？
How long will it take to repair? → 需要多久能修好？
Can you repair my dentures? → 我的假牙能修吗？
Where's the nearest repair shop for wheelchairs? (US)
Where is the nearest repair shop for wheelchairs? (UK) → 附近哪儿有轮椅维修店？

Repair

repair

[ri′per] (engineering) To restore that which is unserviceable to a serviceable condition by replacement of parts, components, or assemblies.

Repair

Any labor or material provided to restore, reconstruct, or renew any existing part of a building, its fixtures, or appurtenances; also, to bring to a sound condition after damage or injury in a fire.

Repair

(also reparation), in genetics, the special cellular function by which a cell restores molecules of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) that have chemical injuries or breaks; these injuries or breaks may be caused by the action of various physical and chemical agents, or they may occur during vital cellular activities in the normal biosynthesis of DNA.

Repair was first studied by A. Kelner (USA), who in 1948 discovered the photoreactivation phenomenon—the decrease in the injury to living organisms caused by ultraviolet (UV) rays when the organisms are subsequently exposed to bright visible light (light repair). R. Setlow and C. Rupert (USA) were among those who soon discovered that photoreactivation is a photochemical process involving a specific enzyme and resulting in the splitting of the thymine dimers formed in DNA upon the absorption of UV quanta. Subsequent research on the genetic control of bacterial sensitivity to UV light and ionizing radiation led to the discovery of dark repair, by which a cell reverses injuries to its DNA without the participation of visible light. The mechanism of the dark repair of bacterial cells irradiated by UV light was predicted by P. Howard-Flanders and experimentally confirmed in 1964 by P. Hanawalt and D. Pettijohn (USA). It was demonstrated that in irradiated bacteria injured parts of DNA having altered nucleotides are replaced by the resynthesized parts.

Prereplicative repair, which is completed before chromosomal replication in the injured cell, is distinguished from post-replicative repair, which occurs after chromosomal duplication and is aimed at eliminating injuries in old as well as daughter DNA molecules. Genetic recombination is believed to be an important factor in bacterial postreplicative repair.

Repair systems exist in microorganisms and in animal and human cells, in which they are studied in tissue culture. In man, xeroderma pigmentosum is a hereditary disease characterized by the impairment of the repair process. Each repair system includes the following components: an enzyme that recognizes the chemically changed part of a DNA chain and breaks the chain near the injury, an enzyme that removes the injured part, an enzyme (DNA polymerase) that synthesizes the corresponding part of the DNA chain instead of the part removed, and an enzyme (ligase) that links together the last bond in the polymer chain, thereby restoring the integrity of the DNA.

Bacteria have at least two enzyme systems that control repair. The first enzyme system is responsible for removal and resynthesis in a small area containing five to seven nucleotides, while the second controls removal and resynthesis in an area containing 1,000 or more nucleotides. Enzymes of the second system also participate in genetic recombination. In injuries caused, for example, by UV light, a normal colon bacillus cell can repair as many as 2,000 injuries. A cell with its first repair system disabled can repair about 100 injuries, while a cell with both repair systems disabled dies from a single injury. There are bacteria with exceptionally active repair enzymes, for example, Micrococcus radiodurans, which enable the bacteria to survive in water used to cool nuclear reactors.

It is believed that enzyme repair systems take part in normal DNA replication, that is, in the duplication of DNA. The mother DNA despiralizes, or unwinds, during replication, and its strands may become broken. Moreover, daughter DNA chains are synthesized in the form of small fragments. Therefore, the concluding phase of replication is the repair of all the defects that have occurred during DNA synthesis.

An important function of the second repair system is participation in the creation of mutations. A variety of mutagens induce derivatives of nucleotides foreign to the cell to be formed in DNA. These derivatives are removed by a repair system, which replaces them with nucleotides natural to DNA but sometimes differing from the original nucleotides. The discovery of the repair of DNA has led to radical changes in concepts concerning the molecular mechanisms that both assure the stability of the cellular genetic apparatus and control the rate of mutation.

S. E. BRESLER

Repair in radiobiology. Repair in radiobiology is concerned with the recovery of living organisms from injuries caused by ionizing radiation. Repair is accomplished by specific enzymes and varies with the genetic characteristics and physiological conditions of irradiated cells and organisms. The study of genetic control and the molecular mechanisms of repair in cells injured by UV rays and ionizing radiation has resulted in the discovery of genetic repair.

In unicellular organisms and plant and animal cells, repair increases the survival rate and reduces the number of chromosome

Figure 1. Recovery of yeast cells from lethal injuries sustained after being kept in a medium lacking nutrients: (1) the dependence of the survival rate on the dose when cells are cultured on a nutrient medium immediately after irradiation, (2) the dependence of the survival rate on the dose when cells are cultured 48 hours after irradiation, during which time the cells are kept in a medium lacking nutrients, (3) the dependence of the survival rate of cells irradiated at 70 kilorad (krad) on the length of time they are kept in a medium lacking nutrients. The arrows show the means of calculating the effective dose. The upper axis of abscissas shows the dose of gamma rays in krad, and the lower one, the recovery time in days. The axis of ordinates shows the survival rate in percent.

aberrations and gene mutations. Repair is promoted both by the temporary inhibition of the first cell division after irradiation, by some conditions of cell cultivation, and by irradiation administered in fractions. For example, when yeast cells irradiated by gamma rays, alpha particles, or neutrons are maintained in a medium lacking nutrients, their viability increases by a factor of 10 or a factor of 100 as a result of repair. The increase in viability corresponds to a decrease in the relative biological effectiveness of the dose by a factor of four or five (Figure 1). The number of injured chromosomes in irradiated plant cells may decrease as a result of repair by a factor of five to ten.

In multicellular organisms, repair is manifested by the regeneration of organs and tissues injured by irradiation owing to the multiplication of cells that have retained their capacity to divide. In mammals and man, the stem cells of bone marrow, lymphoid organs, and small-intestine mucosa are most important in repair. Irradiation administered in fractions is ordinarily used to study repair in mammals; because of repair, the total effect of two doses of irradiation is less when the interval between them is longer (Figure 2).

Figure 2. Recovery of plant cells from radiation injuries that cause chromosome aberrations. The curves show the dependence of the number, in percent, of injured chromosomes on the time, in hours, between the irradiation and division of the cells of irradiated (1) bean sprouts, (2) pea sprouts, and (3) tradescantia microspores.

Repair can be stimulated by introducing a small quantity of nonirradiated bone-marrow cells into an organism; the same procedure is effective in the treatment of radiation sickness. Cells and organisms with impaired repair processes exhibit an increased radiosensitivity.

REFERENCES

Vosstanovlenie kletok ot povrezhdenii. Moscow, 1963. (Translated from English.)
Korogodin, V. I. Problemy postradiatsionnogo vosstanovleniia. Moscow, 1966.
Zhestianikov, V. D. Vosstanovlenie i radiorezistentnost’ kletki. Leningrad, 1968.
Luchnik, N. V. Biofizika tsitogeneticheskikh porazhenii i geneticheskii kod. Leningrad, 1968.
Akoev, I. G. Problemy postluchevogo vosstanovleniia. Moscow, 1970.
Sovremennye problemy radiobiologii, vol. 1: Postradiatsionnaia reparatsiia. Moscow, 1970.
Vosstanovlenie i reparativnye mekhanizmy v radiobiologii. Moscow, 1972. (Translated from English.)

V. I. KOROGODIN

Repair

(maintenance), the aggregate of technical-economic and organizational procedures involved in maintaining and partially or fully restoring the use value of fixed capital stock (means of production) or items of personal use. The term “repair” is also used to refer to the replacement of malfunctioning parts, the elimination of defects, and the fixing of components.

Equipment is repaired to restore its operational condition or to return it to working order. A distinction is made between routine, medium, and major repair, depending on design characteristics, the nature of the damage to the equipment or the degree to which particular parts of the equipment are worn, and the labor intensiveness of repair jobs. In routine repair, minor damage is eliminated by replacing or restoring parts and assemblies, and various adjustments are made. Routine repair is done by the personnel who operate the equipment or by repair brigades at the place of operation, often during safety inspections. In medium repair, the equipment is partially dismantled, the technical condition of assemblies is checked, defects are eliminated, and sometimes major repair work is done on particular parts. Medium repair is done by mobile or permanent repair services. Major repair is the most complete and labor-intensive type of repair work and is done by repair enterprises in their own stationary facilities. In major repair, equipment is completely dismantled, parts are checked, and damage is repaired or parts are replaced. The equipment is then reassembled, comprehensively tested, adjusted, and put through trial runs.

Expenditures for medium and routine repairs are included in the prime cost of an enterprise’s output. Expenditures for major repair of fixed capital stock do not increase the initial value of the fixed capital stock; they are provided for by the amortization fund. It is often economically advantageous to improve the efficiency of social production by introducing new and more sophisticated equipment instead of making expensive major repairs. All types of repair of fixed capital stock are done on a planned preventive basis. Planned organizational and technical procedures for preventive maintenance and monitoring avert premature wear and accidents and keep fixed capital stock in a state of operational readiness.

Goods for personal use are repaired primarily by consumer-service enterprises and the charge is paid for by the customer.

V. A. NOVAK and V. N. FOMIN

repair

Replacement or renewal (excluding additions) of any part of a building, structure, device, or equipment with like or similar materials or parts, for the purpose of maintenance of such building, structure, device, or equipment.

repair

re·pair 1

re·pair 2

repair

repair

re•pair1

re•pair2

repair

restore

repair

repair

repair

repair 1

repair 2

repair

repair

repair

beyond help

beyond repair

in good/poor/etc. state of repair

in good/poor/etc. repair

repair to (some place)

*beyond help

in good repair

repair to some place

beyond reˈpair

in good, bad, etc. reˈpair

repair to

Repair

repair

Repair

Repair

REFERENCES

Repair

repair

repair

repair

re·pair

re·pair

re·pair

Patient discussion about repair

repair

repair

repair

REPAIR

repair

Synonyms for repair

verb mend

Synonyms

Antonyms

verb put right

Synonyms

noun mend

Synonyms

noun darn

Synonyms

noun condition

Synonyms

verb go

Synonyms

Synonyms for repair

verb to restore to proper condition or functioning

Synonyms

verb to look to when in need

Synonyms

verb to visit regularly

Synonyms

Synonyms for repair

noun the act of putting something in working order again

Synonyms

Related Words

noun a formal way of referring to the condition of something

Related Words

noun a frequently visited place

Synonyms

Related Words

verb restore by replacing a part or putting together what is torn or broken

Synonyms

Related Words

Antonyms

re·pair¹

re·pair²

re•pair¹

re•pair²

repair¹

repair²